Agriculture and horticulture
Vahideh Samadiyan-Sarbangholi; B. Abaszadeh; Fatemeh Sefidkon; Mehrdad Yarnia
Abstract
Bachground and objective: Deficiency or excess of any growth factor leads to morphological, anatomical, physiological, and growth disorders in plants. Drought stress means a lack of water in the plant. This situation occurs when the amount of transpiration exceeds the amount of water absorption. Low ...
Read More
Bachground and objective: Deficiency or excess of any growth factor leads to morphological, anatomical, physiological, and growth disorders in plants. Drought stress means a lack of water in the plant. This situation occurs when the amount of transpiration exceeds the amount of water absorption. Low irrigation (watering less than the optimal water requirement of the plant) is a strategy to save water, but it affects the plant at a particular stage of growth or the entire season. Biofertilizers develop the root system, changing host plant water relations and plant metabolism. They also activate the defense system, improving access to minerals and tolerance to drought in the host plant, making it environmentally friendly and natural. To manage the prevailing water crisis, one should look for solutions such as reducing water consumption and stopping irrigation at all stages of growth. This is without harming the plant's final performance. In addition, due to the importance of medicinal plants and increasing their biomass, biological fertilizers and the adjustment of drought stress effects have a special place. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge. against dehydration at different stages of growth. It also investigated the consumption of mycorrhizal fungi and growth-stimulating bacteria to manage plant production with high quality and quantity.Methodology: The experiment was carried out in the form of split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications in the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch, in 2018. The main and sub-factors were included in 4 water stress (I1: without stress, I2: cut irrigation in stem elongation stage, I3: cut irrigation at the budding stage and I4: cut irrigation at 50% flowering stage) and 5 biofertilizer levels (b1: without inoculation, b2: inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae, b3: inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis, b4: Funneliformis mosseae + Rhizophagus irregularis and b5: Azosprillium+Pseudomonas+Azetobacter), respectively. The harvest was in full flowering stage.Results: The comparison of the average of irrigation interruptions showed that the most number of leaves, stem diameter, canopy extent, root weight, leaf yield, flowering stem yield, and flowering branch yield belonged to the irrigation interruption at the 50% flowering stage. Inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae mycorrhizal fungus achieved the highest leaf yield (912.06 kg/ha), flowering stem yield (1071.25 kg/ha) and flowering branch yield (1983.32 kg/ha) in inoculation with Azosprillium + Pseudomonas + Azotobacter was observed. The highest percentage of essential oil was found in inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae with an average of 1.76%. The maximum average yield of essential oil at 30.50 kg/ha was observed in the inoculation treatment with Azosprillium + Pseudomonas + Azotobacter. The results of the comparison of the average of the interaction effect showed that the maximum height of the plant and the number of inflorescences with an average of 61.72 cm and 30.46 per plant were found in the interaction effect of the treatment of interruption of irrigation at the stemming stage and inoculation of Rhizophagus irregularis + Funneliformis mosseae, which is about 31 and 39 The percentage increased compared to their lowest value. Stopping irrigation in the budding stage ×Funneliformis mosseae had the highest percentage of essential oil with an average of 2.33%. Stopping irrigation in the stemming stage ×Rhizophagus irregularis had the lowest essential oil percentage. The highest leaf yield (1212.83 kg/ha), flowering stem yield (1494.75 kg/ha), flowering branch yield (2707.58 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (44.39 kg/ha) in the interaction effect of cutting × Azosprillium + Pseudomonas + Azotobacter irrigation was observed at the 50% flowering stage, which increased by 70, 82, 81 and 87% compared to the lowest ones.Conclusion: The correct management of soil fertility, improvement, and maintenance of soil fertility in modern agricultural systems will provide the nutrients needed by the plant and thus enhance the yield. Therefore, in recent years, many studies have been conducted on biological fertilizers. Mycorrhizal fungi are essential factors in the stable plant-soil system, which coexists with more than 85% of plants. Drought stress is one of the most influential environmental factors in plant growth and causes morphological, physiological, and metabolic changes. In addition, biofertilizers increase plant access to nutrients and produce and direct hormones involved in the growth of the root environment. They also increase stress tolerance and enhance yield. Considering the arid and semi-arid conditions of the country and the increase in demand for medicinal plants and Satureja bachtiarica spices, it is recommended to stop irrigation at the 50% flowering stage and use Azotobacter, Azospirillium, and Pseudomonas biofertilizers to obtain the maximum yield of leaves, flowering branches, and essential oil.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Fatemeh Mahdi-Navasi; B. Abaszadeh; Vahid Abdossi; Razieh Azimi; Marjan Dyanat
Abstract
Bachground and objective: Satureja mutica Fisch & C.A. Mey is a perennial plant that can be cultivated under irrigation conditions and in rainfed drylands. It has anti-flatulent, appetizing, sexual enhancement, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial effects. Drying increases product ...
