M.B. Rezaee; K. Jaimand; V. Mozaffrian
Volume 24, Issue 3 , November 2008, , Pages 271-277
Abstract
The volatile constituents of Anthemis coelopoda Boiss. were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In this study samples were collected from Gilan province in Rodbar on late May 2003. According to literature, this species was not the subject of research up to now and therefore its ...
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The volatile constituents of Anthemis coelopoda Boiss. were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In this study samples were collected from Gilan province in Rodbar on late May 2003. According to literature, this species was not the subject of research up to now and therefore its chemical composition is not well known. The major constituents of A. coelopoda Boiss. flower oil were Cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (27.3%), hexyl butanoate (16%), and myrcene (7%), while the leaf oil contained isobornyl formate (30.6%), Trans-ethyl chrysanthemumate (15%) and p-mentha-1,5-diene-8-ol (13.7.4%).
G.H. Nasery; M. Mazandarani; M.B. Rezaee
Volume 24, Issue 2 , August 2008, , Pages 126-134
Abstract
Tanacetum parthenium L. is one of the most important medicinal herbs that grows wild and wide distribution near the river, road and sunny positions in forest and mountainous rangelands in South East of Golestan Province, especially in 800-1250m above the sea level in medium soil texture, neutral PH and ...
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Tanacetum parthenium L. is one of the most important medicinal herbs that grows wild and wide distribution near the river, road and sunny positions in forest and mountainous rangelands in South East of Golestan Province, especially in 800-1250m above the sea level in medium soil texture, neutral PH and organic carbon percent with medium to high. In addition to its ecological and ethnopharmacological needs essential oil composition of this plant were also studied. Artemisia annua, Artemisia absintium, Mentha longifolia, Mentha aquatica, Thymus carmanicus, Cuminum cyminum,Echium amoenum, andSalix alba for sedative of headache and menstrual pain, cold, fever, inflammation and healing wound. Flowering aerial parts of this plant were collected in July 2006 in 1100m of Ziarat mountainous region, 6km far from Gorgan city in Golestan province. The essential oil of different parts of plant obtained by water distillation and analyzed by GC/MS. Camphor (53.5%), a-pinene (17.7%) and a-bisabolol oxide B (10.5%) were the major components of flower oil. But in leaf oil, camphor (38.9%), a-pinene (8.4%), germacrene D (6.3%) and g-terpinene (8.2%) were the main components. The results confirm use of this plant by the rural healers for curing many types of the sedative pain and other ailments.
P. Ramak; F. Sefidkon
Volume 24, Issue 2 , August 2008, , Pages 189-197
Abstract
Artemisia persica Boiss. is traditionally used for antipyretic, antimalarial, antihemorrhagic antihepatit, anticomplementary, antiulcerogenin and antispasmodic from ancient times. This investigation was carried out for investigating the changes of quantity and quality of essential oil of Artemisia persica ...
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Artemisia persica Boiss. is traditionally used for antipyretic, antimalarial, antihemorrhagic antihepatit, anticomplementary, antiulcerogenin and antispasmodic from ancient times. This investigation was carried out for investigating the changes of quantity and quality of essential oil of Artemisia persica in field and provenance. This research started from 1383 and lasted two years. Using randomized complete block design with 4 replication and carried out in 2 locations (Norabad & Brojerd). In second year the aerial parts of plants were collected from Borojerd and Norabad Fields and Garin Mountain at the altitude of 2900 m. Extracted Essential oil by water distillation (3h). The yields of essential oils in Borojerd (0.7%), Norabad (0.5%) and Garin provenance (0.9%) were calculated. Analysis and identification of chemical compositions of the essential oil were performed by GC and GC/MS. In all 31 compounds laciniata furanone E (17/1%), artedouglasia oxide C (13/2%), trans-pinocarveol (10/2%), pinocarvone (8/5%), α-pinene (5/8%), 1,8-cineole (5/6%) were the main components of Artemisia persica in Garin provenance. Laciniata furanone E spread mostly in Borojerd and Norabad fields. Quantity of laciniata furanone E in field of Brojerd compared with Norabad was significantly different at 5% probability level. Analysis of data with MSTATC indicated that the effect of location on essential oil was significantly different at 5% probability level.
F. Heidari; S. Zehtab Salmasi; A. Javanshir; H. Aliari; M.R. Dadpoor
Volume 24, Issue 1 , May 2008, , Pages 1-9
Abstract
Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) from Lamiaceae family is one of the most important medicinal plants, used in food, sanitary and cosmetic industries. A field experiment was carried out in Tabriz University in 2005. In this study, the effects of four plant densities (8, 12, 16 and 20 plants/m2) and microelements ...
