نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، علوم باغبانی گرایش گیاهان دارویی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری
2 گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده علوم زراعی ، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری
3 استادیار، مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
سابقه و هدف: گیاه دارویی اسپند (.Peganum hamala L) متعلق به تیره قره‌داغیان (Nitrariaceae) و یکی از گونه‌های بومی جنس Peganum در ایران است. اسپند به دلیل داشتن متابولیت‌های ثانویه ارزشمند مانند فلاونوئیدها، آلکالوئیدها، آنتراکینون‌ها و ترکیب‌های روغنی فرّار، دارای طیف وسیعی از خواص بیولوژیکی و دارویی منحصربه‌فرد می‌باشد. با وجود پراکنش وسیع گیاه اسپند در مناطق مرتفع شمال ایران، مطالعات محدودی روی این گونه گیاه سازگار با شرایط اکولوژیکی خشک و نیمه‌خشک کشور انجام شد. بنابراین در این راستا، ارزیابی تأثیر اکولوژیکی و اثر عرض ثابت و طول متفاوت جغرافیایی محل رویش به همراه ریزوسفر بر برخی از خصوصیات ساختاری و عملکردی گیاه اسپند در نه گرادیان ارتفاعی مختلف واقع در مازندران از اهداف این تحقیق است.
مواد و روش‌ها: به منظور بررسی تأثیر عوامل اکولوژیکی بر صفات ساختاری (وزن تر و خشک اندام رویشی، وزن تر و خشک ریشه، 5% ماده خشک اندام رویشی، 5% ماده خشک ریشه، قوس، ارتفاع گیاه، مساحت کانوپی گیاه، قطر و طول ریشه، طول حداکثری ساقه و طوقه) و صفات عملکردی (قطر میوه، عملکرد میوه، وزن میوه، وزن دانه، تعداد متوسط دانه‌ها، تعداد میوه و 5% دانه‌ها در میوه) گیاه اسپند، نمونه هایی از گیاه کامل در مرحله بذردهی از نه گرادیان ارتفاعی مختلف در مناطق خطیرکوه (700 و 1000 متر)، چهاردانگه (1300، 1500، 1700 و 1900 متر) و گدوک (2100، 2300 و 2500) ) با 3 تکرار به همراه خاک بستر در طرح کاملاً تصادفی جمعآوری شدند.
نتایج: براساس نتایج آنالیزها، صفات عملکردی همبستگی مثبت با عوامل جوی نشان دادند. همچنین از میان صفات ساختاری، صفات رویشی ساقه با بارش، تبخیر و تابش همبستگی مثبت در سطح احتمال 5% و با رطوبت نسبی همبستگی منفی در سطح احتمال 1% نشان می‌دهد. افزایش ارتفاع از سطح دریا در مناطق گدوک و خطیرکوه موجب افزایش رطوبت و کاهش دما و در منطقه چهاردانگه منجر به کاهش رطوبت و دما می‌شود. همچنین، با افزایش ارتفاع از سطح دریا در هر سه منطقه، عملکرد محصول کاهش می‌یابد و حداکثر عملکرد محصول در ارتفاعات 1500 و 2100 متر با افزایش مواد سیلتی، رطوبت، EC و pH مشاهده می‌شود. گرادیان ارتفاعی، همبستگی مثبت در سطح احتمال 1% با عملکرد بذر نشان می‌دهد. با افزایش ارتفاع از سطح دریا در هر منطقه، طول و قطر ریشه به‌ترتیب افزایش و کاهش پیدا می‌کند. صفات رویشی ساقه و ریشه همبستگی منفی با صفات بذر نشان می‌دهد. همچنین، سطح کانوپی با ارتفاع گیاه و حداکثر قوس ساقه گیاه با عملکرد گیاه همبستگی مثبت در سطح احتمال 1% نشان می‌دهد. به‌طور کلی براساس یافته‌ها، با افزایش گرادیان ارتفاعی از سطح دریا، با کاهش دما و افزایش رطوبت و مواد مغذی خاک، کاهش رشد اندام رویشی و افزایش عملکرد محصول وجود دارد. همچنین، طبق مدل رگرسیونی صفت عملکرد؛ با افزایش گرادیان ارتفاعی، میزان شن و رس، مواد آلی و تبخیر افزایش می‌یابد که به‌دنبال آن افزایش عملکرد با ضریب تعیین 60% مشاهده می‌شود. با توجه به مدل رگرسیونی بکار برده شده، اثرگذاری عوامل خاک بیشتر از آب و هوا می‌باشد. بنابراین، برای این گیاه در یک عرض جغرافیایی ثابت، عوامل آب و هوایی دارای تغییرات جزئی هستند.
نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج حاصل از بررسی صفات ساختاری و عملکردی اکوتیپ‌های جمعآوری شده گیاه اسپند، صفات عملکردی؛ با افزایش گرادیان ارتفاعی، میزان شن و رس، مواد آلی و تبخیر و کاهش دما، افزایش یافته و در مقابل، صفات رویشی کاهش می‌یابد. بنابراین، جمعیت منطقه گدوک با دارا بودن حداکثر صفات عملکردی به عنوان اکوتیپ برتر از میان مناطق مورد بررسی در استان مازندران معرفی می‌گردد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
-Abbott, L.B., Bettmann, G.T. and Sterling, T.M., 2008. Physiology and recovery of African rue (Peganum harmala) seedlings under water-deficit stress. Weed Science, 56: 52-57.
- Abd El-Azim, W.M., Rania, K.M.R. and Badawy, M.Y.M., 2017. Effect of bio-fertilization and different licorice extracts on growth and productivity of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. plant. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 6(1): 1-12.
- Ahmed, M.Z. and Khan, M.A., 2010. Tolerance and recovery responses of playa halophytes to light, salinity and temperature stresses during seed germination. Flora-Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 205(11): 764-771.
- Akhyani, N., Berti, R., Brennan, M.B., Soldan, S.S., Eatan, j.M., Mcfarland, H.F. and Jacobson, S., 2002. Tissue distribution and variant characterization of human herpesvirus (HHV)-6: Increased prevalence of HHV-6A in patients with multiple sclerosis. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 182(5):1321-1325.
- Amini- Behbahani, F. and Sadeghpour, O., 2019. Botanical, phytochemical and traditional medicine evaluation of different types of Harmal: A library study. Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, 10(2): 185-194.
- Arriel, N.H.C., Di- Mauro, A.O., Arriel, E.F., Unêda-Trevisoli, S., Costa, M.M., Bárbaro Torneli, I.M. and Muniz, F.R.S., 2007. Genetic divergence in sesame based on morphological and agronomic traits. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 7(3): 253-261.
- Asgarpanah, J. and Ramezanloo, F., 2012. Chemistry, pharmacology and medicinal properties of Peganum harmala L. African Journal of pharmacy and Pharmacology, 6(22): 1573-1580.
- Aslam, N., Wani, A.A., Nawchoo, I.A. and Bhat, M.A., 2014. Distribution and Medicinal importance of Peganum harmala- A review. International Journal of Advanced Research, 2(2): 571-755.
- Atashgahi, Z., Ejtehadi, H., Mesdaghi, M. and Ghassemzadeh, F., 2018. Plant diversity of the Heydari Wildlife Refuge in northeastern Iran, with a checklist of vascular plants. Phytotaxa, 340(2): 101-127.
- Baharmast, Z., Khairi, A., Thani, M. and Soleimani, A., 2019. Investigating and comparing the morphological and phytochemical traits of the medicinal plant Mentha pulegium in different natural and cultivated habitats of Gilan province. Ecophytochemistry Quarterly of Medicinal Plants, 2: 60-75.
- Bukhari, N., Choi, J.H., Jeon, C.W., Park, H.W., Kim, W.H., Khan, M.A. and Leet, S.H., 2008. Phytochemical studies of the alkaloids from Peganum Harmala. Chemical Engineering and Materials research Information Center, 12(1): 101-104.
- Cramer, M.D., Hawkins, H.J. and Verboom, G.A., 2009. The importance of nutritional regulation of plant water flux. Oecologia, 161(1):15-24.