Read More
Bachground and objective: Satureja mutica Fisch & C.A. Mey is a perennial plant that can be cultivated under irrigation conditions and in rainfed drylands. It has anti-flatulent, appetizing, sexual enhancement, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial effects. Drying increases product shelf life by stopping enzymes, pathogens, and microorganisms. The factors that affect essential oils and their content are temperature, drying time, and the type of plant. Microwaves for drying are one of the newer methods. Their advantages include shortening drying time, maintaining quality, reducing energy consumption, preserving dried plants' color, and improving effective ingredients.Methodology: The flowering shoots were collected from the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands research farm in 2019. Plants in the insectarium were exposed to UV-B light treatment through UV-B lamps. The plants were turned over every half hour. Irradiation agents were selected based on the preliminary test, including durations of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 hours. After irradiation, the samples were stored in sealed bags under two conditions: refrigerator at 4°C and room temperature. The storage time was 0, 120, and 240 hours. Therefore, the sources of variation include irradiation duration in four levels (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 hours), storage conditions in two conditions (room temperature 25-27°C and fridge with a temperature of 4°C), and storage duration factor in three levels (0, 120 and 240 hours).202 grams of fresh samples (equivalent to 80 grams of dry matter) and 80 grams of dried samples in other treatments were extracted by water distillation in 3 repetitions for 2 hours. The obtained essential oils were stored in sealed bottles inside the refrigerator at 4 °C until injected into GC and GC/MS devices for quantitative and qualitative analysis. Carbohydrate, phenol, and free radical inhibition (by the DPPH method) were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18, and the means were compared with the LSD test at P ≥ 0.05.Results: Variance analysis of essential oil percentage showed that UV-B factor, storage condition (SC), storage time (ST) at the 1% level, and SC ST interaction at the 5% level had a significant effect. Due to the increase in irradiation duration, the percentage of essential oil extracted from the plant increased. This percentage increased to 0.42% in the control and 0.71% in the 10-hour treatment. Based on a mean comparison, the amount of essential oil in the shade increased from 0.48% to 0.54%. Mean comparison of the effect of storage conditions (SC) on storage time (ST) revealed that the highest percentage was related to the shade storage treatment for 240 hours with 0.61%. The mean comparison of the interaction effect of the three treatments showed that the percentage of thymol was the highest at 45% in the conditions without irradiation refrigerator×without storage. The results of the simple correlation of the traits demonstrated that thymol had a significant negative relationship with α-thujone, α-terpenine, and carvacrol. Carvacrol showed a significant negative correlation with major compounds, paracymene and thymol. It was observed that the highest antioxidant activity was obtained from 10 hours of UV-B radiation. A mean comparison of the effect of UV-B rays on the amount of phenol indicated that its amount increased in the 2.5-hour treatment compared to the other treatments. The highest antioxidant percentage could be achieved after 10 hours of irradiation in the refrigerator for 240 hours.Conclusion: The conversion of compounds occurs by irradiation of UV-B rays in the drying stages, and the amount of paracymene and thymol is reduced, and the amount of carvacrol is increased. Therefore, in S. mutica, which has thymol and carvacrol compounds, drying treatments aiming to increase the specific composition can be very effective. Also, the amount of thymol and carvacrol in dried plants may decrease compared to fresh plants. The increase in antioxidant activity in the treatment of 10 hours of UV-B radiation confirms the viability of plant cells and their efforts to prevent environmental stress through the increase of antioxidant enzymes.
Agriculture and horticulture
F. Noormand Moaied; B. Abaszadeh; N. Valizadeh
Abstract
Background and objectives: Savory (Satureja spp.) has a special position among medicinal plants due to its valuable compounds, such as thymol and carvacrol. Savory is one of the genera of the Lamiaceae family, and this genus has 16 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants in Iran. Due to the ...
Read More
Background and objectives: Savory (Satureja spp.) has a special position among medicinal plants due to its valuable compounds, such as thymol and carvacrol. Savory is one of the genera of the Lamiaceae family, and this genus has 16 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants in Iran. Due to the high amount of essential oil, Satureja species are highly economically and medically important in the food, cosmetic, health, and pharmaceutical industries. This research aimed to increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of Satureja sahendica Bornm. essential oil with appropriate plant nutrition.Methodology: This research was carried out under irrigation conditions in the form of a randomized complete block design with eight fertilizer treatments (no fertilizer, N50, P25, K25(kg.ha-1), Cow Manure(30, 60 ton.ha-1), Cow Manure(30, 60 ton.ha-1)+ N50, P25, K25(kg.ha-1), Vermi-compost(5 ton.ha-1), Vermi-compost(5 ton.ha-1)+ N50, P25, K25(kg.ha-1)) in three replications over four years (2017-2020) in East Azarbaijan province. Cultivation was indirect and through grafting. Seedlings were prepared in greenhouse conditions by growing seeds in seedling trays with a mixture of peat moss, cocopeat, and perlite in a ratio 4:2:1. The treatments were applied only once, simultaneously with the plot preparation and before the planting stage. This was done by hand spraying and mixing with the soil. The plot dimensions were 4 x 3 meters, the distance between the planting lines was 50 cm, and the distance between the plants on the line was set to 30 cm. The irrigation method was drip irrigation twice a week in the early stages of growth and once a week after establishment. Weed weeding was also done during the growing season. Plant height, flowering date, crown area, and green shoot yield were measured during the cropping season. Essential oil was extracted by distillation with distilled water, and essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS).Results: Based on the results, all traits showed a significant difference between different fertilizer treatments. The highest yield of flowering branches was 1974 kg.ha-1 (6% increase compared to the control) and the yield of essential oil was 22.25 kg.ha-1 (9% increase compared to the control), and the highest quality of essential oil (sum of phenolic compounds thymol and carvacrol) is 61.89% (18% increase in comparison to the control) with treatment of Cow Manure(60 ton.ha-1)+ N50, P25, K25(kg.ha-1) were obtained. To be economical, cow manure (60 tons per hectare) can also be used alone. With regards to 50% flowering, the latest product was a control treatment (without fertilizer) with 160.25 days, while the earliest product was Cow Manure (60 tons.ha-1) +N50, P25, K25 (kg.ha-1) with 155.33 days. The main components of the essential oil were Thymol, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene, respectively. The results of the average percentage of phenolic compounds thymol and carvacrol as essential oil quality in each fertilizer treatment and each year showed that the average quality of essential oil in the first year was 53.13%, in the second and third years it was 63.98 and 63.54, respectively. The percentage decreased to 47.93% in the fourth year.Conclusion: The use of fertilizer treatments, especially animal manures, along with chemical fertilizers, in addition to increasing yield, also causes early ripening. Early harvesting of the first layer allows the second layer to use the growing season optimistically and avoid autumn cold. As the plant age increases, the yield of essential oil increases, but the product is later, and the quality also decreases. Accordingly, Cow Manure(60 ton.ha-1)+ N50, P25, K25(kg.ha-1) should be applied to S. sahendica until the fourth year to produce adequate yields.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Jafari Ghoshchi; B. Abbaszadeh; M. Ourei; R. Azimi; A. Faramarzi
Abstract
In this study, to investigate the effects of gamma ray to dry plant materials, conditions, and storage duration of the plants on the percentage and essential oil composition and some physiological traits of Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss., plant top shoots were collected at the flowering stage. Gamma ...