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Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) from Lamiaceae family is one of the most important medicinal plants, used in food, sanitary and cosmetic industries. A field experiment was carried out in Tabriz University in 2005. In this study, the effects of four plant densities (8, 12, 16 and 20 plants/m2) and microelements of two level (nonspraying, spraying) on yield and essential oil production of peppermint were evaluated at two cuttings. The data obtained from each harvests by factorial experiment on the basis of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and two cutting analysis of compound variance (split plot on time). The results of the first cutting showed that microelements of spraying dry yield, bush and leaf essential oil percentage and essential oil yield increased. In the first cutting dry yield, the oil yield increased by increasing the plant density. In second cutting, microelement spraying cause dry yield and leaf essential oil percentage and essential oil yield of significant affected. Also dry yield increased by increasing the plant density .The results of two cutting indicated that peppermint plants grown better in the first cutting than the second cutting. Plants harvested in first cutting had higher dry yield and essential oil yield, but had lower bush and leaf essential oil. The maximum leaf essential oil percentage (2.96%) obtained with spraying in the second cutting. The maximum essential oil yield was obtained (20.02 li.ha-1) in the first cutting.
M. Saharkhiz; M. Sattari; Gh. Goodarzi; R. Omidbaigi
Volume 24, Issue 1 , May 2008, , Pages 47-55
Abstract
Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) is a perennial herbaceous essential oil bearing plant belongs to Astraceae family. This plant is a valuable and important medicinal herb which has many therapeutic properties. Recent investigations have shown its excellent anti-migraine effects of it. Other properties ...
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Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) is a perennial herbaceous essential oil bearing plant belongs to Astraceae family. This plant is a valuable and important medicinal herb which has many therapeutic properties. Recent investigations have shown its excellent anti-migraine effects of it. Other properties of this plant are anti-inflammatory, analgesic, promote menstrual flow and reduce fever, antiseptic and anti-rheumatic effects. This investigation was conducted to study the antibacterial properties of feverfew essential oil, as well as determination of the content and composition of essential oil before doing antibacterial assessments. The aerial parts of Tanacetum parthenium were harvested in summer when the plants were in full blooming stage. The collected aerial parts were then dried in the shade. The essential oil of aerial parts was extracted by hydro-distillation technique using Clevenger apparatus and was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS method. Anti bacterial properties of the essential oil on four pathogenic bacteria were determined by using broth dilution and well diffusion agar methods. The essential oil showed the maximum anti bacterial effect on E. coli and the minimum on S. aureus and P. aeuroginosa. The essential oil content of aerial parts was 0.66% (w/w) based on dry weight. The amount of camphor which is the main constituent of the oil and as an antiseptic component was 48.9%. In conclusion the results of this study showed thatthe essential oil of feverfew is rich of camphor and is considerable as an anti-bacterial agent in drug and food industries.
M. Azizi; F. Rezwanee; M. Hassanzadeh Khayat; A. Lackzian; H. Neamati
Volume 24, Issue 1 , May 2008, , Pages 82-93
Abstract
German chamomile (Matricaria recutita) is one of the most important essential oil bearing plants that its essential oil constituent (Chamazulene, Bisabolol and Bisabolol oxide A, B) is used in different medicinal industries. In this research, effect of different levels of vermicompost and irrigation ...
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German chamomile (Matricaria recutita) is one of the most important essential oil bearing plants that its essential oil constituent (Chamazulene, Bisabolol and Bisabolol oxide A, B) is used in different medicinal industries. In this research, effect of different levels of vermicompost and irrigation was evaluated on morphological characteristics and essential oil content of “Goral” an improved German chamomile. The research was conducted in pot and greenhouse system. The treatments included four amounts of vermicompost (0, 5, 10 and 15% w/w) and three irrigation regimes (2 mm per week, 4mm per 2 weeks and 2 mm per 2 weeks). The studied factors were flower dry yield, plant height, flowering time, anthodia height, anthodia diameter, oil content (%) and essential oil yield. The results indicated that the vermicompost application improved plant height, early flowering, flowers dry weight, anthodia height and diameter significantly. Irrigation also affects plant height, flower dry weight and flowering time significantly and 2mm irrigation per two weeks was the best method and 2mm irrigation per week increased anthodia height and diameter significantly. The interactions between vermicompost and irrigation was significant as plant height (64.82 cm), flowers dry weight(7.84 gr per pot) and flowering time (35.5 days) as concerned and the best treatments was 15% vermicompost and irrigation 2mm per two weeks. The highest essential oil yield detected in 10% vermicompost and irrigation 4mm per two weeks (2.23 mg/pot). According to the results, it appears that 15% vermicompost plus 2 mm irrigation per two weeks was the best treatment to produce the flower yield in Goral cultivar of German chamomile in organic system.
