S. Aflakian; H. Zeinali; H. Maddah Arefy; Sh. Enteshary; Sh. Kaveh
Abstract
Thymus daenensis Celak. is an aromatic and medicinal species which due to hybridization within species and between species has high morphological diversity. This study was carried out in order to evaluate yield and yield components in 11 ecotypes of Thymus daenensis collected from Isfahan, Markazi and ...
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Thymus daenensis Celak. is an aromatic and medicinal species which due to hybridization within species and between species has high morphological diversity. This study was carried out in order to evaluate yield and yield components in 11 ecotypes of Thymus daenensis collected from Isfahan, Markazi and Lorestan. This experiment was performed in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Isfahan. Spike weight, spike length, number of flowers per spike, shoot height, leaf area, leaf length, leaf width, the largest and smallest diameter of canopy, 1000-grain weight, fresh and dry yield were measured. Analysis of variance showed that there was considerable variation for all studied characters. Results of mean comparisons showed that the highest dry and fresh yield per plant were 114/6 and 386/6 gr for ecotype of Khorramabad 1, respectively. The lowest yield was recorded for ecotype of Khorramabad 2. Maximum spike weight, spike length, number of flowers per spike, the largest diameter of canopy and leaf length was also recorded for ecotype of Khorramabad1. A positive significant correlation was observed between dry yield per plant and the largest diameter of canopy, leaf length, and fresh yield. Correlation between dry yield per plant and leaf width was strongly negative. Factor analysis introduced three factors that justified 79.71% of total variation among characters. Yield was identified as the first factor including dry yield with positive loading factor and leaf width with negative loading factor. Generally, ecotype of Khorramabad 1 was superior to other ecotypes in terms of yield. Canopy diameter, leaf length and leaf width were also determined as the most effective factors on yield per plant.
A. Salehi; A. Ghalavand; F. Sefidkon; A. Asgharzade
Abstract
In order to study the effects of zeolite, bio and organic fertilizers on N, P, K concentration, essential oil content and yield in organic cultivation of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), a factorial experiment in randomized complete blocks design with twelve treatments and three replications ...
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In order to study the effects of zeolite, bio and organic fertilizers on N, P, K concentration, essential oil content and yield in organic cultivation of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), a factorial experiment in randomized complete blocks design with twelve treatments and three replications was conducted in the faculty of agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, 2005. The factors were PGPR inoculums (inoculated and no inoculated), zeolite (0 and 9 tons/ha) and vermicompost (0, 5, 10 tons/ha). Results showed that the highest concentration of N, P and K in plant, essential oil content and yield were obtained with PGPR inoculums. Zeolite also showed significant effects on the mentioned traits except P concentration. With application of zeolite 9 ton/ha, essential oil content, essential oil yield, N and K concentration were increased. Essential oil content, essential oil yield, N, P and K concentration were also increased with increasing of vermicompost levels as the highest values were obtained with application of 10 ton/ha vermicompost. There was positive and synergistic interaction between PGPR inoculums and vermicompost on N concentration as the highest and lowest N concentration percentage in herb were obtained in treatments of V3B2 (1.48) and V1B1 (1.12), respectively. According to the results, it appears that application of 10 tons vermicompost, inoculation with PGPR and 9 tons zeolite was the best treatment in production of German chamomile essential oil yield in organic system.
N. Hadi; F. Sefidkon; A. Shojaeiyan; A.A. Jafari
Abstract
The genus Nepeta is one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family, and Iran, particularly, is one of the main centers of origin of this genus. Nepetalactones and flavonoids were reported as major constituents of Nepeta species, and the main cause of their medicinal value and biological properties. ...
