نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد گرگان
2 کارشناس ارشد علوم گیاهی، دانشگاه پیام‌نور، مرکز تهران
چکیده
گیاه خرفه (Portulaca oleracea L.) متعلق به تیره Portulacaceae، عموماً به‌عنوان علف هرز شناخته شده و از نقطه نظر فیزیولوژیکی دارای قابلیت تحمل‌پذیری بسیار بالا در محیط‌های شور یا آلوده به فلزات سنگین بوده و گیاه مناسبی جهت کاشت و پالایش محیط و خاک از این گونه تنش‌ها به‌شمار می‌رود. به‌منظور نشان دادن اثرات دو فلز سنگین سرب و مس بر مالون‌دآلدهید، پرولین و آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان آزمایشهایی در طرحی کاملاً تصادفی اجرا شد. بدین منظور پس از کاشت گیاهان با شرایط یکسان در بستر استریل لیکا و تغذیه آنها با محلول غذایی هوگلند، تیمارهایی با غلظت‌های متفاوت (0، 10، 50، 100، 500، 1000، 1500 میکرومولار) از نمک دو فلز سنگین سرب (Pb(NO3)2) و مس (CuSO4.5H2O) به‌صورت جداگانه و همگی در سه تکرار به گیاهان اعمال گردید. پس از ده روز اعمال تیمار گیاهان جهت انجام آزمایشها برداشت شدند. نتایج نشان داد که جذب فلزات سرب و مس در تیمارهای دارای غلظت بالا در مقایسه با نمونه شاهد افزایش دارد. میزان جذب اتمی این عناصر در نمونه‌های ریشه بیشتر از اندام هوایی بود. میزان مالون‌دآلدهید در اندام هوایی و ریشه هر دو تنش سرب و مس از نمونه شاهد به سمت غلظت‌های بالا به‌طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت. میزان اسید آمینه پرولین در هر دو تنش سرب و مس و هر دو قسمت اندام هوایی و ریشه به‌طور معنی‌دار روند افزایشی داشت. فعالیت آنزیم پراکسیداز در هر دو تنش سرب و مس و هر دو قسمت اندام هوایی و ریشه روند افزایشی و آنزیم کاتالاز روند کاهشی را به‌طور معنی‌دار نشان داد. به‌طور کلی میزان مالون‌دآلدهید، پرولین و فعالیت آنزیم پراکسیداز در نمونه‌های ریشه بیشتر از اندام هوایی بود و این نتیجه نشان داد که ریشه در گیاه خرفه جمع‌کننده عمده فلزات سنگین سرب و مس است. کمتر بودن فعالیت آنزیم کاتالاز در ریشه نسبت به اندام هوایی، حساسیت این آنزیم را نسبت به تجمع زیاد سرب و مس در ریشه اثبات نمود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
- Aebi, H., 1984. Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology, 105: 121-126.
- Ahmad, I. and Hellebust, J.A., 1988. The relationship between inorganic nitrogen metabolism and proline accumulation in osmoregulatory responses of two euryhaline microalgae. Plant Physiology, 88: 348-354.
- Allen, S.E., Grimshaw, H.M. and Rowland, A.P., 1986. Chemical analysis: 285-344. In: Moore, P.D. and Chapman, S.B., (Eds.) Methods in Plant Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, London, 604p.
- Apel, K. and Hirt, H., 2004. Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress and signal transduction. Annual review of plant biology, 55: 373-399.
- Azcón, R., Perálvarez, M.C., Biró, B., Roldán, A. and Ruíz-Lozano, J.M., 2009. Antioxidant activities and metal acquisition in mycorrhizal plants growing in a heavy-metal multicontaminated soil amended with treated lignocellulosic agrowaste. Applied Soil Ecology, 41(2): 168-177.
- Bates, L.S., Waldern, R.P. and Teare, I.D., 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207.
- Baccouch, S., Chaoui, A. and El Feriani, E., 2001. Nickel toxicity induces oxidative damage in Zea mays roots. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 24(7): 1085-1097.
- Bowler, C., Vanmontagu, M.V. and Inze, D., 1992. Superoxide dismutase and stress tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 43: 83-116.
- Chan, K., Islam, M.W., Kamil, M., Radhakrishnan, R., Zakaria, M.N., Habibullah, M. and Attas, A., 2000. The analgestic and anti-inflammatory effects of Portulaca oleracea L. sub sp. Sativa (Haw.) Celak. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 73(3): 445-451.