M.H. Yazdi; M.R. Pourmand; M. Bayat; A. Shahinjafari
Abstract
In order to investigate the antimicrobial effects of Iranian herbal essences of Zataria multiflora Boiss., Myrtus communis L. and Eucalyptus officinalis, this research was conducted under CLSI guidelines in vitro situation. Since Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae ...
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In order to investigate the antimicrobial effects of Iranian herbal essences of Zataria multiflora Boiss., Myrtus communis L. and Eucalyptus officinalis, this research was conducted under CLSI guidelines in vitro situation. Since Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae are highly involved in Sinusitis and Bronchitis, the antibacterial effects of the essences were investigated on these species. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method for the essential oils and of determination Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was carried out by serial dilutions. Zataria multiflora was effective against all the tested bacterias e.g. Streptococcus pneumoniae (52mm), Moraxella catarrhalis (55mm) and Haemophilus influenzae (40mm) based on disk diffusion method. Furthermore, the highly effective inhibition of Myrtus communis was on Moraxella catarrhalis (50 mm) (MIC≥78.66 µg/ml). This study showed that the herbal essences are very active against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae in vitro situation. This confirms the application of herbal medicines for treating a range of infectious diseases in ancient times.
M. Najafpour Navaei; M. Mirza
Abstract
Leonurus cardiaca L. is an aromatic and medicinal plant which could be found in high and mountainous parts of Iran. It is a considerable plant for its essential oil. In order to study the volatile constituents, its aerial parts were collected from Damavand, essential oil isolated by water steam distillation ...
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Leonurus cardiaca L. is an aromatic and medicinal plant which could be found in high and mountainous parts of Iran. It is a considerable plant for its essential oil. In order to study the volatile constituents, its aerial parts were collected from Damavand, essential oil isolated by water steam distillation (clevenger) and were analyzed by a combination of capillary GC and GC /MS. 37 compounds were identified representing 98.4 % of the oil. It was dominated by Germacrene-D (20.9%), α–humulene (15.3%) and β–caryophyllene (13.8%).
F. borna; R. Omidbaigi; F. Sefidkon
Volume 23, Issue 3 , November 2007, , Pages 307-314
Abstract
Due to study the effect of swoing dates on Dragonhead, this research trial was carried out on randomized complete block design with three replications. The effects of sowing dates on 6 of March, 19 of March, 4 of April, 20 of April, 5 of May, 21 of May, 5 of June and 21 of June were studied on growth ...
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Due to study the effect of swoing dates on Dragonhead, this research trial was carried out on randomized complete block design with three replications. The effects of sowing dates on 6 of March, 19 of March, 4 of April, 20 of April, 5 of May, 21 of May, 5 of June and 21 of June were studied on growth and herb yield of Dragonhead. The results showed that sowing dates has significant effect on growth and development of Dragonhead. The highest plant (82.5 Cm) and the largest number of branches per plant (18.14) was obtained from the plants which were sown on 19 of March and essential oil content (199.0 Kg/ha) was obtained from the plants which were sown on 4 of April. There was no significant effect among herb yield and essential oil percentage of different sowing dates. The highest essential oil content obtained from the plant were sown on 4 of April, therefore, sowing this plant is recommended.
Z. Abravesh; F. Sefidkon; M.H. Assareh
Volume 23, Issue 3 , November 2007, , Pages 323-330
Abstract
The fresh leaves of five cultivated Eucalyptus species, i.e. Eucalyptus stricklandii Maiden, E. brockwayii, E. sargentii Maiden, E. largiflorens F. Muelland E. kruseana F. Muell were collected in the spring from Shushtar in Khuzestan province (South region of Iran). After drying the plant materials in ...
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The fresh leaves of five cultivated Eucalyptus species, i.e. Eucalyptus stricklandii Maiden, E. brockwayii, E. sargentii Maiden, E. largiflorens F. Muelland E. kruseana F. Muell were collected in the spring from Shushtar in Khuzestan province (South region of Iran). After drying the plant materials in shade, their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Seventeen components were identified in the oil of E. stricklandii with 1,8-cineole (71.2%) and α-pinene (9.2%) as the main constituents. Twenty-five compounds were identified in the oil of E. brockwayii with 1,8-cineole (17.8 %), isopentyl isovalerate (17.2%), α-pinene (14.0%), trans-pinocarveole (12%), β-pinene(7.5%) and ρ-cymene ( 5.3%) as major components. Sixteen compounds were characterized in the oil of E. sargentii with 1,8-cineole (56.7%), β-eudesmol (6.0%) and α-pinene (4.9%) as the main constituents. Fifteen components were identified in the oil of E. largiflorens with 1,8-cineole (41.3%), spathulenol (11.6%) and virdiflorol (15.9%) as major components. Fifteen components were identified in the oil of E. kruseana with 1,8-cineole (63.3%) and α-pinene (15.9%) as the main constituents. The results showed, although 1,8-cineole was the main component of the essential oils of all the studied Eucalyptus species, its relative content was higher in the oil of E. stricklandii.