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The genus Nepeta is one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family, and Iran, particularly, is one of the main centers of origin of this genus. Nepetalactones and flavonoids were reported as major constituents of Nepeta species, and the main cause of their medicinal value and biological properties. There are lots of reports related to biological activities of secondary metabolites of genus Nepeta showing the importance of this genus. In this work, the essential oil (EO) diversity of 21 wild populations from Nepeta kotschyi Boiss., Iranian endemic species, was investigated. For removing the environmental effect, the seeds of populations were planted in one place. Plant aerial parts were harvested at full flowering stage, and after shade-drying, their EO was extracted by hydrodistillation method. EO was quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed by GC and GC/MS. After botanical study and EO analysis, it was revealed that the populations were from two different varieties. Two populations including buyer-ahmad1 and Buyer-Ahmad2, were from N. kotschyi var. kotschyi, and others were stood in N. kotschyi var. persica. Twenty-four components were characterized in the EO of N. kotschyi. The highest amount of EO yield (w/w) was obtained in populations of var. kotschyi (0.5-0.7%). Three main chemotypes were identified among populations of var. persica based on the main component(s) of EO, including a containing NepI (4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone), b containing NepII (4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone) and cubenol, and c containing geranyl acetate and cubenol. Except of semirom and Taft5 which were stood in b-chemotype, and Taft4 which was placed in c-chemotype, other populations of var. persica, also populations of var. kotschyi, were stood in a-chemotype. In addition, based on the main component of EO, the populations of var. kotschyi were put in a-chemotype. In a-chemotype, the amount of NepI was obtained between %53.9 (Chelgard) and %84.8 (Buyer-Ahmad2), and NepII was measured between %1 (Taft1) and %13.7 (Chelgard). In b-chemotype, the amount of NepI was measured between %0.3 (Taft5) and %4.9 (Semirom), and NepII was obtained between %13.4 (Taft5) and 44.7% (Semirom). NepIII (4aα,7β,7aα-nepetalactone) (1.3-3.3%) was characterized only in the EO of var. Kotschyi populations.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
F. Askari; F. Sefidkon; M.A. Soltanipour; M. Mirza; S. Fekri Qomi
Abstract
The genus Pycnocyla belongs to the Apiaceae family and has eight perennial species in Iran. In this study, the essential oil content and chemical compounds of P. nodiflora Decne ex. Boiss. and P. flabellifolia Boiss. were investigated. The aerial parts of plants at seeding stage were collected from two ...
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The genus Pycnocyla belongs to the Apiaceae family and has eight perennial species in Iran. In this study, the essential oil content and chemical compounds of P. nodiflora Decne ex. Boiss. and P. flabellifolia Boiss. were investigated. The aerial parts of plants at seeding stage were collected from two habitats in Hormozgan province through two consecutive years and Kermanshah province in one year, respectively. Stem+leaf [SL] and seed [S] were separated and shade-dried. The essential oil was extracted by Clevenger apparatus and hydrodistillation method for three hours. Percentage and chemical composition of the essential oils were determined by GC and GC/MS. The essential oil content of P. nodiflora was obtained [SL]: 0.23 and 1.21% (two years) and [S]: 0.23% in Tangzagh habitat of Hormozgan and [SL]: 0.02 and 0.06% (two years) and [S]: 0.01% in Abmah habitat. Caryophyllene oxid (7.8-28.1%) and b-eudesmol (15.5-57.2%) were recognized as the main compounds of [SL] and [S] essentials oils of both habitats in this species. In P. flabellifolia, the essential oil content of [SL] and [S] was 0.66 and 0.76%, respectively. The main compounds in [SL] essential oil of this species were cis-β-ocimene (33.8%), trans-β-ocimene (39.6%), and terpinolene (12.9%) and in [S] essential oil were trans-β-ocimene (28%), cis-β-ocimene (31%), and terpinolene (12.6%). According to previous reports on the antimicrobial properties of trans-β-ocimene and cis-β-ocimene compounds on bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis and the predominance of these compounds in the essential oil of P. flabellifolia, studies on antimicrobial properties of this species essential oil is recommended.
Agriculture and horticulture
S.M. Mohammadi; F, Sefidkon; S. Asadi-Sanam; S. Kalatejari
Abstract
To investigate the effects of different nutritional treatments on morphological characteristics, essential oil yield, and the amount of some elements in the soil and plant branches of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications ...