Read More
In this study, to investigate the effects of gamma ray to dry plant materials, conditions, and storage duration of the plants on the percentage and essential oil composition and some physiological traits of Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss., plant top shoots were collected at the flowering stage. Gamma ray irradiation was performed in the Atomic Energy Organization at five levels of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 kGy (kilo gray). Storage was carried out under two refrigerator (4°C) and room air temperature conditions at three storage duration levels of 0, 120, and 240 hours. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Essential oil of flowering shoots was extracted by water distillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS quantitatively and qualitatively. According to the obtained results, gamma radiation affected the essential oil percentage and amount of p-cymene, thymol, carvacrol, phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity significantly at the level of 1%. Storage duration had a significant effect on the essential oil percentage and amount of p-cymene, thymol, and carvacrol. Storage conditions showed a significant effect on the total phenols and flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of S. spicigera. Means comparison of gamma radiation effects showed that the highest percentage of essential oil with 1.12% and 1.03% was obtained in the control and 5 kGy treatments, respectively. The highest amount of thymol (13.57%) and carvacrol (34.73%) was observed in the 10 kGy and control treatments, respectively. With 2.5 kGy gamma irradiation, the amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity respectively increased by 1.4 and 1.76 times compared to the control. Of course, by keeping the plant in the refrigerator, the amount of thymol was reduced. The highest percentage of essential oil was related to the storage for 120 hours. The use of high intensity gamma radiation is suitable to achieve high thymol essential oil. The use of low radiation can also be useful for drying S. spicigera to obtain extracts containing more phenolic compounds. However, gamma radiation is not appropriate for plant materials drying to obtain essential oils of this species.
Agriculture and horticulture
M. Layeghhaghighi; B. Abaszadeh
Abstract
Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a valuable medicinal tree in addition to being used as a food. Olive leaf, as an organ containing active ingredients, is of great value in various industries. Use of olive leaves extract as a natural antioxidant is one of the most common applications of this plant. Oleuropein ...
Read More
Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a valuable medicinal tree in addition to being used as a food. Olive leaf, as an organ containing active ingredients, is of great value in various industries. Use of olive leaves extract as a natural antioxidant is one of the most common applications of this plant. Oleuropein is the most important phenolic compound in olive species that plays an important role in health. Oleuropein and quercetin are used as effective compounds in anti-cancer, anti-virus, and anti-inflammatory drugs. To investigate the effects of vermicompost (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 tons per hectare) application on morphological traits, leaf yield, and oleuropein, quercetin, macro and micro elements of the olive leaf extract under field conditions, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications (nine shrubs in each replicate) at the Alborz Research Station, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands in two years. Three-year-old shrubs were planted at a distance of 5 m on the row and 5 m between the rows at a depth of 50 cm. Vermicompost affected fresh and dry leaf yield per hectare and quercetin and oleuropein amounts of the leaves significantly (at the level of 1% probability) in both years. The highest dry leaf yield per hectare was obtained in the 4 tons of vermicompost treatment (55.573 kg in the first year and 63.047 kg in the second one). The amount of quercetin increased from 18.48 and 18.7 µg.mg-1 dry matter in the control treatment (in the first and second years, respectively) to 34.67 and 37.7 µg.mg-1 dry matter in the 4 tons vermicompost per hectare treatment (in the first and second years, respectively). Also, the use of 2 tons of vermicompost per hectare increased the leaf oleuropein in both years. Different vermicompost treatments increased the uptake of most macro and micro elements including phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper in both years. The results showed that the appropriate amounts of vermicompostcould be used to produce a plant with high quercetin and oleuropein.
R. Rahimi; A. Gorji Chakespari; B. Abaszadeh; M.K. Araghi
Abstract
The high tendency of agricultural producers to the production of medicinal plants has raised concerns about increasing the yield of these products, which can be achieved by mechanizing production and spending more energy. Therefore, energy flow analysis is essential throughout the production process. ...
Read More
The high tendency of agricultural producers to the production of medicinal plants has raised concerns about increasing the yield of these products, which can be achieved by mechanizing production and spending more energy. Therefore, energy flow analysis is essential throughout the production process. This research was implemented in the field in 2018 by questionnaires and face to face interview with farmers in some areas of Tehran and Alborz provinces on the four medicinal herbs Mentha piperita L., Artemisia dracunculus L., Ocimum basilicum L. and Satureja hortensis L. The results showed that among all the inputs consumed in this project, two inputs of chemical fertilizers and electricity with a difference of more than 80%, had the highest percentage of energy consumption. After estimating the energy indices, the energy efficiency index was more than one for all the studied products, indicating the energy efficiency of the production systems of these products. Also, the medicinal plant savory with an energy efficiency of 3.37 was considered the most suitable product for energy consumption and production. In terms of net energy index, savory with a net energy production of 281457 MJ ha-1 had the highest energy return. The estimate of the mechanization index in energy consumption showed that a small proportion of energy consumption was related to mechanization (0.23 to 0.26) in the production of all four products and this issue showed the need to increase mechanization in the production of these products more than before.
M. Oveysi Omran; M. Zavareh; F. Sefidkon; B. Abaszadeh; S. Asadi-Sanam
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of soil application of potassium fertilizer and foliar application of brasinosteroid on morphophysiological characteristics and essential oil yield of medicinal plant purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) in response to water availability. ...
Read More
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of soil application of potassium fertilizer and foliar application of brasinosteroid on morphophysiological characteristics and essential oil yield of medicinal plant purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) in response to water availability. Treatments consisted of three levels of water availability (irrigation at 90% (control), 60%, and 30% of field capacity (FC)) in main plots and four amounts of potassium fertilizer (no potassium application (control), 50, 100, and 150 kg K2O ha-1) as well as the foliar application of three brassinosteroid concentrations (distilled water (control), 0.1, and 1 μM) in subplots. Results showed that the highest mean plant height (67.8 cm), number of leaves plant-1(151), number of flowers plant-1 (18.1), flower dry weight (151.9 g plant-1) and aerial parts dry weight (508.6 g plant-1) were obtained in the second year of the experiment under 150 kg ha-1 potassium and normal irrigation treatments. The highest percentage of essential oil (76) was obtained under irrigation at 60% of FC, 150 kg ha-1 potassium, and 1 µM brassinosteroid treatments. In the second year, the maximum amount of essential oil plant-1 (0.67 g) was related to 150 kg ha-1 potassium and 1 μm brassinosteroid treatments. In general, the results of this study showed that irrigation at 60% of FC together with 150 kg ha-1 potassium and 1 μM of brassinosteroid could reduce the effects of drought stress, increase the amount of essential oil plant-1 and improve some morphophysiological characteristics in purple coneflower.