F. Sefidkon; L. Sadeghzadeh; M. Teimouri; F. Asgari; Sh. Ahmadi
Volume 23, Issue 2 , August 2007, , Pages 174-182
Abstract
The genus Satureja represents 15 species in Iran, 9 of them are endemic. In this study, the aerial parts of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad and Satureja bachtiarica Bunge were collected at two stage of plant growth (before flowering and full flowering) from their natural habitats. After drying the plant ...
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The genus Satureja represents 15 species in Iran, 9 of them are endemic. In this study, the aerial parts of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad and Satureja bachtiarica Bunge were collected at two stage of plant growth (before flowering and full flowering) from their natural habitats. After drying the plant materials in shade, essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography, using flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. The results showed the oil of S. bachtiarica contained 20% carvacrol and 19% thymol before flowering and 26% carvacrol and 5% thymol at full flowering stage, as main components. The oil of S. khuzistanica, in both harvesting time contained about 90% carvacrol. Due to the antimicrobial effect of phenolic compounds, thymol and carvacrol, the antimicrobial effects of these oils were determined against five gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus loteus, Staphylococcussp. and Staphylococcus areous) and three gram negative bacteria (Kellebsiella pneumonia, Kellebsiella oxytoca and Pseudomonas aeroginosa). The result showed the oil of S. khuzistanica had strong anti-bacterial effect in both harvesting stage. The anti-bacterial effect of S. bachtiarica oil was stronger before flowering stage, because of more percentage of phenolic compounds. So these oils can be used instead of synthetic antibiotics that their resistance against bacteria increased daily.
M.R. Ardakani; B. Abbaszadeh; E. Sharifi Ashourabadi; M.H. Lebaschi; F. Packnejad
Volume 23, Issue 2 , August 2007, , Pages 251-261
Abstract
In order to study drought stress effect on quantitative and qualitative features of balm (Melissa officinalis L.) a research was conducted under field condition in Karaj, Iran in 2005. Experiment was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 replications. Treatment included T1 (non stress), ...
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In order to study drought stress effect on quantitative and qualitative features of balm (Melissa officinalis L.) a research was conducted under field condition in Karaj, Iran in 2005. Experiment was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 replications. Treatment included T1 (non stress), T2 (80%FC), T3 (60%FC), T4 (40%FC) and T5 (20%FC). Effect of drought stress on shoot yield, essential oil yield, percentage of essential oil, leaf and stem yield, height, tiller number, length and width of leaf, stem diameter and internodes was significant (α=0.001). Effect of drought stress on number of lateral stem was not significant. Comparison of treatment means showed that highest shoot yield was related to T1 (non Stress) (6469kg/ha), highest essential oil (12.970 kg/ha) and highest essential oil percentage (0.3012%) was related to T4 (40%FC) and T5 (20%FC), respectively. Highest height (65.32 cm), leaf length (6.27 cm) and width (4.58 cm) were related to T1 (non stress). Highest stem diameter was related to T5 (20%FC). It could be concluded that moderate drought stress is beneficial for balm essential oil.
M.H. Fakoor; A. Allameh; I. Rasooli; M. Mazaheri
Volume 23, Issue 2 , August 2007, , Pages 269-277
Abstract
The antifungal properties of Zataria multiflora Boiss. and Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas essential oils were studied on growth inhibition of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999. Minimal inhibitory (MIC) and fungicidal (MFC) and kinetics of fungal spore death as a result of exposure to the oils were ...
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The antifungal properties of Zataria multiflora Boiss. and Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas essential oils were studied on growth inhibition of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999. Minimal inhibitory (MIC) and fungicidal (MFC) and kinetics of fungal spore death as a result of exposure to the oils were studied. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS and their chemical components were identified. 22 and 19 compounds were identified in Zataria multiflora Boiss. and Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas essential oils respectively. Eight compounds viz; α-thujene, α-pinene, sabinene, myrcene, p-cymene, 1,8-cineole, cis sabinene hydrate and thymol were common in both oils but in different concentrations. The results indicated powerful antifungal properties of both oils inhibiting growth and aflatoxin production that could be applied to food as preservatives.