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To investigate the effects of different nutritional treatments on morphological characteristics, essential oil yield, and the amount of some elements in the soil and plant branches of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications and 14 nutritional treatments during two growing seasons (2017-2018, 2018-2019). Treatments included 1- C (control), 2- NPK (Chemical fertilizer 50-25-25 kg.ha-1), 3- CM30, 4- CM60 (CM: Cattle manure 30 and 60 ton.ha-1), 5- CM30+NPK, 6- CM60+NPK, 7- V5 (Vermicompost 50 ton.ha-1), 8- V5+NPK, 9- GM (Glomus mosseae), 10- GI (Glomus intraradices), 11- S0+T, 12- S250+T, 13- S500+T (S: Sulfur 0, 250, and 500 kg.ha-1, T: Thiobacillus), and 14- V5+T. The analysis of variance showed the significant effect (p < /em>≤0.01) of year×fertilizer treatments on the all morphological characteristics, percentage and essential oil yield, and the amount of potassium and sulfur of plant branches. The highest plant height in the first and second years was related to the CM30+NPK and CM60 treatments, respectively. The highest number of branches in the first and second years was observed in the CM30+NPK and GM treatments, respectively. The CM30+NPK treatment had the highest shade width in both years. Also, the highest amount of dry matter of flowering branches in the first and second years was related to the CM30+NPK and V5+T treatments, respectively. According to the results, the highest essential oil percentage in the first and second years was observed in the GM and S0 + T treatments, respectively. The application of V5+NPK and V5 +T treatments significantly increased the essential oil yield in the first and second years, respectively. The results also showed that the highest potassium content of branches in the first and second years was related to the GI and V5 + NPK treatments, respectively. Also, the highest sulfur content of branches in the first and second years was obtained in the V5 and S500 + T treatments, respectively. In general, the present study showed that the use of biofertilizers increases the efficiency of essential oil percentage and the amount of nutrients in this plant. Also, it could be recommended to use vermicompost along with the chemical and biological fertilizers to increase the essential oil yield of Satureja khuzistanica.
M.` Ghorbanpour; N. Majnon Hossieni; Sh. Rezazadeh; M. Omidi; K. Khavazi; M. Hatami; R. Ghafarzadegan
Abstract
In order to indicate the water deficit stress and nitrogen fertilization effects on alkaloids yield and content of Hyoscyamus niger L. plant parts (root and shoot), this experiment was conducted at the full flowering growth stage in greenhouse conditions. Plants were treated with different nitrogen application ...
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In order to indicate the water deficit stress and nitrogen fertilization effects on alkaloids yield and content of Hyoscyamus niger L. plant parts (root and shoot), this experiment was conducted at the full flowering growth stage in greenhouse conditions. Plants were treated with different nitrogen application (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg/ha N as ammonium nitrate in the form of solution, N0-N3) before the commencement of water deficit stress treatment (30, 60 and 90% depletion of water from field capacity, W1-W3). Extracted alkaloids were analyzed by Gas chromatography /mass spectrometery (GC/MS) analysis using a Younglin Acme 6000 GC system equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and HP-5MS capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 µm). The identification of alkaloids was based on the comparison of their GC retention time and mass spectra data with their standards substances. Results showed that the highest alkaloid content values in root (HYO: 0.281 %DW; SCO: 0.232 % DW) and shoot (HYO: 0.937%DW; SCO: 0.416%DW) were achieved in plants grown under sever water deficit stress (W3) accompanied with nitrogen supply of 225kg/h (N3). The maximum and minimum (20.52 and 8.95mg.plant-1) total alkaloids yield in whole plant were obtained in N2W1 and N3W3 treatments, respectively. The survey results indicated that H. niger in the treatment of moderate water deficit stress (W2) along with 150kg N.h-1 (N2) in addition to having a good amount of content and performance of both alkaloids, it also contained the highest level of SCO, indicating alkaloid quality.
M. Shareh; M.H. Rashed Mohasel
Volume 19, Issue 3 , October 2003, , Pages 213-226
Abstract
In order to study the effect of plant density and times of weed control, an experiment was conducted in spring 1998 at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, agricultural college, experimental station. this study had a factorial arrangement with 2 factores based on completely randomized ...
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In order to study the effect of plant density and times of weed control, an experiment was conducted in spring 1998 at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, agricultural college, experimental station. this study had a factorial arrangement with 2 factores based on completely randomized block design with 4 replicates. Factors were: plant density with 3 levels(60,120 and 180 plants/m2) and weed control times with 4 levels(uncontrolled (w0), one time weed control at 3rd week(w1), two times weed control at 3rd ,6th (w2) and three times weed control at 3rd 6th and 9th week(w3). Yield was increased by increasing of plant density which in turns reduced the no. of lateral branches, no. of umbell per plant, no. of seed per umbell, weight of 1000 seed and harvest index. Yield, no. of lateral branches, no. of umbell per plant, no. of seed per umbell, weight of 1000 seed and harvest index were increased by increasing time of weed control. The results of this study indicated that 180 plants/m2 and two times weed control at 3rd, 6th week after emergence resulted the maximum yield in Mashhad area.