H. Darvizheh; M. Zahedi; B. Abaszadeh; J. Razmjoo
Abstract
In order to study the effect of water deficit and foliar application of salicylic acid and spermine on the phenological stages and caffeic acid derivatives yield of Echinacea purpurea L., a three replicated split- plot experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design during 2016 and ...
Read More
In order to study the effect of water deficit and foliar application of salicylic acid and spermine on the phenological stages and caffeic acid derivatives yield of Echinacea purpurea L., a three replicated split- plot experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design during 2016 and 2017 growing seasons at the research field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Iran. In this experiment, three irrigation regimes (irrigation after 20, 40 and 60% depletion of soil available water) were accommodated in main plots and salicylic acid (SA) and spermine (SPM) spray treatments (Control (no spray), spray at five levels of 75 mg/l SA, 150 mg/l SA, 75 mg/l SPM, 75 mg/l SA+75 mg/l SPM and 150 mg/l SA+75 mg/l SPM) were considered in subplots. The exogenous SA and SPM were applied on the foliage at two steps, 10-days apart and at the beginning of stem elongation stage. The effects of irrigation regime and spray treatments were significant on the traits studied. Drought stress decreased the number of days to phenological stages, the yield of echinacoside and cynarin in flower and cichoric acid, and caftaric acid and cynarin in leaves, but increased the yield of chlorogenic acid in flowers and caffeic acid derivatives (cichoric acid, echinacoside, chlorogenic acid, caftaric acid and cynarin) in roots. The foliar application of salicylic acid and spermine increased all studied traits. The interaction between water deficit and foliar spray was significant on the yield of caffeic acid derivatives in roots. The highest yield of cichoric acid (9.49 kg/ha), echinacoside (0.67 kg/ha), chlorogenic acid (0.26 kg/ha), caftaric acid (7.31 kg/ha) and cynarin (0.27 kg/ha) in roots was obtained at irrigation after 60% depletion of soil available water and simultaneous application of high concentrations of SA and SPM. Based on the results of the present study, the foliar application of SA and SPM improved the yield of caffeic acid derivatives in coneflower under both normal and water stress conditions.
B. Bahreininejad; B. Abaszadeh; F. Sefidkon; Z. Jaberalansar
Abstract
Two species of Nepeta assurgens Hausskn. & Bornm. and N. eremokosmos Rech., are endemic medicinal plants to Iran. This study was conducted to investigate the vegetative traits, aerial parts yield, the quantity and quality of essential oil, as well as evaluating the relationships between these traits ...
Read More
Two species of Nepeta assurgens Hausskn. & Bornm. and N. eremokosmos Rech., are endemic medicinal plants to Iran. This study was conducted to investigate the vegetative traits, aerial parts yield, the quantity and quality of essential oil, as well as evaluating the relationships between these traits in mentioned species under field conditions in Isfahan. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications over 2017 and 2018. Results showed that the fresh and dry weight of aerial parts in N. assurgens (11353 and 2351 kg ha-1, respectively) was remarkably higher than that of N. eremokosmos (2638 and 527 kg ha-1, respectively). The average content and yield of essential oil in N. assurgens and N. eremokosmos was 1.60 and 0.64%, and 20.16 and 2.21 kg ha-1, respectively. Based on qualitative analysis of essential oil, the total amount of nepetalactone isomers (4aα, 7α, 7aα-nepetalactone, 4aα, 7α, 7aβ-nepetalactone, 4aα, 7β, 7aα-nepetalactone) in N. assurgens and N. eremokosmos was 78.6 and 62.8% on average, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that leaf dry weight, total fresh and dry weight, and large diameter of the plant had the highest correlation with essential oil yield. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that essential oil yield changes were mainly explained by leaf dry weight, essential oil content, total fresh weight, the number of stems and the amount of plant crown cover. In general, according to the results, the superiority of the N. assurgens species was significant and could be recommended as a valuable and high potential yielding plant for pharmaceutical purposes.
M. Khajeh Haghverdi; M.R. Ardakani; B. Abbaszadeh; P. Nejatkhah Manavi
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of vermicompost, biochar and mycorrhizal symbiosis on some qualitative and quantitative traits of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) as a medicinal plant, a split factorial experiment was implemented in the form of randomized complete blocks design with three replications. ...
Read More
In order to investigate the effect of vermicompost, biochar and mycorrhizal symbiosis on some qualitative and quantitative traits of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) as a medicinal plant, a split factorial experiment was implemented in the form of randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The study was conducted at the experimental field of Agriculture and Natural Resources Faculty of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Mahdasht, Iran, in 2016. The factors were characterized as vermicompost in three levels (0, 6 and 12 ton/ha) as the main factor, biochar in three levels (0, 6 and 12 ton/ha) and mycorrhiza in two levels (non inoculation and inoculation) as the sub factors. Results showed that the main effect of factors on the mycorrhizal symbiosis percentage and grain phosphorus content was significant (P˂0.01). Analysis of variance between the interaction effects of vermicompost × biochar were significant on the LAI, dry fruit yield, grain yield and dry weight ratio of grain to fruit (P˂0.01) as well as on the number of lateral stem (P˂0.05). Mean comparison of the interaction effect of vermicompost × biochar showed that the application of 12 (ton/ha) vermicompost along with 12 (ton/ha) biochar resulted in the highest amount of LAI (12.28), number of lateral stem (13.33 number/ plant), dry fruit yield (619.51 kg/ha), grain yield (410.02 kg/ha) and dry weight ratio of grain to fruit (66.17%). Therefore, the use of vermicompost along with biochar is recommended in production of pumpkin.
M. Layeghhaghighi; M. Hassanpour Asil; B. Abbaszadeh; F. Sefidkon; M. Matinizadeh
Abstract
About 67 species of the genus Nepeta have been found in Iran and Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad is endemic to Iran. In order to investigate the effect of water deficit on Nepetapogonosperma, an experiment was conducted under field conditions in 2015, at the Alborz Research Station, Research Institute of ...
