نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 مربی، پژوهشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران
2 استادیار، گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران
چکیده
پنیرباد (Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dun.) درختچه‌ای چند ساله از خانواده سولاناسه است. پیکره این گیاه دارای متابولیت‌های ثانویه از گروه لاکتون‌های استروئیدی با نام ویتانولوئیدها می‌باشد که امروزه اثرات فارماکولوژیکی قابل توجهی از آنها گزارش شده است. آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه کاملاً تصادفی با فاکتور اصلی بستر کاشت در سه سطح (پرلیت + کوکوپیت، ماسه، خاک باغچه + کود دامی) و فاکتور فرعی قارچ مایکوریزا در چهار سطح (شاهد، Glomus mosseae، G. intraradice و کاربرد همزمان هر دو قارچ) در سه تکرار در پژوهشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه زابل واقع در چاه نیمه بقیه‌اله‌الاعظم (عج) اجرا شد. آنالیز فیتوشیمیایی عصاره به روش HPLC انجام شد. آنالیز آماری داده‌ها و ترسیم نمودارها به کمک نرم‌افزارهای SPSS و Excel انجام گردید. نتایج آزمایش حکایت از آن داشت که بستر خاک باغچه + کود دامی و کاربرد همزمان هر دو قارچ بهترین اثر را بر افزایش صفات طول ساقه، وزن تر و وزن خشک داشت. در بررسی اثر ساده بستر بر میزان متابولیت‌های ثانویه مشاهده شد که تیمار خاک باغچه + کود دامی باعث افزایش متابولیت‌های ثانویه ویتافرین آ، ویتانولید آ، گلوکوویتانولید، ویتااسترامونولید، ویتانوزید X و کوآگولین در این آزمایش شد. کاربرد همزمان هر دو قارچ نیز باعث افزایش بیشتر متابولیت‌های ثانویه (بجز ویتااسترامونولید و کوآگولین) گردید. نتایج حکایت از آن داشت که کاربرد همزمان دو گونه قارچ G. mosseae و G. intraradice در بستر خاک باغچه + کود دامی سبب افزایش صفات مورفولوژیکی و ویتانولوئیدها در گیاه دارویی پنیرباد شد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
- Abad, M., Noguera, P., Puchades, R., Maquieira, A. and Noguera, V., 2002. Physico-chemical and chemical properties of some coconut dusts for use as a peat substitute for containerized ornamental plants. Bioresource Technology, 82: 241-245.
- Abu-Zeyad, R., Khan, A.G. and Khoo, C., 1999. Occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhiza in Castanospermum australe A. Cunn. & C. Fraser and effects on growth and production of castanospermine. Mycorrhiza, 9: 111-117.
- Abuzid, S.F., EL-Bassouny, A.A. and Nasib, A., 2010. Withaferin A production by root culture of Withania coagulants. International Journal of Applied Research in Nature Products, 3: 23-27.
- Akiyama, K. and Hayashi, H., 2002. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus-promoted accumulation of two new triterpenoids in cucumber roots. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 66(4): 762-769.
- Asghari, H.R., Ameriyan, M.R., Bahadori, F., Rahimi, M. and Golshan, M. 2012. Effect of Mycprrhizal and Humic acid on some qualitive and quantitive traits of Satureja hortensis in different levels of Urea. Master's Thesis, Agriculture Faculity, Technological University of Shahrood, Shahrood.
- Berta, G., Fusconi, A. and Hooker, J., 2002. Arbuscular mycorrhiza modifications to plant root systems: scale, mechanisms and consequences: 71-86. In: Gianinazzi, S., Schüepp, H., Barea, J.M. and Haselwandter, K., (Eds.). Mycorrhizal Technology in Agriculture. Birkhäuser, Basel, 296p.
- Bidarnamani, F., 2010. An investigation into various pot mixture effects on morphological characteristics of Pothos and Benjamina ficus. Master's Thesis, Plant Production Faculity, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan.