S. Mirzai; A. Rahimi; H Dashti; Sh. Maddah Hosseini
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of supplementary calcium chloride and potassium nitrate on proline, protein content, chlorophyll and growth of Ammi (Carum copticum L.) under different salinity levels and nutrient solutions (NS), a RCBD design with factorial arrangement was conducted at the Agriculture ...
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In order to investigate the effects of supplementary calcium chloride and potassium nitrate on proline, protein content, chlorophyll and growth of Ammi (Carum copticum L.) under different salinity levels and nutrient solutions (NS), a RCBD design with factorial arrangement was conducted at the Agriculture Research Field, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, during September 2009. The treatments were three levels of salinity (0, 50 and 100 mMol) and five different nutrition solutions including: Control: Hoagland solution only (N1); Hoagland solution plus 20 mM CaCl2 in nutrition solution (N2); Hoagland solution plus 20 mM CaCl2 as spray (N3); Hoagland solution plus 20 mM KNO3 in nutrition solution (N4) and Hoagland solution plus 20 mM KNO3 as spray (N5). Results showed that proline content was significantly affected by salinity and the type of nutrient solution and their interactions. Increasing salinity, especially at 100 Mmol NaCl, significantly reduced chlorophyll a,b and total chlorophyll. Chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content were not significantly affected by the type of nutrition solution. The highest and lowest protein content were observed by control and 100 Mm NaCl treatments respectively. The type of nutrient solution also influenced protein content. The highest and lowest protein contents were related to N3 and N5, respectively. Total dry weight and stem dry weight were significantly reduced by salinity while root dry weight was not affected by salinity. The highest leaf area was achieved on control and nutrition solution N5. Generally, it is concluded that Ammi could tolerate salinity up to 50 mMol NaCl and leaf spraying of Ca and K would be better to ameliorate salinity rather than using in nutrition solution.
M.H. Lebaschy; E. Sharifi ashoor abadi
Volume 20, Issue 3 , October 2004, , Pages 249-261
Abstract
Determination of medicinal plants growth under different water stresses could be well guidance for cultivation of resistant plants in dry regions. In numerous glasshouse experiments under Completely Randomized Design (CRD), 5 medicinal plants species planted separately. Plantago psyllium, Achillea ...
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Determination of medicinal plants growth under different water stresses could be well guidance for cultivation of resistant plants in dry regions. In numerous glasshouse experiments under Completely Randomized Design (CRD), 5 medicinal plants species planted separately. Plantago psyllium, Achillea millefolium, Salvia officinalis, Calendula officinalis and Matricaria chamomilla were treated by well water (FC), 75%FC, 50%FC and 25%FC. Total dry matter, root weight, root length, shoot weight and height of medicinal plants were measured and analyzed separately. All of water and water stresses treatments were significant different in 1% probability. Among the medicinal plants in this experiment, Salvia officinalis and Achillea millefolium had the best growth in all water stresses treatments and conserved their freshness under sever water stress. These species could establish as the resistant medicinal plants in dry region or water deficit. Other species also completed their life cycle under sever water stress.
M. Makkizadeh Tafti; R. Tavakol Afshari; N. Majnoon Hosseini; H.A. Naghdi Badi
Volume 24, Issue 3 , November 2008, , Pages 253-262
Abstract
This study has been conducted in two experiments in order to evaluate salinity tolerance and absorption of salt by Borage (Borago officinalis L.).In first experiment, the effect of salinity on qualitative and quantitative yield of Borage was studied. The treatments were water salinity (Control, 4, 8 ...