- Chaoui, A., Mazhoudi, S., Ghorbal, M.H. and Ferjani, E.E., 1997. Cadmium and zinc induction of lipid peroxidation and effects on antioxidant enzyme activities in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant Science, 127(2): 139-147.
- Choudhary, M., Jetley, U.K., Khan, M.A., Zutshi, S. and Fatma, T., 2007. Effect of heavy metal stress on proline, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase activity in the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis-S5. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 66(2): 204-209.
- Deepa, R., Senthilkumar, P., Sivakumar, S., Duraisamy, P. and Raam, C.V., 2006. Copper availability and accumulation by Portulaca oleracea L. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 116(1-3): 185-195.
- Hall, J.L., 2002. Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification and tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53(366): 1-11.
- Heath, R.L. and Packer, L., 1969. Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplast. I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,125: 189-198.
- Hogland, D.R. and Arnon, D., 1950. The Water Culture Method for Growing Plants without Soil. California College of Agriculture, University of California, 500p.
- Iturbe-Ormaetxe, I., Matamoros, M.A., Rubio, M.C., Dalton, D.A. and Becana, M., 2001. The antioxidants of legume nodule mitochondria. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 14(10): 1189-1196.
- Jiménez, A., Hernández, J.A., del Rio, L.A. and Sevilla, F., 1997. Evidence for the presence of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in mitochondria and peroxisomes of pea leaves. Plant Physiology, 114: 275-284.
- Kadpal, R.P. and Rao, N.A., 1985. Alteration in the biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acid in finger millet (Eleucine coracana) seedling during water stress and the effect of proline on protein biosynthesis. Plant Science, 40(2): 73-79.
- Kar, M. and Mishra, D., 1976. Catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenoloxidase activities during rice leaf senescence. Plant Physiology, 57: 315-319.
- Laliberte, G. and Hellebust, J.A., 1989. Regulation of proline content of Chlorella autopica in response to change in salinity. Canadian Journal of Botany, 67: 1959-1965.
- Li, Y., 2008. Kinetics of the antioxidant response to salinity in the halophyte Limonium bicolor. Plant, Soil and Environment, 54(11): 493-497.
- Li, F., Li, Q., Gao, D., Peng, Y. and Feng, C., 2009. Preparation and antidiabetic activity of polysaccharide from Portulaca oleracea L. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(4): 569-573.
- Liu, D., Jiang, W. and Hou, W., 2001. Uptake and accumulation of copper by roots and shoots of maize. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 13: 228-232.
- MacFarlane, G.R. and Burchett, M.D., 2001. Photosynthetic pigments and peroxidase activity as indicators of heavy metal stress in the gray mangrove, Avicennia marina (Forsk) Vierh. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(3): 233-240.
- Meng, F.B. and Wu, R.G., 2008. Appraisal on medicinal values of Portulaca oleracea L. Forest Investigations Design, 1: 77-78.
- Mohanapriya, S., Senthilkumar, P., Sivakumar, S., Dineshkumar, M. and Raam, C.V., 2006. Effects of copper sulfate and copper nitrate in aquatic medium on the restoration potential and accumulation of copper in stem cuttings of the terrestrial medicinal plant, Portulaca oleracea Linn. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 121(1-3): 231-242.
- Mohanty, A.P. and Matysik, J., 2001. Effect of proline on the production of singlet oxygen. Amino Acid, 21(2): 195-200.
- Morghan, J.T., 1993. Accumulation of cadmium and selected elements in flax seed grown on calcareous soil. Plant and Soil, 150: 61-68.
- Nasim, S.A. and Dhir, B., 2010. Heavy metals alter the potency of Medicinal Plants. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 203: 139-149.
- Nikolopoulos, D. and Manetas, Y., 1991. Compatible solutes and in vitro stability of Salsola soda enzyme: proline incompatibility. Phytochemistry, 30(2): 411-413.
- Noctor, G. and Foyer, C.H., 1998. Ascorbate and glutathione: keeping active oxygen under control. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 49: 249-279.
- Okwuasaba, F., Ejike, C. and Parry, O., 1986. Skeletal muscle relaxant properties of the aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 17(2): 139-160.
- Okwuasaba, F., Parry, O. and Ejike, C., 1987a. Investigation into the mechanism of action of extracts of Portulaca oleracea. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 21: 91-97.