- Ceccarelli, N., Curadi, M., Martelloni, L., Sbrana, C., Picciarelli, P. and Giovannetti, M., 2010. Mycorrhizal colonization impacts on phenolic content and antioxidant properties of artichoke leaves and flower heads two years after field transplant. Plant Soil, 335: 311-323.
- Copetta, A., Lingua, G. and Berta, G., 2006. Effects of three AM fungi on growth, distribution of glandular hairs, and essential oil production in Ocimum basilicum L. var. Genovese. Mycorrhiza, 16: 485-494.
- Fan, L., Dalpé, Y., Fang, Ch., Dubé, C. and Khanizadeh, Sh. 2011. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on biomass and root morphology of selected strawberry cultivars under salt stress. Botany, 89 (6): 397-403.
- Fester, T., Schmidt, D., Lohse, S., Walter, M.H., Giuliano, G., Bramley, P.M., Fraser, P.D., Hause, B. and Strack, D., 2002. Stimulation of carotenoid metabolism in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots. Planta, 216(1): 148-154.
- Ghasemi Ghahsareh, M. and Kafi, M., 2008. Scientific and Practical Floriculture (Vol. II). Tehran, 420p. (In Persian)
- Gholipour, M., Aryani Mohammadiyeh, H., Gholami, A. and Karimi Fard, Sh., 2013. The interaction of mycorrhiza and ultrasonic waves on growth and yield of Nigella sativa L. Master's Thesis, Agricultural Faculty, University of Shahroud, Shahroud.
- Ghorbani Ghozhdi, H., 2014. An Introduction to the Basics of Herbs, Spices and Aromatic Plants. University of Shahroud Publication, 512p.
- Gupta, M.L., Prasad, A. Ram, M. and Kumar, S., 2002. Effect of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus fasciculatum on the essential oil yield related characters and nutrient acquisition in the crops of different cultivars of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis) under field conditions. Bioresource Technology, 81: 77-79.
- Jurkiewicz, A., Ryszka, P., Anielska, T., Waligórski, P., Białońska, D., Góralska, K., Tsimilli-Michael, M. and Turnau, K., 2010. Optimization of culture conditions of Arnica montana L.: effects of mycorrhizal fungi and competing plants. Mycorrhiza, 20: 293-306.
- Kapoor, R., Giri, B. and Mukerji, K.G., 2002a. Glomus macrocarpum: a potential bioinoculant to improve essential oil quality and concentration in Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and Carum (Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Sprague). World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18: 459-463.
- Kapoor, R., Giri, B. and Mukerji, K.G., 2002b. Mycorrhization of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) to enhance the concentration and quality of essential oil. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 82: 339-342.
- Kapoor, R., Chaudhary, V. and Bhatnagar, A.K., 2007. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and phosphorus application on artemisinin concentration in Artemisia annua L. Mycorrhiza, 17: 581-587.
- Kuepper, G., 2004. Potting Mixes for Certified Organic Production. National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service, 24p.
- Larose, G., Chênevert, R., Moutoglis, P., Gagné, S., Piché, Y. and Vierheilig, H., 2002. Flavonoid levels in roots of Medicago sativa are modulated by the developmental stage of the symbiosis and the root colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Journal of Plant Physiology, 159: 1329-1339.
- Manwar, J.V., Mahdik, K.R. and Paradakar, A.R., 2012. Determination of withanolides from the rootes and herbal formulation of Withania somnifera by HPLC using DAD and ELSD detector. Der Pharmacia sSinia, 3(1): 41-46.
- Maurya, R., Akanksha, A. and Jayendra, M., 2010. Chemistry and pharmacology of Withania coagulans: an Ayurvedic remedy. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 62: 153-160.
- Mirjalili, H., Fakhr Tabatabaei, S.M., Alizadeh, H., Ghasempour, H.R. and Palazon, Kh., 2008. Evaluation the medicinal spices of Withania spp. and optimization of capillary root culture for Withanoloeides production. Ph.D. Thesis, Agricultural faculty, Tehran University, Tehran.
- Mohamadi, H., Tabrizi, L. and Salehi, R., 2014. The effect of different ratios of vermicompost in substrates on the growth of Physalis peruviana L. seedlings. Iranian Horticultural Science, 45(4): 383-390.