- Decraene, L.P., Laet, J.D. and Smets, E.F., 1996. Morphological studies in zygophyllaceae. II. The floral development and vascular anatomy of peganum harmala. American Journal of Botany, 83(2): 201-215.
- Donovan, L.A. and Ehleringer, J.R., 1992. Contrasting water-use patterns among size and life-history classes of a semi-arid shrub. Functional Ecology, 6: 482-488.
- Esfandiari, A., Rangraz, K., Saberi, A. and Fattahi-Moghadam, M., 2011. Potentiometric analysis of solar power plants by investigating climate parameters in Khuzestan province using GIS. 18th national conference and exhibition on geomatic and international conference of ISPRS WGII, Tehran, 15-18 May.
- Esmailpour, F., Karimani, A., Heidarpour, M. and Moghaddam, A., 2023. Protective effects of Biebersteinia multifida on sub-chronic toxicity of DZN in male Wistar rats: biochemical, hematological, and oxidative stress indices. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 46: 1203-1211.
- Falleh, H., Ksouri, R., Chaieb, K., Karray-Bouraoui, N., Trabelsi, N., Boulaaba, M. and Abdelly, C., 2008. Phenolic composition of Cynara cardunculus L. organs, and their biological activities. Comptes rendus Biologicals, 331(5): 372-379.
- Farsi, M. and Zolali, J., 2003. Principles of plant biotechnology. Translate Mashhad University Publication, 495p.
- Fathi, A.A., Abdelhazer, H.M., Flower, R.J., Ramdani, M. and Kraïem, M.M., 2001. Phytoplankton communities of North African wetland lakes: the CASSARINA Project. Aquatic Ecology, 35: 303-318.
- Garcia-Camacho, R. and Escudero, A., 2009. Reproduction of an early-flowering Mediterranean mountain narrow endemic (Armeria caespitosa) in a contracting mountain island. Plant Biology, 11(4): 515-524.
- Ghani, A., Muller, K., Dodd, M. and Mackay, M., 2010. Dissolved organic matter leaching in some contrasting New Zealand pasture soils. European Journal of Soil Science, 61(4): 525-538.
- Gimenez-Benavides, L., Escudero, A., Garcla- Camacho, R., Garcla-Fernandez, A., Iriondo, J.M., Lara-Romero, C. and Morente- Lopez, J., 2018. How does climate change affect regeneration of Mediterranean high-mountain plants? An integration and synthesis of current knowledge. Plant Biology, 20(51): 50-62.
- Guo, X., Zuo, X., Yue, P., Li, X., Hu, Y., Chen, M. and Qiang, Y., 2022. Direct and indirect effects of precipitation change and nutrients addition on desert steppe productivity in inner Mongolia, Northern China. Plant and Soil, 471: 527-540.
- Gutierrez-Giron, A., Dlaz- Pines, E., Rubio, A. and Gavilan, R.G., 2015. Both altitude and vegetation affect temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition in Mediterranean high mountain soils. Geoderma, 238: 1-8.
- Han, J. and An, L.Z., 2009. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Peganum harmala (Peganaceae), an important resist-drought and medicinal plant. Conservation Genetics, 10: 1899-1901
- Hasnain, H., Chen, J., Ahmed, N., Memon, S. and Wang, L., 2020. The Effects of Fertilizer Type and Application Time on Soil Properties, Plant Traits, Yield and Quality of Tomato. Sustainability, 12(21): 9065-9079.
- Hernandez-Fuentes, C., Bravo, L. and Cavieres, L., 2015. Photosynthetic responses and photoprotection strategies of Phacelia secunda plants exposed to experimental warming at different elevations in the central Chilean Andes. Alp Botany, 125: 87-99.
- Jazirei, M.H. and Ebrahimi- Rostaghi, M., 2003. Silviculture of Zagros. Tehran University Publication, 560p.
- Karakas, F.P., 2020. Efficient plant regeneration and callus induction from nodal and hypocotyl explants of goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) and comparison of phenolic profiles in calli formed under different combinations of plant growth regulators. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 146: 384-391.