Read More
About 67 species of the genus Nepeta have been found in Iran and Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad is endemic to Iran. In order to investigate the effect of water deficit on Nepetapogonosperma, an experiment was conducted under field conditions in 2015, at the Alborz Research Station, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Karaj, Iran. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments consisted of three levels: 30, 60, and 90% of field capacity. Harvesting was done in full flowering stage. Essential oil was extracted by distillation for 2 hours and 30 minutes. The percentage of essential oil components was determined using GC and GC/MS. In the Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad essential oil, 16 components were identified and the highest percentage of 15 components including α-thujene, α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, myrcene, α-terpinene, ρ-cymene, e-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone, 4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone, E-caryophyllene and β-bisabolene was related to the control treatment. Analysis of variance revealed that water deficit significantly affected the essential oil percentage, yield, and components detected. The highest essential oil percentage with an average of 3.18% belonged to the severe stress treatment (30% FC). The highest oil yield (78.321 kg per hectare) was recorded for the moderate stress treatment (60% FC). The highest content of 1.8-cineole belonged to 30% FC. The highest total content of nepetalactone with an average of 28.2% was obtained in the control group. Our results clearly showed that severe and moderate water deficit stress could be recommended for the production of plants with high essential oil content. However, no water deficit stress is recommended to obtain high content of nepetalactone.
B. Abbaszadeh; F. Zakerian
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of vermicompost, mycorrhiza and semimycorrhiza(Piriformospora indica) on some micro and macro elements of Balm (Melissa officinalis L.), this experiment was conducted in the Alborz research station, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Karaj, Iran, in 2012. ...
Read More
In order to investigate the effect of vermicompost, mycorrhiza and semimycorrhiza(Piriformospora indica) on some micro and macro elements of Balm (Melissa officinalis L.), this experiment was conducted in the Alborz research station, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Karaj, Iran, in 2012. The experiment was conducted as factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Factors included vermicompost at three levels (0, 5 and 10 t/ha), and inoculation with biofertilizers at four levels (control, inoculation with Glomus mosseae+G. intraradices, Piriformospora indica, and Glomus mosseae+G. intraradices+Piriformospora indica). Results indicated that vermicompost and biofertilizer significantly affected the content of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese and cooper (p<0.01). Moreover, vermicompost application significantly affected nitrogen content at pp<0.01). According to mean comparisons of simple effects, the highest content of nitrogen (2.83%) and potassium (1.66%) was obtained from application of 10 t/ha vermicompost. The highest content of phosphorus (0.53%) belonged to the use of mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae+G. intraradices). Mean comparisons of the interaction effects indicated that the highest content of phosphorus was obtained from application of 10 t/ha vermicompost×mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae+G. intraradices). The highest content of calcium (0.77%) was obtained from 5ton/ha vermicompost × non-inoculation. The highest content of magnesium (0.6%) was obtained from the treatments of no vermicompost × mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae+G. intraradices) and 10 t/ha vermicompost×mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae+G. intraradices). The highest amount of iron (925.6ppm) was obtained from the treatment of 5 t/ha vermicompost × mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae+G. intraradices). Results indicated that the use ofmycorrhizae and vermicompost could increase the uptake of most elements in the study species.
M. Layeghhaghighi; M. Hassanpour Asil; B. Abbaszadeh
Abstract
This research was conductedon Rosa damascena Mill. in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Alborz research station during 2012-2013. Treatments included nano chelated iron fertilizer at six levels: (0 (control), two times foliar spray (8g/plant), three times foliar spray ...
Read More
This research was conductedon Rosa damascena Mill. in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Alborz research station during 2012-2013. Treatments included nano chelated iron fertilizer at six levels: (0 (control), two times foliar spray (8g/plant), three times foliar spray (12g/plant), one time soil application (8g/plant), one time soil application (12 g/plant). The first foliar spray was done at blossoming stage. The second and third applications were 10 and 20 days after blossoming. Soil application was at blossoming stage accompanied by irrigation. The essential oil of samples was extracted by Clevenger and water distillation method for three hours. GC and GC/MS were used to determine the percentage and essential oil compounds of fresh flowers. According to the results of variance analysis, significant differences were found for the essential oil percentage, citronellol, icosane, octadecanol, Henicosane, Tricosane, Tetrosane, geraniol, and Tridane (p<0.01). Mean comparison of treatments indicated that the essential oil percentage of fresh flowers by three-times foliar spray (0.071%) was more than that of one time foliar spray (0.061%) and one time soil application (12 g/plant) (0.051%) and other treatments. The highest Citronellol was obtained in one-time foliar spray (1.17%) and the lowest in control treatment (0.36%). In addition, the highest tricosane (33.77%) was obtained from the use of 12g chelated iron in soil. The results of correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between essential oil percentage of fresh flower and essential oil stability at refrigerator as well as dried flower at shadow. A significant negative correlation was also found between citronellol and ecosane. Results indicated that fertilizers could affect the percentage and compounds of essential oil in Rosa damascene.
Gh. Ramezan; B. Abbaszadeh
Abstract
Drought stress is an important environmental factor that reduces the yield of plants. Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad et Assadi is a perennial plant from Lamiaceae family. Iran is an arid and semiarid region and most of the agricultural lands are faced with drought stress; this is the main reason for reduced ...
Read More
Drought stress is an important environmental factor that reduces the yield of plants. Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad et Assadi is a perennial plant from Lamiaceae family. Iran is an arid and semiarid region and most of the agricultural lands are faced with drought stress; this is the main reason for reduced yield. In order to investigate the effect of drought stress and planting interval on Nepeta pogonosperma, an experiment was conducted under field conditions in 2012, at Alborz research station, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Karaj, Iran. The experiment was conducted in factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Planting interval factor was in four levels (20×20, 30×30, 40×40 and 50×50 cm), and drought stress factor was in three levels (30, 60 and 90% of field capacity). Analysis of variance showed that the effect of interaction of drought stress × planting interval was significant on diameter of the main stem and the percentage of essential oil at P≤0.05. The effect of planting interval and drought stress was significant on leaf width and length, inflorescence length, yield, essential oil percentage and yield, number of flowering stems and total stems, and number of inflorescences. Mean comparison showed that the maximum leaf width (15.9 mm), leaf length (40.5 mm), and shoot yield (3391 kg/ha) were achieved in the control (90% FC), and the highest number of non-flowering stems (47), number of flowering stems (41), number of total stems (88), number of inflorescences (15), shoot yield (5185 kg/ha), essential oil percentage (3.21%) and essential oil yield (122 kg/ha) were related to 20×20 cm planting interval. The results of this study showed that in order to achieve the maximum shoot yield and essential oil yield, a planting interval of 20×20 cm at a drought level of 60%FC could be recommended.
