نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، ایران
2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گرایش گیاهان دارویی، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، ایران
چکیده
پژوهش حاضر، با هدف بررسی تأثیر کاربرد کودهای آلی بر عملکرد گیاه دارویی همیشه‌بهار (Calendula officinalis L.)، در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 10 تیمار و 3 تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه زنجان مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. تیمارها شامل کود گاوی، کود مرغی و ورمی‌کمپوست، هر یک در 3 سطح (5، 10 و 15 تن در هکتار) و تیمار شاهد (عدم کوددهی) بود. صفات اندازه‌گیری شده شامل وزن هزاردانه، تعداد طبق در بوته، سطح برگ، ارتفاع گیاه، وزن خشک گلبرگ‌ها، قطر طبق، شاخص محتوای کلروفیل برگ، فلاونوئید، کاروتنوئید و درصد وزنی اسانس بود. نتایج بدست آمده معنی‌دار بودن تأثیر نوع کود بر صفات وزن هزاردانه، تعداد طبق در بوته، سطح برگ، کاروتنوئید و درصد وزنی اسانس (01/0≥p) و ارتفاع گیاه، وزن خشک گلبرگ‌ها و فلاونوئید (05/0≥p) را نشان داد. در حالی‌که نوع کود بر قطر طبق و شاخص محتوای کلروفیل برگ‌ها تأثیر معنی‌داری نداشت. به‌طور کلی می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که کودهای آلی مورد استفاده، تأثیر مطلوبی بر عملکرد گیاه، صفات رشدی و کمّیت مواد مؤثره موجود در همیشه‌بهار داشته است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
- Ameri, A. and Nassiri Mahallati, M., 2008. Effects of different levels of nitrogen and plant density on the production of flower and effective ingredient and performance of radiation use in Marigold. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi (In Natural Resources), 81(2): 133-144.
- Amin, Gh., 2005. Commonly Used Iranian Traditional Medicinal Plants. Research Deputy Publication of University of Medical Sciences and Health Services of Tehran, Tehran, 300p.
- Arancon, N., Edwards, C.A., Bierman, P., Welch, C. and Metzger, J.D., 2004. Influences of Vermicomposts on field strawberries: 1. effects on growth and yields. Bioresource Technology, 93(2): 145-153.
- Arnon, A.N., 1967. Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal, 23: 112-121.
- Astaraei, A. and Kucheki, A., 1996. Use of Biofertilizers in Sustainable Agriculture. Mashhad University Jahad Publications, Mashhad, 365p.
- Atiyeh, R.M., Edwards, C.A., Subler, S. and Metzger, J.D., 2001. Pig manure vermicompost as a component of horticultural bedding plant medium: effects on physicochemical properties and plant growth. Bioresource Technology, 78: 11-20.
- Atiyeh, R.M., Edwards, C.A., Subler, S. and Metzger, J.D., 2000. Earthworm-processed organic wastes as components of horticultural potting media for growing marigold and vegetable seedlings. Compost Science and Utilization, 8(3): 215-223.
- Ayyobi, H., Peyvast, G.A. and Olfati, J.A., 2013. Effect of vermicompost and vermicompost extract on oil yield and quality of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 58(1): 51-60.
- Azizi, M., Rezwanee, F., Hassanzadeh Khayat, M., Lackzian, A. and Neamati, C., 2008. The effect of different levels of vermicompost and irrigation on morphological properties and essential oil of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita) C.V. "Goral". Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 24(1): 82-93.
- Gholipour Zar, A., Gholipour A. and Shahbazi, H., 2012. Evaluate the effect of vermicompost on the growth of Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.). The first Conference of Scientific-Specialized Rural Development and Agricultural Development, Piranshahr, Iran, 7 March.
- Hornick, S.B., 1998. Use of organic amendments to increase the productivity of sand and gravel soils: Effect on yield and composition of sweet corn. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 3: 156-162.
- Kalvatchev, Z., Walder, R. and Garzaro, D., 1997. Anti-HIV activity of extracts from Calendula officinalis flowers. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 51(4): 176-180.
- Kiani, K., 2002. Benefits and Harms of Medicinal Plants, Fruits and Vegetables, Dairy Products, Legumes, Nuts, Etc. Publication of Zarghalam, Tabriz, 352p.
- Krizek, D.T., Britz, S.J. and Mirecki, R.M., 1998. Inhibitory effects of ambient levels of solar UV-A and UV-B radiation on growth of cv. new red fire lettuce. Physiologia Plantarum, 103: 1-7.
- Lawrence, J.R., Ketterings, Q.M. and Cherney, J.H., 2008. Effect of nitrogen application on yield and quality of silage corn after forage legume-grass. Agronomy Journal, 100: 73-79.
- Liuc, J. and Pank, B., 2005. Effect of vermicompost and fertility levels on growth and oil yield of Roman chamomile. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 46: 63-69.
- Mahbub Khomami, A., 2008. Effect of type and amount of vermicompost in pot culture on growth of ficus Benjamin pied (Ficus bengamina). Seed and Plant Journal, 24(2): 333-346.
- Martin, R.J. and Deo, B., 1999. Effect of plant population on Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) flower production. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 28: 37-44.