F. Sefidkon; M.H. Assareh; M. Mirza; Z. Abravesh; M.H. Salehe Shushtari
Volume 23, Issue 1 , May 2007, , Pages 39-50
Abstract
In this investigation, the leaves of five Eucalyptus species as Eucalyptus microtheca F. Muell, E. gongylocarpa Blakely, E. gillii Maiden, E. woodwardi Maiden and E. salubris F. Muell were collected from two regions of Khuzistan province (Shushtar and Dezful, South Iran) in spring. After drying the plant ...
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In this investigation, the leaves of five Eucalyptus species as Eucalyptus microtheca F. Muell, E. gongylocarpa Blakely, E. gillii Maiden, E. woodwardi Maiden and E. salubris F. Muell were collected from two regions of Khuzistan province (Shushtar and Dezful, South Iran) in spring. After drying the plant materials in shade, their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. The oils were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography, using flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. The oils of E. microtheca were obtained at yields of 0.43% and 0.37% (w/w) from Shushtar and dezful, respectively. These yields were 2.37% and 1.78% for E. gongylocarpa, 3.5% and 3.9% for E. gillii, 1.18% and 1.13% for E. woodwardi, 2.05% and 1.02% for E. salubris. The main compounds of E. microtheca oils were 1,8-cineole (26.7% and 16.9%), P-cymene (14.8% and 20.4%) and a-pinene (12.5% and 12.0%) in the Shushtar and Dezful samples, respectively. The major constituents of E. gongylocarpa oils were 1,8-cineole (66.8% and 78.6%) and a-pinene (5.2% and 7.2%). The main components of E. gillii oils were 1,8-cineole (58.5% and 81.3%) and a-pinene (13.9% and 11.0%). The main compounds of E. woodwardi oils were 1,8-cineole (58.7% and 45.1%) and a-pinene (23.1% and 21.4%). The major constituents of E. salubrisoils were 1,8-cineole (62.0% and 71.0%) and a-pinene (8.0% and 10.0%). Differences in the percentage of the main components of these oils in two regions could be due to some differences in habitats like soil structure or humidity.
F. Safikhani; H. Heydari sharifabad; A. Syadat; E. Sharifi Ashorabadi; S.M. Syednedjad; B. Abbaszadeh
Volume 23, Issue 1 , May 2007, , Pages 86-99
Abstract
In order to investigation effect of drought stress essential oil percent and yield and physiological characteristics of medicinal plant Deracocephalum moldavica L. under greenhouse. This research performed in 2004-2005 at research institute of forests and rangelands. Experiment was carried out in a split ...
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In order to investigation effect of drought stress essential oil percent and yield and physiological characteristics of medicinal plant Deracocephalum moldavica L. under greenhouse. This research performed in 2004-2005 at research institute of forests and rangelands. Experiment was carried out in a split plot under randomize complete block design with four replications. Main factors were contains of three populations of Deracocephalum moldavica L. that collected from Tehran, Esfahan and Fars provinces. Subplots were contains three level of drought stress 100% Fc, 60% Fc and 40% Fc. The results showed that effect of different populations not significant. The results showed that effect of drought stress on essence yield, amount of solution carbohydrates, amount of a, b and total chlorophyll at two years were significant. So effect of drought stress on proline in second year was significant. The results analysis variation of two years showed that effect of year on essential oil percent and proline amount was significant (α=1%). Comparison mean of treatments showed that at first year highest of essence yield, solution carbohydrate and chlorophyll respectively related to 60%, 40% and 100% of field capacity treatments. At second year highest proline amount, solution carbohydrate and chlorophyll respectively related to 40%, 40% and 100% of field capacity treatments. Comparison mean treatments of plant populations and different levels of drought stress showed that at first year highest of essential oil percent related to Esfahan seed*60% humidity of field capacity. Highest chlorophyll relate to 100% humidity of field capacity in three ecotypes. At second year highest solution carbohydrate and chlorophyll respectively related to 40% and 100% of field capacity in three populations.
H. Amiri
Volume 23, Issue 1 , May 2007, , Pages 121-127
Abstract
Jashir (Prangos ferulacea Lindl.) is a permanent, tall and fragrant plant which belongs to Umbelliferae family grows wild in most regions of Iran. The aerial parts have been used as rich herbs in animal feeding and the folk medicine. This plant was collected from Broujerd Mountains of Lorestan province ...
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Jashir (Prangos ferulacea Lindl.) is a permanent, tall and fragrant plant which belongs to Umbelliferae family grows wild in most regions of Iran. The aerial parts have been used as rich herbs in animal feeding and the folk medicine. This plant was collected from Broujerd Mountains of Lorestan province in Iran. The air-dried aerial parts were subjected to hydro-distillation. Identification of essential oil constituents was made by GC and GC/MS. The highest yield of oil was obtained from pre-flowering stage (2.1%) and the least amount from fruiting stage (1.2%). The essential oils were characterized by high hydrocarbon and oxygenated monoterpenes. The main constituents in different growth stages were α-pinene, β-pinene and α-terpinolene. In all samples α-pinene and β-pinene constituted more than 65% of the oil. α-pinene and β-pinene are abundant in pre-flowering stage more than other stages. Other differences in oil composition in different growth stages like presence of β-aryophyllene in fruiting stage and absence of γ-terpinene and α-phellandrene in pre-flowering stage were observed.