M. Layeghhaghighi; B. Abbaszadeh; S.R. Tabaei Aghdaei; V. Samadiyan Sarbangholi
Abstract
Nepeta, belonging to Lamiaceae family, includes 250 species in the world and 67 species in Iran, 39 of which are native to Iran. In order to investigate the effects of drought stress on yield quantity and quality of Nepeta racemosa Lam., this experiment was conducted in 2011, at the Alborz Research Station, ...
Read More
Nepeta, belonging to Lamiaceae family, includes 250 species in the world and 67 species in Iran, 39 of which are native to Iran. In order to investigate the effects of drought stress on yield quantity and quality of Nepeta racemosa Lam., this experiment was conducted in 2011, at the Alborz Research Station, Karaj, Iran. Drought levels were 100% (control), 80% (low stress), 60% (medium stress), and 40% (severe stress) field capacity (FC). Different traits including plant height, number of tillers, number of lateral branches, root weight, root length, main stem diameter, number of inflourcences, inflorescence length, leaf length, leaf width, yield of leaf, inflorescences, stem and shoot, and essential oil percentage and yield of leaf, inflorescence, stem and shoot were measured at flowering stage. Variance analysis revealed significant effect of drought stress on plant height, root weight, inflorescence length, leaf length, leaf width, yield of leaf, stem, inflorescence, and essential oil percentage of leaf, stem, inflorescence, and essential oil yield of the leaf, stem, inflorescence (P≤0.01), root length, and main stem diameter (P≤0.05). Mean comparison showed that the highest essential oil percentage was observed in leaves (1.72%), shoot (1.27%) and inflorescences (1.93%) at medium stress (60% field capacity). It could be concluded that Nepeta is a drought tolerant plant, and the maximum essential oil percentage could be achieved under medium stress with 60% field capacity.
A. Faraji; B. Esmailpoor; F. Sefidkon; B. Abaszadeh; K. Khavazy
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and putrescine as foliar spray on plant yield and growth, essential oil yield and composition of summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.), a field experiment was carried out based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD), with three replication. ...
Read More
In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and putrescine as foliar spray on plant yield and growth, essential oil yield and composition of summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.), a field experiment was carried out based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD), with three replication. Different concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 1, 2 and 3mM) and putrescine (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2mM) were applied as foliar spray at early stages of shooting, blooming and floweing. Results showed that foliar application of salicylic acid and putrescine had significant effect (p<0.01) on some vegetative parameters such as dry weight and yield of total aerial shoots, leaves and inflorescences as well as total chlorophyll concentration. All treatments had a significant effect (p<0.01) onessential oil efficiency, percentage, yield and composition of Satureja hortensis. The highest value of total aerial shoots dry weight (45.63g/p), total aerial shoots yield (5070kg/ha), leaf dry weight (6.39g/p), leaf yield (710kg/ha), inflorescence dry weight (15/65g/p), inflorescence yield (1739kg/ha), and total chlorophyll concentration (1.46mg/l) were observed in 3mM salicylic acid. The essential oil efficiency (2.35kg/ha) and essential oil yield (76.76%) reached a maximum range in 1.5mm putrescine. The concentration of thymol (47.76%) as the main volatile component of summer savory, reached the highest value in 2mM salicylic acid while other components, such as α-pinene, limonene and E-B-ocimene, reached the highest value in 50mg/L putrescine.
E. Karegar Hajiabadi; B. Abbaszadeh; F. Sefidkon; K. Khavazi
Abstract
This research was aimed to investigate the effects of biological fertilizers on seedling survival rate of Thymus pubescens Bioss. The study was conducted in the research field of Alborz Research Station in 2011 using a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. ...
Read More
This research was aimed to investigate the effects of biological fertilizers on seedling survival rate of Thymus pubescens Bioss. The study was conducted in the research field of Alborz Research Station in 2011 using a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments included seed inoculation (Glomus intraradices, G. mosseae and without inoculation) and seedling inoculation (Glomus intraradices, G. mosseae and without inoculation). Analysis of variance indicated that seed inoculation significantly affected canopy circle, number of tillers, number of lateral branches, plant height, seedling survival rate, seed colonization rate and shoot yield at p≤0.01 and flowering percentage at p≤0.05. According to the mean comparisons, the highest canopy circle, number of tillers, number of lateral branches, plant height, flowering percentage, seedling survival rate, root colonization rate and shoot yield were obtained for seed inoculation with G. intraradices. In addition, the highest number of tillers, number of lateral branches, plant height, root length, number of lateral roots, root colonization rate, essential oil percentage and shoot yield were obtained for seedling inoculation with G. intraradices. Consequently, in terms of essential oil percentage and shoot yield, better results were recorded for seed inoculation as compared to seedling inoculation.
M. Lotfi; B. Abbaszadeh; M. Mirza
Abstract
In this study the effect of drought stress on morphological traits, metabolites proline accumulation, soluble carbohydrates and the yield of Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.), was evaluated in order to produce Tarragon in drought stress condition as a medicinal plant, and also determine the threshold ...
Read More
In this study the effect of drought stress on morphological traits, metabolites proline accumulation, soluble carbohydrates and the yield of Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.), was evaluated in order to produce Tarragon in drought stress condition as a medicinal plant, and also determine the threshold of stress tolerance. This research was done using randomized complete blocks design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The stress treatments were included T1 (100% of field capacity), T2 (80% of field capacity), T3 (60% of field capacity) and T4 (40% of field capacity). According to the results of statistical analysis, the drought stress had significant effect on morphological traits, flowering shoot yield, proline and soluble carbohydrates. In addition, the enhancement of drought stress led to decrease in plant height, canopy diameter, leaf length, leaf width and leaf surface, stem diameter, the length of longest lateral shoot, root length and its development, shoot yield and dry leaf yield. Comparison of treatment means showed that the highest plant height, canopy diameter, leaf length, leaf width and leaf surface, stem diameter, the length of longest lateral shoot, root length, shoot yield and dry leaf yield were related to T1 (non stress); in addition, the highest amount of proline, soluble carbohydrates and root development were related to T4 (40%FC). Therefore, drought stress had negative effect on most morphological traits and flowering shoot yield; however, it led to increase in the root length, proline and soluble carbohydrates of flowering shoots.