- Kartal, M., Altun, M.L. and Kurucu, S., 2003. HPLC method for the analysis of harmol, harmalol, harmine and harmaline in the seeds of Peganum harmala L. Journal of Pharmaceuticol and Biomedical Analysis, 31(2): 263-269.
- Khadem Moghadam Igdelu, N. and Golchin, A., 2018. The importance of medicinal plant (Peganum harmala) in soil protection and its effect on people's health. International Conference on Society and Environment, September 2, Tehran, Iran.
- Khatami Moghaddam, M.R., Fallah, H., Niknejad, Y. and Dastan, S., 2019. Influence of altitude on eco-phytochemical parameters of Peganum harmala, Sophora alopecuriodes and Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. in rangelands of northern Iran. Journal of Agrometeorology, 21(3): 288-296.
- Konečná, V., Nowak, M.D. and Kolar, F., 2019. Parallel colonization of subalpine habitats in the central European mountains by Primula elatior. Scientific reports, 9: 3294.
- Korner, O. and Challa, H., 2003. Process-based humidity control regime for greenhouse crops. Computers and electronics in agriculture, 39(3): 173-192.
- Labarrere, B., Prinzing, A., Dorey, T., Chesneau, E. and Hennion, F., 2019. Variations of secondary metabolites among natural populations of sub-antarctic ranunculus species suggest functional redundancy and versatility. Plants, 8(7): 234.
- Lal, R.K., 2013. On genetic diversity in germplasm of vetiver 'Veteveria zizanioides (L.) Nash'. Industrial Crops and Products, 43: 93-98.
- Lamchouri, F., Zemzami, M., Jossang, A., Settaf, A., Israili, Z. and Lyoussi, B., 2013. Cytotoxicity of alkaloids isolated from Peganum harmala seeds. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 26(4): 699-706.
- Larcher, W., 2000. Temperature stress and survival ability of Mediterranean sclerophyllous plants. Plant Biosystems, 134(3): 279-295.
- Li, S., Cheng, X. and Wang, C., 2017. A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of the genus Peganum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 203: 127-162.
- Liu, I.Q., Sun, Y.S., Ge, X.J. and Gao, L.M., 2012. Phylogeographic studies of plants in China: Advances in the past and directions in the future. Journal of systematics, 50(4): 267-275.
- Ma, N., Zhang, Y., Szilagyi, J., Guo, Y., Zhai, J. and Gao, H., 2015. Evaluating the complementary relationship of evapotranspiration in the alpine steppe of the Tibetan Plateau. Water Resources Research, 51(2): 1069-1083.
- Magana-Ugarte, R., Escudero, A. and Gavilan, R.G., 2019. Metabolic and physiological responses of Mediterranean high-mountain and alpine plants to combined abiotic stresses. Physiologia Plantarum, 165(2): 403-412.
- Makhmudova, U., 2021. Cenotic characteristic of Peganum harmala L. on various plant communities. Bulletin of Science and Practice, 7(5): 69-74.
- Maghsudi Kelardashti, H., Rahimmalek, M., Sabzalian, M.R. and Talebi, M., 2014. Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 6(18): 77-86.
- Michelmore, M., 1997. African Rue Management- Distribution, Biology, Impact and Control Strategies for Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae) in South Australia. Primary Industries South Australia, 34p.
- Midolo, G., De Frenne, P., Hölzel, N. and Wellstein, C., 2019. Global patterns of intraspecific leaf trait responses to elevation. Global Change Biology, 25(7): 2485-2498.
- Mirzaie, M., Nosratabadi, S.J., Derakhshanfar, A. and Sharifi, I., 2007. Antileishmanial activity of Peganum harmala extract on the in vitro growth of Leishmania major promastigotes in comparison to a trivalent antimony drug. Veterinarski arhiv, 77(4): 365-375.
- Modaberi, A., Mahdavi, A. and Amirnejad, H., 2018. The role of forest ecosystem in running water Regulation (Case Study: Noujian watershed in Khoramabad). Environmental Science and Technology, 23(10): 149-159.