M. Najafpour Navaei; M. Mirza
Volume 23, Issue 1 , May 2007, , Pages 128-133
Abstract
Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. is an aromatic and medicinal plant which grows in high and mountainous parts of Iran. It is a considerable plant for its high amount of essential oil. The aim of this study is comparing the essential oil of cultivated plant with its natural samples. The aerial parts of wild ...
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Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. is an aromatic and medicinal plant which grows in high and mountainous parts of Iran. It is a considerable plant for its high amount of essential oil. The aim of this study is comparing the essential oil of cultivated plant with its natural samples. The aerial parts of wild sample were collected from Jeirod of Tehran province and cultivated sample gathered from field in Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands. Essential oils isolated by hydro-distillation and analyzed by a combination of capillary GC and GC/MS. The results showed that there are some similarities in the cultivated and wild samples. In the oil of wild sample limonene (29.1%), methyl geranate (17.7%), geranial (15.8%) and neral (11.9%) were the major components. In the oil of cultivated sample myrthenol (30.1%), limonene(23.6%), geranial (14.3%) and neral (9.3%) were the main components.
J. Zarrinzadeh; M. Mirza; H. Alyari
Volume 23, Issue 1 , May 2007, , Pages 134-140
Abstract
In order to study the effects of plantation date and irrigation regimes on quantity and quality of herbal essential oil of Cuminum cyminum factorial experiment was carried out on the basis of randomized complete block design by three repetitions in research field of Agricultural Faculty of Tabriz University ...
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In order to study the effects of plantation date and irrigation regimes on quantity and quality of herbal essential oil of Cuminum cyminum factorial experiment was carried out on the basis of randomized complete block design by three repetitions in research field of Agricultural Faculty of Tabriz University in 2002-2003. The cuminaldehyde compound which possesses the highest percent of Cuminum cyminum L. oil, was affected significantly (at 0.01 level) by planting date. However, different levels of irrigation did not have significant effect on cuminaldehyde. The p-cymen compound was in the second rank in term of percentage rate in the oil of Cuminum cyminum. Different levels of irrigation had significant effect on the amount of p-cymene (at 0.05 level).
Z. Baher Nik; M. Mirza; M. Ghaffari
Volume 23, Issue 1 , May 2007, , Pages 141-145
Abstract
Parthenium argentatum Gray. (Guayule) is a perennial shrub and a source of latex. The essential oil of flowers and latex has distinctive odor and honey bees which are effective pollen carriers of this species, are mostly being attracted to its flowers. Therefore, the flowers oil of cultivar UC/100, collected ...
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Parthenium argentatum Gray. (Guayule) is a perennial shrub and a source of latex. The essential oil of flowers and latex has distinctive odor and honey bees which are effective pollen carriers of this species, are mostly being attracted to its flowers. Therefore, the flowers oil of cultivar UC/100, collected in July 2004 from Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands field, was investigated. The essential oil isolated by hydro-distillation was analyzed by a combination of GC and GC/MS. The mean oil content was 0.8% (w/w). A total of sixteen components were identified representing 97.6% of the oil. The main constitutes of the essential oil were α-pinene (27.2%), b-phellandrene (17.0%), γ-eudesmol (11.3%), β-pinene (10.0%), β-eudesmol (9.0%), bicyclogermacrene (4.0%). Other components present in appreciable amounts were sabinene (7.3%), α-eudesmol (1.9%), bornyl acetate (1.6%), germacrene D (1.4%) and (Ε)-β-ocimene (2.2%).
E. Rajabbeigi; F. Ghanati; F. Sefidkon; P. Abdolmaleki
Volume 22, Issue 4 , February 2007, , Pages 341-350
Abstract
The effects of electromagnetic field (1 kHz) on the growth and the amounts and composition of essential oils of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) were studied. Basil plants were exposed to the electromagnetic field for 6 days, each 5 hours, discontinuously. Compared to the control plants, the growth of ...