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This study has been conducted in two experiments in order to evaluate salinity tolerance and absorption of salt by Borage (Borago officinalis L.).In first experiment, the effect of salinity on qualitative and quantitative yield of Borage was studied. The treatments were water salinity (Control, 4, 8 and 12 dS/m²).The measured parameters were: quantitative yields (percentage of germination, dry and fresh weight of root, stem and florescence, Root/shoot, height and number of flower and leaf per plant) and qualitative yields (content of mucilage, total ash, Na, Cl, Mg, Ca and K in plant tissues). The results indicated that salinity increased content of Na, Cl and total ash in plant tissues. The salinity reduced height, germination percentage, number of flower and content of mucilage, Ca and K. Because of high content of mucilage in plant tissue and stability of yield under salinity conditions, it can be deduced that borage is tolerant to salinity (to 12 dS/m²). High content of Na, Cl, total ash and mucilage is related to accumulation of solutes for osmoregulation that can be used as an index for salinity tolerance in Borage. Second experiment has been conducted to study the absorption of salt by Borage. Measured parameters were Na, Cl, Mg, K and Ca content in soil at pre and post planting of borage. The results indicated that content of Na, Cl, Mg and Ca reduced in soil after planting borage. Regarding the results of this study, it can be suggested that borage can uptake salt from soil and accumulate harmful ions in its plant tissues. Therefore it can be introduced for improvement of saline and sodic soils.
M.T. Darzi; A. Ghalavand; F. Rejali; F. Sefidkon
Volume 22, Issue 4 , February 2007, , Pages 276-292
Abstract
In order to study the effects of biofertilizers on yield and yield components in fennel, an experiment was conducted at Hamand Research Station in Damavand in 2005. The factors were mycorrhizal inoculation (inoculated and non-inoculated), biophosphate fertilizer (0, 30 , 60 kg/ha) and vermicompost (0 ...
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In order to study the effects of biofertilizers on yield and yield components in fennel, an experiment was conducted at Hamand Research Station in Damavand in 2005. The factors were mycorrhizal inoculation (inoculated and non-inoculated), biophosphate fertilizer (0, 30 , 60 kg/ha) and vermicompost (0 , 5 , 10 ton/ha). The experiment design was factorial experiment in the base of randomized complete blocks design with eighteen treatments and three replications. Also, these treatments with a fertilizer control treatment (NPK: 90, 60 and 90 kg/ha) was evaluated using a randomized complete blocks design with nineteen treatments and three replications. The measured traits were plant height, umbel no./plant, 1000 seed weight, biological yield, haevest index and seed yield. Mean comparison was conducted using duncan multiple range test (at 5% level). Results showed that the highest plant height, umbel no./plant, 1000 seed weight, biological yield and seed yield were obtained through mycorrhization but reduced harvest index. Biophosphate fertilizer also showed significant effects on plant height and biological yield. The maximum plant height and biological yield were obtained with consumption of 60 kg/ha from biophosphate fertilizer. The highest plant height, umbel no./plant, 1000 seed weight, biological yield and seed yield were obtained from vermicompost (10 ton/ha). Intractions of two factors of mycorrhizal inoculation and biophosphate fertilizer on 1000 seed weight and mycorrhizal inoculation and vermicompost on harvest index were significant. Comparison of control versus biofertilizer treatments was significant and umbel no./plant, biological yield and seed yield in two treatments of fifteenth (mycorrhizal inoculation-30 kg/ha biophosphate fertilizer-10 ton/ha vermicompost) and eighteenth (mycorrhizal inoculation-60 kg/ha biophosphate fertilizer-10 ton/ha vermicompost) from biofertilizer treatments were higher than that of control. There was a positive and significant correlation between seed yield with plant height, umbel no./plant, 1000 seed weight and biological yield.
S.F. Borgheei; H. Sarikhani; M. Chaichi; A. Kashi
Abstract
In vitro induction of polyploidy using mutation agents is one of the medicinal plant breeding methods which has been employed to increase potential of secondary metabolites production. In this research, in order to induce polyploidy in lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), in vitro regenerated explants ...
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In vitro induction of polyploidy using mutation agents is one of the medicinal plant breeding methods which has been employed to increase potential of secondary metabolites production. In this research, in order to induce polyploidy in lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), in vitro regenerated explants were treated by colchicine at 4 different concentrations 0.00, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2% for 24 and 48 h. Level of ploidy were identified in survival explants through root tip chromosome counting and leaf sample flow cytometry. Ten days after treatments, all colchicine-free treated explants were survived. Among the colchicine treatments (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2%), the highest explants survival rate were observed in the 0.05% colchicine application for 24 h (63.8%). On the contrary, 0.2% colchicine treatment for 48 h showed the highest rate of explants lethality. Results of chromosome counting and flow cytometry analysis indicated both diploid and mixoploid plants in colchicines treated explants. More effective treatment of colchicine for induction of ploidy was observed in 0.05% colchicine treatment for 48 h as high as 33.3% mixoploid plants.