M. Mohammadpour; A. Ghasemnejad; M.H. Lebaschy; B. Abbaszadeh; M. Azadbakht
Abstract
Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L., Lamiaceae) is a well known medicinal and aromatic plant, native to Southern Europe, Anatolia, Caucasus, Iraq and western Iran, but nowadays it is cultivated worldwide. In order to evaluate the effect of sowing date and plant density on the yield and morphological ...
Read More
Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L., Lamiaceae) is a well known medicinal and aromatic plant, native to Southern Europe, Anatolia, Caucasus, Iraq and western Iran, but nowadays it is cultivated worldwide. In order to evaluate the effect of sowing date and plant density on the yield and morphological characteristics of Satureja hortensis L. a field experiment was conducted in Sary Agricultural University using split-plot design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications during 2010. Main factors were three sowing dates (11 April, 22 April and 3 May) and sub factors were three plant density (15×35, 25×35 and 35×35cm). The species were investigated at full flowering stage. Sowing date and plant density had significant effects on most of the morphological characteristics. According to the results of mean comparison, the highest plant height (52.3 cm), lateral shoot (23.22 N/P), number of nod (17.81), shoot diameter (8.8 mm), root diameter (9.12 mm) and dry weight of root (2.76 g/p) were recorded for first sowing date. Delay in sowing time increased the dry shoot yield significantly as the highest dry shoot yield (3023.1 and 2663.9 kg/ha) was obtained at third and second sowing time. The result of mean comparison showed that the highest root diameter (9.33mm) and dry weight of root (2.56 g/p) were recorded for third density. In addition, the highest plant height (53.03 and 51.09 cm), lateral stem (21.94 and 21.79 N/P), number of nod (17.06 and 16.32) and shoot diameter (7.92 and 7.4 mm) were obtained at third and second densities. Plant density had no significant effect on dry shoot yield. The obtained results showed that morphological characteristics of Satureja hortensis were affected by agronomic treatments and growth performance may be enhanced by proper management.
E. Sharifi Ashoorabadi; H. Rouhipour; M.H. Assareh; M.H Lebaschy; B. Abaszadeh; B. Naderi; M. Rezaei sarkhosh
Abstract
To investigate the crop water requirement of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.), an experiment was carried out in the Alborz Research Complex during 2007-2008. Crop water requirement was determined using Penman-Monteith method and lysimetery. The Penman-Monteith method was used to estimate the evapotranspiration ...
Read More
To investigate the crop water requirement of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.), an experiment was carried out in the Alborz Research Complex during 2007-2008. Crop water requirement was determined using Penman-Monteith method and lysimetery. The Penman-Monteith method was used to estimate the evapotranspiration of the hypothetical reference crop with fixed crop parameters. The Kc coefficients for Achillea millefolium were calculated to be 0.16, 0.45, 1.05 and 0.81 for the initial, development, middle and the late stages (80 percent of plant flowering) of growth, respectively. According to the results, Achillea millefolium could be recommended for dry land farming areas with minimum 149.72 mm annual rainfall.
B. Abbaszadeh; M.H. Assareh; M.R Ardakani; F. Paknejad; M. Layegh Haghighi; S. Meshkizadeh
Abstract
This research was conducted to study the cause and effect of morphological, physiological characters and some elements of camphorosma monspeliaca L. in natural habitat. Plant samples were collected by using 9 sampling plots at full flowering stage. Morphological traits including plant height, number ...
Read More
This research was conducted to study the cause and effect of morphological, physiological characters and some elements of camphorosma monspeliaca L. in natural habitat. Plant samples were collected by using 9 sampling plots at full flowering stage. Morphological traits including plant height, number of tillers, big and small diameter of the canopy cover, dry weight of plant shoots and dry weight of flowering shoots were measured. Soluble sugar content, proline, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chlorine and iron were also measured by using different methods. Correlation, factor analysis, stepwise and path analysis were used for identifying effective traits on shoot yield and essential oil percentage. The results showed that there was significant positive correlation between total shoot yield with number of tiller (r = 0.96**), canopy diameter 1 (r = 0.84*), canopy diameter 2 (r = 0.86**), flowering shoot yield (r = 0.79*), total chlorophyll 1 (r = 0.77*), chlorophyll b (r = 0.67*) and iron (r = 0.84*). There was significant negative correlation between total shoot yield with soluble sugars (r = -0.80**), proline (r = -0.88**), calcium (r = -0.70*) and chlorine r = -0.94**). Significant positive correlation was observed between flowering shoot yield with number of tillers, canopy diameters1 and 2, essential oil percentage, total chlorophyll 1 and iron. Essential oil percentage showed significant positive correlation with number of tiller (r = 0.79*), canopy diameters 1 (r = 0.79*), canopy diameters 2 (r = 0.83**), total shoot yield (r = 0.76*) and shoot flowering yield (r = 0.84**) shoot yield and iron (r = 0.86**). The results of factor analysis showed that first component with number of tillers, big and small canopy diameters, total shoot yield, flowering shoot yield, essential oil percentage and iron could justify more than 55% of total variance. The result of stepwise analysis on dependent variable (essential oil percentage) showed that iron and total shoot yield with a determination coefficient of 0.8048 were entered to the regression model. The result of path analysis showed that iron had the highest direct positive effect on essential oil percentage. According to the results of stepwise analysis, number of tillers and plant height were entered to the regression model. The result of path analysis showed that number of tiller had the highest direct positive effect on total shoot yield.
M.R. Ardakani; B. Abbaszadeh; M.H. Assare; F. Paknezhad; A. Kashani; M. Layegh Haghighi
Abstract
One of the methods of natural resource management is utilization of inefficient lands and use of resistant plant species in hard conditions. In this study, sampling from natural habitat in Arak (Markazi province) was conducted in 2009 at 3 growth stages including growth, full flowering and maturity using ...