- Mathivanan, S., Chidambaram, A.L.A., Sundaramoorthy, P. and Kalaikandhan, R., 2012. Effect of vermicompost on germination and biochemical constituents of Ground nut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedling. International Journal of Research in Biological Sciences, 2(2): 54-59.
- Mcginnis, M., Cooke, A., Bilderback, T. and Lorscheider, M., 2003. Organic fertilizers for basil transplant production. Acta Horticulturea, 491: 213-218.
- Mirmostafaei, S., Azizi Errani, M., Bahreyni, M., Aruei, H. and Orojalian, P., 2013. Effect of manure and urban areas compost on growth, yield and essential oil content and microorganisms of valerian. Journal of Plant Production-agricultural science, 10(2): 1-10.
- Moattar, F. and Shams Ardakani, M., 1999. Guide Treatment with Plants. Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 167p (In Persian).
- Mohammadi, S.H., Mirshekari, B., Rashidi, V. and Alimohammadi, R., 2010. Effect of vermicompost and nitrogen fertilizer levels on growth and yield of essential oil of cumin (Cuminum ciminum L.). Journal of Horticultural Science, 24(5): 27-32.
- Moradi, R., Nasiri Mahallati, M., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Lackzian, A. and Nejadali, A., 2011. Impact of biological and organic fertilizers on quality and quantity of essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Journal of Horticultural Science, 25(1): 25-33.
- Naguib, A.M., El-Baz, F.K., Salama, Z.A., Hanaa, A.B., Hanaa F.A. and Gaafar, A.A. 2012. Enhancement of phenolics, flavonoids and glucosinolates of Broccoli (Brassica olaracea var. Italica) as antioxidants in response to organic and bio-organic fertilizers. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 11(1): 135-142.
- Norman, Q. and Arancon, C., 2006. Effects of humic acids from vermicomposts on plant growth. Europian Journal of Soil Biology, 42:65-69.
- Omidbeygi, R., 2003. Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants. Publication of Astan Quds Razavi, Mashhad, 438p.
- Pelletier, B.A., Pease, J. and Kenyon, D., 2001. Economic Analysis of Virginia Poultry Litter Transportation. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, 64p.
- Renato, Y., Ferreira, M.E. and Cruz, M.C., 2003. Organic matter fractions and soil fertility under influence of liming, vermicopmpost and cattle manure. Bioresource Technology, 60: 59-63.
- Saeid Nejad, A. and Rezvani Moghaddam, P., 2010. Evaluate the effect of compost, vermicompost and manure on yield, yield components and essential oil of cumin (Cuminum ciminum L.). Journal of Horticultural Science, 24(2): 142-148.
- Salehi Sardoei, A., 2014. Vermicompost effects on the growth and flowering of marigold (Calendula officinalis). European Journal of Experimental Biology, 4(1): 651-655.
- Sarker, M.A.R., Pramanik, M.Y.A., Faruk, G.M. and Ali, M.Y., 2004. Effect of green manures and levels of nitrogen on some growth attributes of transplant aman rice. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 7: 739-742.
- Scherer, E.E., Agostini, V.J., Wildner, L.P., Nadal, R., Sivestro, M. and Sorrenson, W.J., 1991. Poultry manure and nitrogen for maize on small farms. Agropecuaria Catarinense, 4: 8-11.
- Sifola, M.I. and Barbieri, G., 2006. Growth, yield and essential oil content of three cultivars of basil grown under different levels of nitrogen in the field. Scientia Horticulturae, 108(4): 408-413.
- Sousa, C., Pereira, D.M., Pereira, J.A., Bento, A., Rodrigues, M.A., Dopico Garcıa, S., Valenta, O.P., Lopes, G., Ferreres, Federico, Seabra, R.M. and Andrade, P.B., 2008. Multivariate analysis of tronchuda cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. costata DC) phenolics: influence of fertilizers. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(2): 2231-2239.
- Suba Rao, N.S., 1993. Biofertilizers in Agriculture and Forestry. International Science Publisher, 242p.
- Tahamy Zarandi, M., Rezvani Moghaddam, P. and Jahan, M., 2010. Comparing the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and essential oil percentage of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of Agricultural Ecology, 2(1): 63-74.
- Theodore, C.H. and Jackson, R.B., 1999. Interactive effects of water stress and elevated CO2 on growth, photosynthesis, and water use efficiency. Agronomy Journal, 3-31.
- Tiamiyu, R.A., Ahmed, H.G. and Muhammad, A.S., 2012. Effect of sources of organic manure on growth and yields of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in Sokoto, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 20(3): 213-216.
- Tomati, U., Grappelli, A. and Galli, E., 1983. Fertility factors in earthworm humus. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Agricultural Environment. Prospects in Earthworm Farming, Publication Ministero della Ricerca Scientifica e Technologia, Rome, 49-56.
- Veysani, V., Rahimzade, S. and Sohrabi, Y., 2012. Effects of biofertilizers on morphological and physiological traits on essential oil of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 28(1): 73-87.
- Yadav, R.L., Keshwa, G.L. and Yadav, S.S., 2003. Effect of integrated use of FYM and sulphure on growth andyield of isabgol. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 25: 668-671.
)