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The effects of electromagnetic field (1 kHz) on the growth and the amounts and composition of essential oils of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) were studied. Basil plants were exposed to the electromagnetic field for 6 days, each 5 hours, discontinuously. Compared to the control plants, the growth of treated plants and their essential oils were decreased. This may be resulted from decrease in the activity of certain enzymes involved in the essential oil biosynthesis pathway. Methyl chavicol, geraniol, and nerol were three major components of essential oil of basil. Treatment with electromagnetic field, however, increased the content of methyl chavicol, suggesting an increase in the activity of chavicol-o-methyl transferase. This in return, suggests that the electromagnetic field can effect on the metabolism of essential oils indirectly i.e., through enzymatic proteins such as chavicol-o-methyl transferase. The results of the present study indicate that the electromagnetic field can be considered as a tool to increase methyl chavicol and probably other medicinal compounds in the desired plants.
F. Sefidkon; Z. Akbari; M.H. Assareh; Gh. Bakhshi Khaniki
Volume 22, Issue 4 , February 2007, , Pages 351-365
Abstract
Rosa damascena Mill is one of the important Rose species for production of aromatic compounds. The oil and distilled water of Rose are used vastly in medicinal, hygienic-cosmetic and food industries. In Iran, there are vast gardens of Rosa damascena in Kashan, Kerman, Tabriz, Sahand and Fars province. ...
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Rosa damascena Mill is one of the important Rose species for production of aromatic compounds. The oil and distilled water of Rose are used vastly in medicinal, hygienic-cosmetic and food industries. In Iran, there are vast gardens of Rosa damascena in Kashan, Kerman, Tabriz, Sahand and Fars province. In this research, the effect of different extraction methods on yield and chemical composition of four Rosa damascena samples (two samples from national botanical garden of Iran with source of Kashan and Oskou, one sample from Kashan and one sample from Chaloos road) were examined. The aromatic compounds were obtained by four extraction methods consisted of two distillation methods (hydro-distillation and water & steam distillation), extraction with organic solvents (by use of hexane and petroleum ether, individually). The yields of essential oils (from distillation methods) and concrete and absolute (from solvent extraction) were calculated. The oils and absolutes were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The result showed (except Oskou sample) there is no significant difference between oil and absolute yield, but for all samples, the yield of concrete was higher than the yield of oil and absolute, significantly. Distillation methods produced higher percentage of citronellol and sometimes geraniol, but the valuable compound, phenyl ethyl alcohol, was not found in the oils or exist in very little amount. In solvent extraction methods, the percentage of phenyl ethyl alcohol was considerably high and citronellol and also geraniol were found in the absolutes, of course in lower amounts. There were also some differences between the minor components.
M. Azizi
Volume 22, Issue 4 , February 2007, , Pages 386-396
Abstract
Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L. Rauch) is a highly valuable medicinal and aromatic plant and its anthodia used frequently in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Pharmacological effects of the plants is related to flavonoids, coumarins and essential oils. The most important pharmacological ...
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Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L. Rauch) is a highly valuable medicinal and aromatic plant and its anthodia used frequently in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Pharmacological effects of the plants is related to flavonoids, coumarins and essential oils. The most important pharmacological effects include anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic and wound healing action. Its essential oils contain valuable constituents such as chamazulene, α-bisabolol and α-bisabolol oxides A and α-bisabolol oxides B. In consideration of the demand from the pharmaceutical industry for this plant and with respect to the quality of Iranian wild growing chamomile, seeds of Bodegold (tetraploid), Germania (diploid), Bona (diploid) and Goral (tetraploid) cultivars were purchased from Germany and Slovakia and cultivated in Mashhad climate. During the flowering period, growth indexes such as plant height, anthodia diameter, percent of dry matter, flower yield, essential oils content and chamazolene were measured. The results show that plant height of Goral and Bodegold (85.5 cm and 77.2 respectively) are significantly higher than Germania and Bona (74.2 cm and 70.4 cm, respectively). The anthodia diameter of Bodegold and Bona were significantly higher than anthodia diameter of Goral and Germania. The results on dry anthodia yield showed that Goral produced the highest anthodia yield (221.15 g.m-2) and there is not significant difference between Goral and Bodegold. The lowest dry anthodia yield was produced by Bona (104.95 g.m-2). There was a significant difference between any harvest number and essential oils content. The highest essential oils content (0.627% w/w) extracted from Bona in the first harvest but Germania produced the lowest essential oils (0.627 %w/w) at third harvest. Chamazolene content of the cultivars ranged between 9.6-14 %. Chamazolene comparison between three harvest time showed that in all cultivars, the second harvest had more chamazolene than the first and the third harvest. In conclusion Bodegold and Goral cultivars are the most suitable improved cultivar for chamomile production in Mashhad climate.
A. Akbarinia; J. Daneshian; F. Mohmmadbiegi
Volume 22, Issue 4 , February 2007, , Pages 410-419
Abstract
In order to study the effect of nitrogen levels and plant density on seed yield, essential oil and oil content of Coriander seeds, an experiment was conducted in agricultural station of Qazvin and natural resources research center in 2005. The experiment was laid out by adopting split plot design with ...