S. Asadi
Abstract
In this paper, the enriching of the main component of spearmint oil is studied by simulation of a continuous multicomponent distillation. The simulation is based on a bubble point method and Wang-Henke algorithm. The MESH equations are solved using three diagonal matrixes (Thomas method) in each iteration. ...
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In this paper, the enriching of the main component of spearmint oil is studied by simulation of a continuous multicomponent distillation. The simulation is based on a bubble point method and Wang-Henke algorithm. The MESH equations are solved using three diagonal matrixes (Thomas method) in each iteration. The results of the experiment are obtained along with the simulation. These experiments were carried out in a continuous distillation column with one to five sieve trays. The effect of tray numbers on the main component enriching is analyzed. The results of the simulation are compared to those of the experiments. The results show that the main component of spearmint essential oil enriched from 31% to 60% by a distillation column with five trays. The results showed the effect of adding one tray with low tray numbers column on the main component enriching was more than adding one tray with several tray numbers column. The results show that the main component separation increased by the increasing of the external reflux ratio from two to three. Increasing the external reflux ratio causes four percent improvement of the main component extraction in the column with five trays.
K. Jaimand; M.B. Rezaee; M.H. Assareh; M.M. Brazandeh
Abstract
In this research, essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation method but with different apparatus of distillation from Rosa damascena Mill. The oil obtained at different yields for example for Clevenger (0.008%), Miquel (0.014%), A.O.A.C. (0.012%) and two plans designed in Research Institute ...
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In this research, essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation method but with different apparatus of distillation from Rosa damascena Mill. The oil obtained at different yields for example for Clevenger (0.008%), Miquel (0.014%), A.O.A.C. (0.012%) and two plans designed in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands by authors which were named plan-1 (0.015%) and plan-2 (0.023%). Samples were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main constituents of the oil by Clevenger were geraniol (26.7%), n-nonadecane (21.3%), citronellol (12.5%) and n-henicosane (12.0%); by Miquel were geraniol (32.9%), citronellol (19.0%), n-nonadecane (10.6%); by A.O.A.C. were n-nonadecane (28.5%), geraniol (22.6%), n-henicosane (10.6%) and citronellol (10.2%) in plan -1 were n-nonadecane (21.3%), geraniol( 21.8%), citronellol (12%) and in plan-2 were n-nonadecane (21.8%), geraniol (19.1%) and citronellol (15%), respectively. By comparison of the results from different apparatus of hydro-distillation, it can be concluded that the best plan for obtaining essential oil from Rosa damascena Mill., were plan-2 and Miquel.
M. Modarres; P. Abrishamchi; R. Farhoosh; H. Ejtehadi
Volume 23, Issue 3 , November 2007, , Pages 285-294
Abstract
Salvia leriifolia (Lamiaceae) is an endemic plant of Khorasan and Semnan province with antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic and antinociceptive properties. In this research, antioxidant activity of root and leaves of S. leriifolia were investigated at different stages of plant growth ...
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Salvia leriifolia (Lamiaceae) is an endemic plant of Khorasan and Semnan province with antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic and antinociceptive properties. In this research, antioxidant activity of root and leaves of S. leriifolia were investigated at different stages of plant growth and development and finally the best time of harvesting for obtaining the maximum antioxidant activity was introduced. For this purpose, plant root and leaves were harvested at vegetative (mid March), flowering (mid April) and ripen seed phases (late May) Then, antioxidant activity in metanolic extract of root and leaves were measured by rancimat method at 110°C. Statistical analysis was performed according to the JMP software. The results showed that maximum antioxidant activity of root and leaves are coincident with vegetative and flowering phase. In vegetative phase, antioxidant activity of the root were significantly higher than the leaves .On the other hand, antioxidant properties of the leaves were markedly stronger than the roots at flowering phase. There was no significant difference between antioxidant activity of the roots and leaves in ripen seed phase. Therefore, it seems that March and April are the best time for obtaining the maximum antioxidant activity of root and leaves, respectively.
Agriculture and horticulture
J. Hashempour; S. Asadi-Sanam; M. Mirza; M. Ghanbari Jahromi
Abstract
Background and objectives: Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.) is one of the most wellknown medicinal plant species with high economic value worldwide. In Iran, this species' roots and shoots are used in herbal medicines. Many types of phytomedicine are commercially produced from Echinacea aerial ...
