نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دکتری زراعت؛ بخش تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و محصولات فرعی، مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور/زراعت
2 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، پردیس دانشگاهی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران
3 عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه گیلان
10.22092/ijmapr.2024.364529.3405
چکیده
سابقه وهدف: گیاهان در طول دوره رشد خود در طبیعت و در شرایط مزرعه در معرض تنش‌های محیطی مختلفی قرار میگیرند. گیاه دارویی خارمریم به دلیل ویژگیهای دارویی و درمانی آن، از زمان باستان به منظور درمان بیماری‌های کبدی و کیسه صفراوی استفاده میشده است. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی پاسخ گیاه دارویی خارمریم به تنظیمکنندههای رشدی در شرایط مختلف رطوبتی خاک انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش در سال زراعی 1401-1400 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور واقع در کرج انجام شد. این مزرعه تحقیقاتی، واقع در پنج کیلومتری جنوب‌شرقی شهرستان کرج در عرض جغرافیایی 35 درجه و 48 دقیقه‌ی شمالی و 51 دقیقه‌ی شرقی و ارتفاع 1320 متری از سطح دریا قرار دارد. این پژوهش به صورت کرتهای خردشده بر پایه‌ی طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل سطوح مختلف ظرفیت زراعی خاک (90%، 75%، 50%، 25% ظرفیت زراعی) و محلول‌پاشی با تنظیمکننده رشد گیاهی مانند اسید سالیسیلیک (mg.l-1 150- 75)، اسپرمین (mg.l-1 140- 70)، براسینواستروئید (C28) (µM 2/1-1) و آب (شاهد) بود. برای اعمال تیمارهای رطوبتی، میزان رطوبت خاک در حد فاصله‌ی بین ظرفیت زراعی و 25% با استفاده از روش وزنی به‌صورت روزانه و همزمان با TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) تعیین شد. آبیاری با توجه به تیمارهای مورد نظر در کل دوره‌ی رشد براساس نمودار ترسیم‌شده و با کمک TDR انجام گردید. محلول‌پاشی پنج ماه پس از کشت بذر در اردیبهشت‌ماه به فاصله زمانی هفت روز یکب‌ار در سه مرحله انجام شد. در پایان پژوهش صفات میانگین تعداد برگ، سطح برگ، قطر تاج پوششی گیاه، تعداد ساقه فرعی، طول ریشه، قطر طوقه، تعداد روز تا ظهور برگ، ظرفیت آنتیاکسیدانی میوه، شاخص رنگ میوه، درصد خاکستر دانه، محتوای قند برگ، وزن هزاردانه، عملکرد میوه و میزان روغن در گیاه اندازهگیری شد.
نتایج: نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که کاهش رطوبت خاک، صفات رشدی و عملکردی را در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد کاهش داد. با این حال محلول‌پاشی گیاه با تنظیمکننده رشد در بهبود شاخص‌های رشدی مؤثر بود. به‌طوری‌که تعداد برگ در تیمار 25% ظرفیت زراعی خاک در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد (90% طرفیت زراعی) تقریباً به نصف کاهش یافت. محلول‌پاشی گیاه با براسینواستروئیدها در سطح مختلف رطوبتی خاک از کاهش معنی‌دار تعداد برگ در گیاه ممانعت به عمل آورد. بیشترین سطح برگ در تیمار mg.l-1 140 اسپرمین+ FC 75% مشاهده شد. محلول‌پاشی گیاه با اسپرمین و براسینواستروئید در بهبود صفات رویشی در شرایط تنش مؤثر بود. محلول‌پاشی گیاه با اسپرمین در شرایط 50% ظرفیت زراعی منجر به ثبت بیشترین میزان روغن در میوه شد. در شرایط 75% ظرفیت زراعی، محلول‌پاشی گیاه با براسینواستروئید (1 میکرومولار) عملکرد میوه در گیاه را 71.6% در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد در همان سطح تنش و 5.6% در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد در شرایط 90% ظرفیت زراعی افزایش داد. بررسی همبستگی شاخص‌های رنگ با ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدان در گیاه نشان داد که درصد ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدان در گیاه با شاخص روشنایی (L) دارای همبستگی مثبت و معنی‌دار میباشد که بیانگر این است که میوههای با رنگ تیرهتر دارای ظرفیت آنتیاکسیدانی بالاتری هستند. این در حالی است که دو شاخص قرمزی (a) و زردی (b) با ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدان میوه دارای همبستگی منفی و معنی‌دار بود.
نتیجهگیری: نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که کاهش میزان رطوبت خاک شاخص‌های رشدی و عملکردی گیاه را کاهش میدهد، با این حال محلول‌پاشی گیاه با استفاده از تنظیمکنندههای رشد گیاهی منجر به بهبود شرایط رشدی گیاه در شریط کم آبی میگردد. به‌طورکلی، با توجه به نتایج پژوهش میتوان بیان کرد که محلول‌پاشی گیاه با استفاده اسپرمین در غلظت 140 میلی‌گرم در لیتر با بهبود صفات رشدی و عملکردی در افزایش مقاومت گیاه به شرایط تنش رطوبتی در خاک کمک میکند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
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