نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دوره دکتری گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران
2 گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران
3 گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران
4 گروه پژوهشی کروماتوگرافی، جهاد دانشگاهی آذربایجان غربی، ارومیه، ایران
چکیده
سابقه و هدف: ریحان (.Ocimum basilicum L) گیاهی علفی، یک‌ساله و متعلق به تیره نعنا (Lamiaceae) است. از برگ‌های تازه و خشک‌شده و نیز اسانس این گیاه در صنایع غذایی، داروسازی و آرایشی و بهداشتی استفاده می‌شود. در سال‌های اخیر استفاده از همزیستی با ریزجانداران محرک رشد مانند ریزوباکتری‌ها و قارچ‌های اندوفیت به‌عنوان راهکاری مقرون به‌صرفه و پایدار برای کاهش اثرهای سوء تنش‌های محیطی مانند شوری مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. ازاین‌رو، این مطالعه به‌منظور ارزیابی تأثیر مایه‌کوبی با ریزجانداران محرک رشد بر برخی ویژگی‌های رشدی، فیزیولوژیکی و فیتوشیمیایی گیاه ریحان در شرایط تنش شوری، به‌صورت آزمایش گلدانی در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه ارومیه انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی در سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل مایه‌کوبی با ریزجانداران در سه سطح (شاهد بدون مایه‌کوبی، مایه‌کوبی با قارچ Serendipita indica و مایه‌کوبی با مخلوط باکتری‌های areuginosa Pseudomonas، P. putida و P. fluorescens) و تنش شوری در چهار سطح (صفر، 40، 80 و 120 میلی‌مولار نمک کلرور سدیم) بودند. برای انجام عمل مایه‌کوبی، بذرهای جوانه زده در شرایط آزمایشگاهی، به‌طور جداگانه با سوسپانسیون قارچ S. indica (حاوی 105×5 اسپور در میلی‌لیتر) و مایه تلقیح حاوی مخلوط باکتری‌های سودوموناس (109×1.61 سلول در میلی‌لیتر) مایه‌کوبی شده و در گلدان‌های آماده کشت شدند. گلدان‌ها تا مرحله هشت برگی شدن بوته‌ها، با آب معمولی آبیاری شدند و از این مرحله به بعد، تیمارهای تنش شوری با حل کردن غلظت‌های مختلف نمک کلرور سدیم در آب آبیاری اعمال شده و تا زمان گلدهی کامل ادامه یافت. در مرحله گلدهی کامل پس از برداشت نمونه‌های گیاهی، درصد کلونیزاسیون ریشه توسط قارچ، شاخص‌های رشدی (ارتفاع بوته، قطر ساقه، تعداد و مجموع طول شاخه‌های جانبی، تعداد و سطح برگ، طول گل‌آذین، وزن تر و خشک برگ و ساقه)، محتوی نسبی آب برگ، رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی، غلظت عناصر غذایی برگ (نیتروژن، فسفر، پتاسیم، سدیم و کلر)، درصد و عملکرد اسانس اندازه‌گیری شد. استخراج اسانس از نمونه‌های گیاهی خشک شده در سایه، به روش تقطیر با آب و توسط دستگاه کلونجر انجام گردید.
نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که تحت تأثیر شوری، درصد کلونیزاسیون ریشه توسط قارچ، صفات رشدی، محتوی نسبی آب برگ، رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی، درصد و عملکرد اسانس، غلظت عناصر نیتروژن، فسفر، پتاسیم و نسبت پتاسیم به سدیم کاهش، در حالی که غلظت سدیم و کلر افزایش یافت. به‌علاوه مقادیر صفات اندازه‌گیری شده بجز غلظت سدیم و کلر در گیاهان مایه‌کوبی شده بیشتر از گیاهان بدون مایه‌کوبی بود. بیشترین و کمترین میزان خصوصیات رشدی، محتوی نسبی آب (74.47 و 72.39 درصد)، عملکرد اسانس (0.23 و 0.17 میلی‌لیتر در گلدان) و محتوی نیتروژن (1.36% و 1.14%) به‌ترتیب در گیاهان مایه‌کوبی شده با قارچ
S. indica و گیاهان بدون مایه‌کوبی بدست آمد. بیشترین و کمترین مقادیر کلروفیل a (0.87 و 0.74 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن تر)، کلروفیل b (0.41 و 0.37 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن تر)، درصد اسانس (1.24% و 1.05%)، محتوی پتاسیم (5.15% و 3.97%) و فسفر (0.29% و 0.24%) و نسبت پتاسیم به سدیم (10.05 و 4.07) به‌ترتیب در گیاهان مایه‌کوبی شده با باکتری‌های سودوموناس و گیاهان بدون مایه‌کوبی مشاهده شد. همچنین، کمترین میزان انباشت یون‌های سدیم (1.34%) و کلر (2.93%) به‌ترتیب در گیاهان مایه‌کوبی شده با باکتری‌های سودوموناس و قارچ S. indica مشاهده گردید.
نتیجه‌گیری: طبق نتایج این پژوهش، استفاده از ریزجانداران محرک رشد گیاه (قارچ S. indica و مخلوطی از باکتری‌های سودوموناس) می‌تواند از طریق افزایش جذب آب و عناصر غذایی، حفظ رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی و کاهش انباشت یون‌های سمّی سبب تعدیل اثرهای منفی تنش شوری بر رشد و تولید اسانس گیاه ریحان گردد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
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