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Background and objectives: Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.) is one of the most wellknown medicinal plant species with high economic value worldwide. In Iran, this species' roots and shoots are used in herbal medicines. Many types of phytomedicine are commercially produced from Echinacea aerial portions for boosting the nonspecific immune system and treating the common cold. Environmental and health costs of chemical fertilizers have led researchers to meet plant nutritional needs using chemical, organic and biological fertilizers. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of organic and biological fertilizers on morphological traits, shoot and root dry matter, and essential oil percentage and yield in the leaves and stems of coneflower plants.Methodology: This experiment was conducted on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Iran, in 2018-2019. Treatments included control, NPK (N50P25K25; N75P35K35 and N100P75K75 Kg.ha-1), manure (30, 60 and 90 ton.ha-1), vermicompost (5, 10, and 15 ton.ha-1), N50P25K25 fertilizer + 30 ton.ha-1 manure, N50P25K25 + 5 ton.ha-1 vermicompost, biological fertilizers including Glomus intraradaices + G. mosseae, Azospirillum + Pseudomonas, Thiobacillus + 5 ton.ha-1 vermicompost and Thiobacillus + 250 Kg.ha-1 of sulfur (S). Before applying fertilizer treatments, a soil analysis was done. After applying fertilizer treatments, the physical and chemical properties of the soil were also determined. The treatments were selected based on the fertilizer requirements of the plant as well as soil test results. Parameters such as plant height, leaf, stem, and flower numbers, root penetration depth, root volume, leaf, stem, root, and flower dry matter, leaf, stem, and flower essential oil, and essential oil yield of leaves, stems, and flowers were evaluated. At the full flowering stage, samples were taken from aerial segments of plants in all treatment groups. After shade-drying, the samples through a Clevenger-type apparatus were hydro-distillated to obtain the essential oil. The oil percentage, as well as yield, was calculated based on the dry weight.Results: The results showed that the highest leaf and stem dry matter was observed in the 15-ton.ha-1 vermicompost treatment. A 5-ton.ha-1 vermicompost treated with NPK fertilizers displayed the highest flower dry matter. On the other hand, the highest root dry matter was obtained in the treatment with 30 tons.ha-1 manure + NPK fertilizers. The highest flower essential oils yield was obtained in ton.ha-1 manure + NPK fertilizers. The highest leaf + stem oil yields were found at the flowering stage in 15 tons.ha-1 vermicompost. Also, NPK treatment + 30 tons.ha-1 of manure resulted in the highest yield of flower essential oil. 15-ton.ha-1 vermicompost treatment yielded the highest stem and leaf essential oil yield. Only the organic fertilizer group (CM vs. V5) and the biofertilizer group (GM and GI vs. T) showed an increase in flower essential oil yield compared to the other nutritional treatments. In the leaf+stem essential oil yield results, all comparisons between treatment groups showed a significant effect, except for the organic fertilizer group (CM vs. V5). Compared to the NPK group, the biofertilizer and organic fertilizer group yielded the highest leaf+stem essential oil yield.Conclusion: It was concluded that biological fertilizers treatment combined with organic fertilizers could be a suitable alternative to chemicals in the sustainable production of this valuable medicinal plant. These findings suggested that biofertilizers and organic fertilizers can benefit Echinacea purpurea cultivation because, when combined, they enhance the essential oil percentage and yield.
A. Gorji Chakespari; A. Mohammad Nilbakht; F. Sefidkon; M. Ghasemi Varnamkhasti
Abstract
Due to the increased use of medicinal plants, the qualitative classification is inevitable. Rosa damascena Mill. with a high value of essential oil and its unique properties in the health, food and pharmaceutical industries is of one of these plants. In this study, after essential oil extraction from ...
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Due to the increased use of medicinal plants, the qualitative classification is inevitable. Rosa damascena Mill. with a high value of essential oil and its unique properties in the health, food and pharmaceutical industries is of one of these plants. In this study, after essential oil extraction from nine genotypes of Rosa, the essential oil components were identified by GC and GC-MS analysis. The genotypes were divided in three classes (C1, C2, C3) based on total percentage of six most important compounds, having major role in essential oil quality (phenyl ethyl alcohol, trans rose oxide, citronellol, nerol, geraniol, geranial).Then, the classes were tested by an electronic nose (EN) system designed based on metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors. Sensors response pattern was recorded and analyzed by chemometrics methods in next step. Results of principal components analysis (PCA) showed that 85% of data variance was explained by two first principal components (PC1, PC2). Artificial neural network based on back propagation multilayer perceptron (Bp-MLP) was performed and classification accuracy achieved 100% and 96% for training and test sets, respectively. These results showed that EN could be used as a quick, easy, accurate and inexpensive system to classify Rosa damascene Mill essential oil.