Read More
One of the methods of natural resource management is utilization of inefficient lands and use of resistant plant species in hard conditions. In this study, sampling from natural habitat in Arak (Markazi province) was conducted in 2009 at 3 growth stages including growth, full flowering and maturity using plots with replication. In full flowering stage, plant height, number of tillers, big and small diameter, root length, root weight, chlorophyll, plant dry weight, soluble sugar content, proline, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chlorine and iron were measured. Mean comparison of morphological characters showed that the largest values of plant height, number of tillers, canopy cover, total shoot and flowering shoot were recorded for the region (locality 3) with less salinity (EC= 7.6 dS/m). The largest values of root length, root weight and essential oil percentage at growthing, full flowering and maturity stages were also recorded for locality 1 with high salinity (EC= 11.7dS/m). Locality 1 showed the highest content of soluble sugar, proline, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and chlorine. Locality 3 had the highest total content of chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b while the highest iron content was related to locality 2. Results of correlation showed that there was negative significant relationship between plants height with essential oil percentage in full flowering stage. Significant correlation was also observed between soluble sugar and proline, magnesium, calcium and chlorine. There was significant negative correlation between soluble sugar and total chlorophyll 2. According to the results, Camphorosma monspilica L. is one of the salt tolerant plant species probably with medicinal and forage values.
B. Abaszadeh; M.B. Rezaiee; F. Paknejad
Abstract
This research was performed in order to investigate flowering shoot yield, morphological characters, percentage and yield of essential oil and relationship between characters of two ecotypes of Mentha longifolia var. amphilema L. at Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands for six years in 1999 to ...
Read More
This research was performed in order to investigate flowering shoot yield, morphological characters, percentage and yield of essential oil and relationship between characters of two ecotypes of Mentha longifolia var. amphilema L. at Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands for six years in 1999 to 2004. This experiment was conducted as a split plot on time by using of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Main and sub factors were ecotypes and years, respectively. The results showed significant differences between leaf oil yields, flower oil yields and flower yields in different ecotypes. There were also significant differences between all evaluated characters (plant height, leaf long, leaf width, stem diameter, lateral shoot, yield of flower, percentage and yield of flower essential oils, leaf yield, percentage and yield of leaf essential oils, yield of flowering shoots and their oils) at 0.01% level of probability in different years. There was significant relationship between total essential oil with yield of flowers and leaves and their essential oils at 0.01%level of probability. There was significant relationship between yield of flowering shoot with leaf long and lateral stem at 0.05% level of probability, and between yield of flowering shoot with leaf yield, essential oil percentage and yield of flower, leaf yield, essential oil percentage and yield of leaf at 0.01% level of probability. The results of stepwise showed that the model compounded of 4 characters: leaf oil yield, flower oil percentage, flower yield and stem diameter. The results of path analysis revealed that leaf oil yield (0.907) had a high direct effect on the dependent (total essential oil yield) variable. So results of path analysis revealed that flower oil percentage (0.019) had a high direct effect on the dependent variable after, yield of leaf essential oil.
Z. Baher Nik; B. Abaszadeh; B. Naderi
Volume 24, Issue 3 , November 2008, , Pages 342-352
Abstract
Water stress affects on essential oil yields and secondary metabolites in plants. In this study the influence of irrigation treatments on plant height, diameter, canopy, fresh and dry weight of different cultivars of Parthenium argentatum Gray. were investigated. This experiment was undertaken in analytical ...
Read More
Water stress affects on essential oil yields and secondary metabolites in plants. In this study the influence of irrigation treatments on plant height, diameter, canopy, fresh and dry weight of different cultivars of Parthenium argentatum Gray. were investigated. This experiment was undertaken in analytical split plot design with three replications and four irrigation treatments, consisting of: FC (full field capacity); two moderate treatments (3/4 and 1/2 of FC) and sever stress (1/4 of FC). The results showed that the average of plant height, diameter, canopy, fresh and dry weight, reduced but rubber and resin percentages increased with declining of irrigation. The maximum stem height and diameter were observed for FC treatment in UC/103 (56.33 cm) and CAL6 (2.76 cm) but the minimumstem height and diameter were observed in HS treatment in CAL6 (35 cm) and UC/103 (1.6 cm) respectively. The maximum and minimum canopies were observed in FC treatment in CAL7 and HS treatment in UC/103 respectively. The maximum stem fresh and dry mass accumulation were observed in FC treatment in UC/103 with 810 and 384 g. In HS treatment the minimum stem fresh weight was found in UC/103 and CAL7 respectively with 172.5 and 131.7 g. While the minimum stem dry mass observed in UC/103 (61.03 g).
H. Aliabadi Farahani; A. Arbab; B. Abbaszadeh
Volume 24, Issue 1 , May 2008, , Pages 18-30
Abstract
In order to study the effects of super phosphate triple, water deficit stress and Glomus hoi biological fertilizer on some quantity and quality characteristics of Coriander, this experiment was conducted at Iran Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands in 2006. Field experiment was carried out by ...
Read More
In order to study the effects of super phosphate triple, water deficit stress and Glomus hoi biological fertilizer on some quantity and quality characteristics of Coriander, this experiment was conducted at Iran Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands in 2006. Field experiment was carried out by a split factorial design with 4 replications. The factors which studied were 0, 16 and 32 kg ha-1 P2O5 (super phosphate triple) and two levels irrigation, irrigation after 30 mm water evaporation from evaporation pan (without stress conditions), irrigation after 60 mm water evaporation (drought stress conditions) and application and non-application of mycorrhiza (Glomus hoi). The results showed that drought stress has significant effect on biological yield, flowering shoot yield and essential oil yield of flowering shoot, root yield, root length, root diameter, essential oil percentage of flowering shoot (α=1%). Highest biological yield, flowering shoot yield, essential oil yield of flowering shoot, root yield and root diameter were achieved without stress conditions and highest essential oil percent of flowering shoot and root length were achieved under stress conditions. Also phosphorus significant effects on biological yield, flowering shoot yield, essential oil yield of flowering shoot, root yield, essential oil percentage of flowering shoot and root length (α=1%) and root diameter were not significantly affected due to phosphorus. Comparison of means showed that highest biological yield, flowering shoot yield, essential oil yield of flowering shoot, root yield and root length were determined under application of 70 kg ha-1 phosphorus and highest essential oil percentage of flowering shoot were achieved under application of 35 kg ha-1 phosphorus. Mycorrhiza significant effect on biological yield, flowering shoot yield, essential oil yield of flowering shoot, root yield (α=1%) and root length (α=5%) and root diameter and essential oil percent of flowering shoot were not significant. Highest biological yield, flowering shoot yield and essential oil yield of flowering shoot, root yield and root length were achieved under application of mycorrhiza. The result showed that quantity and quality characteristics of Coriander increased by mycorrhiza and decreased application of phosphorus.