- Mohkami, Z. and Bidarnamani F., 2014. Evolution of antimicrobial activity of Withania somnifera aqueous extract against human pathogens. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 4(S4): 2969-2973.
- Panwar, J. and Tarafdar, J.C., 2006. Distribution of three endangered medicinal plant species and their colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Journal of Arid Environments, 5: 350-337.
- Pirzad, A. and Soleymani, F., 2014. The effect of mycorrhizal fungi symbiotic echophysiological and biochemical indices of Hyssopus officinalis under water scarcity conditions. Ph.D. Thesis, Agricultural faculty, Orumia University, Orumia.
- Rahman, A., Shahwar, D., Naz, A. and Choudhary, M.I., 2003. Withanolides form Withania coagulans. Phytochemistry, 63(4): 387-390.
- Ranjbar, F., Riyahinia, Sh., Komayestani, N. and Valizadeh, M., 2011. Effect of different sulfuric acid treatments on Ashwiganda plantlet germination and growth. 2th National Seed Technology Conferance, Mashhad, Iran, 26-27 October.
- Rekhas, D., Vijeshwar, V. and Krishan, T., 2006. Phytochemical and genetic analysis in selected chemotypes of Withania somnifera. Phytochemistry, 67: 2269-2276.
- Rojas-Andrade, R., Cerda-García-Rojas, C.M., Frías-Hernández, J.T., Dendooven, L., Olalde-Portugal, V. and Ramos-Valdivia, A.C., 2003. Changes in the concentration of trigonelline in a semi-arid leguminous plant (Prosopis laevigata) induced by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus during the presymbiotic phase. Mycorrhiza, 13(1): 49-52.
- Sharifi, M., 2012. The role and importance of mycorrhizae in the absorption and stabilizing of phosphate and the possibility of mycorrhiza biotechnology in phosphate uptake by plants. Research Projects, Biology Group, Faculty of Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran.
- Smith, S.E. and Read, D.J., 2008. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic, London, 787p.
- Torelli, A., Trotta, A., Acerbi, L., Arcidiacono, G., Berta, G. and Branca, C., 2000. IAA and ZR content in leek (Allium porrum L.) as influenced Pnutriation and arbascular mycorrhizae, in relation to plant development. Plant soil, 226: 29-35.
- Toussaint, J.P., Kraml, M., Nell, M., Smith, F.A., Smith, S.E., Steinkellner, S., Schmiderer, C., Vierheilig, H. and Novak, J. 2008. Effect of Glomus mosseae on concentration of rosmarinic and caffeic acids and essential oil compounds in basil inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum F. sp. basilica. Plant Pathology, 57: 1109-1116.
- Toussaint, J.P., Smith, F.A. and Smith, S.E., 2007. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can induce the production of phytochemicals in sweet basil irrespective of phosphorus nutrition. Mycorrhiza, 17(4): 291-297.
- Valizadeh, J. and Valizadeh, M., 2011. Development of efficient micropropagation protocol for Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(39): 7611-7616.
- Viji, M.O. and Parvatham, R., 2011. In vitro culture studies on Withania somnifera (L.) Poshita variety. Journal of Tropical medicinal plants, 21(1): 49-52.
- Wilson, S.B. and Stoffella, P.J., 2006. Using compost for container production of ornamental wetland and flatwood species native to Florida. Native Plants Journal, 7(3): 293-300.
- Zarei, H., 1995. Determine the accumulation of nitrates in lettuce and spinach associated with excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers. Master's Thesis, Agricultural Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran.
- Zubek, S., Stojakowska, A., Anielska, T. and Turnau, K., 2010. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter thymol derivative contents of Inula ensifolia L. Mycorrhiza, 20(7): 497-504.
- Zubek, S., Mielcarek S. and Turnau, K., 2012. Hypericin and pseudohypericin concentrations of a valuable medicinal plant Hypericum perforatum L. are enhanced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza, 22(2): 149-156.
)