- Mohammadi Samani, K., Hosseini, S.A., Lotfalian, M. and Najafi, A., 2010. Planning road network in mountain forests using GIS and Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP). Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8(2): 151-162.
- Moradi, H., Haddadi-Nejad, M., Yavari, A., Mohammadi-Azni, M., Mousavi, S.M. and Hosseini, S.M.A., 2019. Investigating the morphological, phytochemical and antioxidant capacity of some ecotypes of fragrant violet (Viola odorata L.) in Mazandaran province. Scientific Research Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 12(2): 74-85.
- Moussa, T.A. and Almaghrabi, O., 2016. Fatty acid constituents of Peganum harmala plant using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 23(3): 397-403.
- Nabavi-Pelesaraei, A., Bayat, R., Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, H., Afrasyabi, H. and Chau, K.W., 2017. Modeling of energy consumption and environmental life cycle assessment for incineration and landfill systems of municipal solid waste management - A case study in Tehran Metropolis of Iran. Journal of Cleaner Production, 148: 427-440.
- Najar Firouzjai, M., Hemmati, Kh., Khorasani-Nejad, S., Darai Garme-Khani, A. and Bagheri-Fard, A., 2013. The effect of altitude on the morphological and biochemical properties of nettle leaves (Urtica dioica L.) in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces. Journal of Iranian plant ecophysiological researches, 9(3): 1-11.
- Narimani, R., Moghadam, M., Ghasemi Pirbaluti, A. and Shekohi, D., 2016. Investigating the morphological diversity, phenol content and antioxidant activity of different populations of Nepeta nuda and Nepeta crassifolia species in the plantation Ardabil and Azerbaijan provinces. Journal of Ecophytochemistry of Medicinal Plants, 5(19): 13-22.
- Nasibi, F., Kalantari, K. and Rashidi, M., 2003. Investigation of change in morphological and physiological parameter induced by UV-A, UV-B and UV-C of ultraviolet radiation in colza seedling (Brassica napus). Research and reconstruction, 16(3): 97-103.
- Omidbeigi, R., 2012. Production and processing of medicinal plants, first volume. Astan Quds Razavi Publications, 432p.
- Parvizi, K., Moradi- Ashour, B. and Yazdanpanah, A., 2021. Evaluation the of the effect of application of superabsorbent and mycorrhiza inoculation on nutrient uptake, water use efficiency and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum) plant in deficit irrigation conditions. Journal of Agroecology, 15(2): 359-380.
- Polle, A., Baumbusch, L.O., Oschinski, C., Eiblmeier, M., Kuhlenkamp, V., Vollrath, B. and Rennenberg, H., 1999. Growth and protection against oxidative stress in young clones and mature spruce trees (Picea abies L.) at high altitudes. Oecologia, 121(2): 149-156.
- Qiu, R., Liu, C., Wang, Z., Yang, Z. and Jing, Y., 2017. Efects of irrigation water salinity on evapotranspiration modifed by leaching fractions in hot pepper plants. Scientific reports, 7: 7231.
- Rajsnerova, P., Klem, K., Holub, P., Novotna, K., Vecerova, K., Kozachikova, M., Rivas-Ubach, A., Sardans, J., Marek, M.V., Penuelas, J. and Urban, O., 2015. Morphological, biochemical and physiological traits of upper and lower canopy leaves European beech tends to converge with increasing altitude. Tree Physiology, 35(1): 47-60.
- Rastgoo, L. and Alemzadeh, A., 2011. Biochemical Responses of Gouan (Aeluropus littoralis) to Heavy Metals Stress. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5(4): 375-383.
- Ravanbakhsh, H. and Asadi, M., 2016. Biodiversity of forest and steppe communities in southern Aras Alborz habitats (case study: Firouzkoh area). Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 30(3): 591-606.
- Ricki-Maryshany, A., 2015. Effects of Trifolium alexandrium, Artemisia sieberi and fertilizer onagree extract on germination and morphological properties of Peganum harmala and Prosopis cineraria. Range Management M.Sc. Thesis. University of Zabol.