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In order to study the effect of nitrogen levels and plant density on seed yield, essential oil and oil content of Coriander seeds, an experiment was conducted in agricultural station of Qazvin and natural resources research center in 2005. The experiment was laid out by adopting split plot design with four replications, main plots were nitrogen: 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha and subplots were plant density including: 20, 30, 40 and 50 plant/m2. Seed yield, essential oil, oil content and yield were determined. Results showed nitrogen and plant density effected on Seed yield, essential oil, fatty acids. With increasing of nitrogen to 60 kg/ha, there was a significant increase in seed yield. The seed yield was decreased with more nitrogen. But the highest essential oil content and fatty acids were obtained with 90 kg nitrogen /ha. With increasing of plant density, seed yield and oil content had a significant decrease. Seed yield and oil content were higher in 30 plant/m2, while essential oil was higher in 40 plant/m2 that there was no difference with 30 plant/m2 in this respect. Comparing of treatments showed that the highest seed yield and essential oil yield were obtained by using 60 kg nitrogen/ha while there was the highest essential oil content, content and yield of oil with the application of 90kg nitrogen/ha with 30 plant/m2.
M. Mirza; Z. Baher Nik
Volume 22, Issue 4 , February 2007, , Pages 431-436
Abstract
Since Salvia genus was used in ancient medicine and its application in culinary, flavor cosmetics, food and drinking industries is important, we investigated the composition of the essential oil of S. compressa. The aerial parts of this species were collected from Jahrom in Fars province at the altitude ...
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Since Salvia genus was used in ancient medicine and its application in culinary, flavor cosmetics, food and drinking industries is important, we investigated the composition of the essential oil of S. compressa. The aerial parts of this species were collected from Jahrom in Fars province at the altitude of 900 m and isolated by water distillation. Then the essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-four compounds were identified in the essential oil of S. compressa and the major components were tau-cadinol (36%), caryophyllene oxide (15.7%), geraniol (10.5%) and borneol (9.3%).
M. Azizi; L. Alimoradee; M.H. Rashedmohassel
Volume 22, Issue 3 , November 2006, , Pages 198-208
Abstract
In order to investigate the allelopathic effects of the essential oils of Bunium persicum and Cuminum cyminum, this research conducted in two separate experiments to find out the effects of different essential oils concentration of Bunium persicum (200, 500, 700, 1000 and 2000 ppm) and Cuminum cyminum ...
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In order to investigate the allelopathic effects of the essential oils of Bunium persicum and Cuminum cyminum, this research conducted in two separate experiments to find out the effects of different essential oils concentration of Bunium persicum (200, 500, 700, 1000 and 2000 ppm) and Cuminum cyminum (100, 300, 500, 700 and 1000 ppm) on germination activity of Bromus tectorum, Centura ovina and Descurainia sophia. Each experiment was conducted in RCBD with 4 replications. Results showed that germination percentage of all the weeds were high in control plots( 96.67, 73 and 96.67 respectively). Germination of Centura ovina and Bromus tectorum were completely inhibited by Bunium persicum essential oils at 700 and 1000 ppm respectively. Descurainiaseeds were more sensitive to Bunium persicum essential oils and its germination completely inhibited at 500 ppm . There was no significant difference between 200 ppm and 500ppm of Bunium persicum essential oils as germination percentage of Bromus tectorum as concerned (54% and 44% respectively). Bunium persicum essential oils at 500ppm decreased germination percent of Centura ovina by 25% ( from 73% to 48.67% ). But 200ppm Bunium persicum essential oils decreased germination percent of Descurainia sophia by 69% (from 96.67 to 27.67). Cuminum cyminum essential oils also affected germination process of all the weeds that were tested in the experiments. Germination of Bromus tectorum, Centura ovina and Descurainia sophia completely inhibited by 2000, 1000 ppm and 500 ppm, respectively. Concentration increasing of Cuminum cyminum essential oils from 100ppm to 1000ppm decreased germination percent of Bromus tectorum, Centura ovina and Descurainia sophia by 46.67%, 51% and 53 % respectively. In respect to germination rate data showed that all the treatments decreased germination rate and it decreased from 11.25 , 4.14 ,17.5 seed/day in control plot to zero in treated seeds with Bunium persicum essential oils. Germination rate of Bromus,Centura and Descurainia were also affected by Cuminum cyminum treatments and it decreased from 18.77, 5.82 and 13.6 in control plot to zero respectively. It was concluded that Bunium persicum and Cuminum cyminum essential oils as an allelopathic agents for the weeds control should be a good agent for organic culture.