- Okwuasaba, F., Ejike, C. and Parry, O., 1987b. Effects of extracts of Portulaca oleracea on skeletal muscle in vitro. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 21: 55-63.
- Okwuasaba, F., Ejike, C. and Parry, O., 1987c. Comparison of skeletal muscle relaxant properties of Portulaca oleracea extracts with dantrolene sodium and methoxyverapamil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 20(2): 85-106.
- Paleg, L.G., Steward, G.R. and Bradbeer, J.W., 1984. Proline and glycine betaine influence Protein solvation. Plant Physiology, 75(4): 974-978.
- Pandey, N., Pathak, G.C., Pandey, D.K. and Pandey, R., 2009. Heavy metals, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd produce oxidative damage and evoke differential antioxidant responses in spinach. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 21(2): 103-111.
- Posmyk, M.M., Kontek, R. and Janas, K.M., 2008. Antioxidant Enzymes activity and phenolic compounds content in red cabbage seedlings exposed to copper stress. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72(2): 596-602.
- Rashed, A.N., Afifi, F.U. and Dishi, A.M., 2003. Simple evaluation of the wound healing activity of a crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L. (growing in Jordan) in mouse Muscle JVI-1. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 88(2-3): 131-136.
- Ryle, P.R., Barker, J., Gaines, P.A. and Chakraborty, J., 1984. Alloxan-induced diabetes in the rat-protective action of (-) epicatechin. Life Sciences, 34(6): 591-595.
- Sharma, S.B., Nasir, A., Prabhu, K.M., Murthy, P.S. and Dev, G., 2003. Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of Eugenia jambolana in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 85(2-3): 201-206.
- Smirnoff, N. and Cumbes, Q.J., 1989. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of compatible solute. Phytochemistry, 28(4): 1057-1060.
- Srivastava, S., Mishra, S., Tripathi, R.D., Dwivedi, S. and Gupta, D.K., 2006. Copper induced stress and responses of antioxidants and phytochelatins in Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. Aquatic Toxicology, 80(4): 405-415.
- Sudhakar, C., Lakshmi, A. and Giridarakumar, S., 2001. Changes in the antioxidant enzyme efficacy in two high yielding genotypes of mulberry (Morus alba L.) under NaCl salinity. Plant Science, 161(3): 613-619.
- Sun, S.Q., He, M., Wang, G.X. and Cao, T., 2010. Heavy metal-induced physiological alterations and oxidative stress in the moss Brachythecium piligerum. Environmental Toxicology, 26(5): 453-458.
- Teixeirats, M.C., Carvalhots, I.S. and Brodelius, M., 2010. Omega-3 fatty acid desaturase gene isolated from Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) expression in different tissues and response to cold and wound stress. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry, 58(3): 1870-1877.
- Tiwari, K.K., Deviwedi, S., Mishra, S., Srivastava, S., Tripathy, R.D., Singh, N.K. and Chakraborty, S., 2008. Phytoremediation efficiency of Portulaca tuberosa rox and Portulaca oleracea L. naturally growing in an industrial effluent irrigated area in Vadodra, Gujrat, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 147(1-3): 15-22.
- Venekemp, J.H., 1989. Regulation of cytosolic acidity in plants under condition of drought. Physiologia Plantarum, 76: 112-117.
- Wang, S.H., Yang, Z.M., Yang, H., Lu, B., Li, S.Q. and Lu, Y.P., 2004. Copper-induced stress and antioxidative responses in roots of Brassica juncea L. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica, 45: 203-212.
- Wang, F., Zeng, B., Sun, Z. and Zhu, C., 2009. Relationship between proline and Hg2+-induced oxidative stress in a tolerant rice mutant. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 56(4): 723-731.
- Wójcik, M., Skórzyńska-Polit, E. and Tukiendorf, A., 2006. Organic acids accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities in Thlaspi caerulescens under Zn and Cd stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 48(2): 145-155.
- Zengin, F.K. and Munzuroglu, O., 2005. Effects of some heavy metal s on content of chlorophyll, proline and some antioxidant chemicals in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings. Acta Biologica CracoviensiaSeries Botanica,47: 157-164.
- Zhang, L.P., Mehta, S.K., Liu, Z.P. and Yang, Z.M., 2008. Copper-induced proline synthesis is associated with nitric oxide generation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant and Cell Physiology, 49(3): 411-419.
)