- Roupioz, L., Jia, L., Nerry, F. and Menenti, M., 2016. Estimation of daily solar radiation budget at kilometer resolution over the Tibetan Plateau by integrating MODIS data products and a DEM. Remote Sensing, 8(6): 504.
- Semerdjieva, I.B. and Yankova, E.P., 2017. Pollen and seed morphology of Zygophylum fabago and Peganum harmala (Zygophyllaceae) from Bulgaria. Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, 86: 318-324.
- Sharp, R.E., Poroyko, V., Hejlek, L.G., Spollen, W.G., Springer, G.K., Bohnert, H.J. and Nguyen, H.T., 2004. Root growth maintenance during water deficits: physiology to functional genomics. Journal of Experimental Botany, 55: 2343-2351.
- Shepherd, T. and Griffiths, W., 2006. The effects of stress on plant cuticular waxes. New Phytologist, 171(3): 469-499.
- Singh, B.K., Millard, P., Whiteley, A. and Murrell, J.C., 2004. Unravelling rhizosphere–microbial interactions: opportunities and limitations. Trends in microbiology, 12(8): 386-393.
- Soliman, M.S.A., El-Tarras, A.S. and El-Awadi, M.A., 2010. Seed exomorphic characters of some taxa from Saudi Arabia. Journal of American Science, 6(11): 906-910.
- Spasojevic, M.J., Grace, J.B., Harrison, S. and Damschen, E.I., 2014. Functional diversity supports the physiological tolerance hypothesis for plant species richness along climatic gradients. Journal of Ecology, 102:447-455.
- Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M. and Murphy, A., 2015. Plant Physiology and Development. Edition 6, Sinauer Associates, Incorporated, Publishers, 761p.
- Taleshi, H. and Akbarinia, M., 2011. Biodiversity of woody and herbaceous species in relation to environmental factors in the lower forests of Sharq Nowshahr Dam. Journal of Biology, 24(5): 766-777.
- Tao, W., Ju, T., Milne, R., Miehe, G., Wang, W., Li, J., Chen, L. and Mao, K., 2021. Improved photosynthesis by improved photosynthesis by leaf nutrient content enhances water use efficiency in Juniperus tibetica along elevation gradients above 4000 m a.s.l. Plant Ecology & Diversity, 14(2): 81-92.
- Thompson, K., 1993. Morpho;ogy and Colour. 194-196, In: Hendry, G.A. and Grime, J.P. (eds). Methods in comparative plant ecology. A laboratory manual. Chapman & Hall Publication, London, 252p.
- Tranquillini, W., 2012. Physiological Ecology Of The Alpine Timberline: tree existence at high altitudes with special reference to the European Alps. Ecological Studies 31, Springer Verlag, New York, 117p.
- Turkyilmaz, M., Tagi, S., Dereli, U. and Ozkan, M., 2013. Effects of various pressing programs and yields on the antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, phenolic content and colour of pomegranate juices. Food Chemistry, 138(3): 1810-1818.
- Unal, B.T., Guvensen, A., Dereboylu, A.E. and Ozturk, M., 2013. Variations in the proline and total protein contents in Origanum sipyleum L. from different altitudes of spil mountain Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 45(1): 571-576.
- Vallejos, C.E. and Pearcy, R.W., 1987. Differential acclimation potential to low temperatures in two species of Lycopersicon: photosynthesis and growth. Canadian Journal of Botany, 65: 1303-1307
- Xiong, L.M., Schumaker, K.S. and Zhu, J.K., 2002. Cell signaling during cold, drought, and salt stress. The Plant Cell, 14: S165-S183.
- Yan, T.P. and Rohasliney, H., 2013. Status of water quality subject to sand mining in the Kelantan river, kelantan. Tropical Life Science research, 24(1): 19-34.
- Yu, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, X. and Chen, Y., 2019. Plant noncoding RNAs: hidden players in development and stress responses. Annual Reviews, 35: 407-431.
- Zayed, R. and Wink, M., 2005. β-Carboline and quinoline alkaloids in root cultures and intact plants of Peganum harmala. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 60(6): 451-458.
)