M.B. Rezaee; K. Jaimand; S.R. Tabaei-Aghdaei; M.M. Brazandeh; S. Meshkizadeh
Volume 19, Issue 4 , January 2004, , Pages 339-348
Abstract
Rosa damascena Mill is cultivated in different parts of Iran, and essential oil and rose water in large scales are produced. Essential oil is used in aromatic, food and cosmetics industrials. In this study, esential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation method, from Rosa damascena Mill. Genotypes ...
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Rosa damascena Mill is cultivated in different parts of Iran, and essential oil and rose water in large scales are produced. Essential oil is used in aromatic, food and cosmetics industrials. In this study, esential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation method, from Rosa damascena Mill. Genotypes (6A and 188B) collected from Kashan (Ghamsar) and west Azarbaiejan (Oskoo), respectively and cultivated in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Samples were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main constituents in Ghamsar sample were n-nonadecane (25.5%), citronellol (17.7%)and geraniol (13.3 %) and for Oskoo sample were citronellol (27%), geraniol (18%) and n- nonadecane (14.2%). An appropriate was therefore genotype identified with high percent of major essential components, from Oskoo, despite cultivation in a different envirment from its geographical origin.
S. Maleki Farahani; F. Fayyaz; A. Paravar
Abstract
In order to study the effect of sowing date and different amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on the grain yield, mucilage production, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, utilization and use efficiency in Lallemantia royleana Benth., a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete ...
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In order to study the effect of sowing date and different amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on the grain yield, mucilage production, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, utilization and use efficiency in Lallemantia royleana Benth., a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in medicinal plants research center of Shahed University. The treatments included two levels of sowing date (autumn planting in the second week of November (2013) and spring planting in the second week of March (2014)) and three levels of nitrogen and phosphorus (control (without fertilizer), 50%: Npure 23 kg ha-1 + P2O5 50.6 kg ha-1 and 100%: Npure 46 kg ha-1 + P2O5 101.2 kg ha-1). The results showed that the interaction between sowing date and fertilizer application was significant on grain yield, mucilage production, and nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, utilization and use efficiency. At 50% fertilizer in both sowing dates, the amount of grain yield and mucilage production was obtained 377.15 kg ha-1 and 23.45%, respectively. The highest nitrogen utilization and use (respectively, 33.86 and 5 kg kg-1 at 50% fertilizer) and uptake efficiency (0.13 kg kg-1 at 100% fertilizer) were obtained in autumn planting. The highest phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiency (respectively, 0.06 and 11 kg kg1) was observed at 50% fertilizer in spring planting. The results showed the importance of nitrogen in Lallemantia royleana production in both sowing dates.
B.Z. Sahaf; S. Moharramipour
Abstract
In this research, the effect of ecdysteoidal extract from Spinacia oleracea L. (Chenopodiceae), a plant producing phytoecdysteroids, was evaluated on the life table and population growth parameters of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Ecdysteroidal extract of the plant leaves, containing ...
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In this research, the effect of ecdysteoidal extract from Spinacia oleracea L. (Chenopodiceae), a plant producing phytoecdysteroids, was evaluated on the life table and population growth parameters of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Ecdysteroidal extract of the plant leaves, containing 20 hydroxyecdysone, was incorporated into the food given to the insect. Newly hatched larvae (100 replications) were reared individually in test glasses. Data analysis demonstrated that the intrinsic rate of increase (rm), mean generation time (T), finite rate of increase (l) and net reproduction rate (R0) decreased significantly as concentration of the extract increased. In addition, doubling time (DT) increased significantly as concentration of the extract increased. Life expectancy of the insect (ex)alsoincreased. Total development duration in treated insects was always significantly longer than that in the control group. The control insects had four instar larvae, but it was six for the treated larvae. Data demonstrated that E. kuehniella was partially resistant to ingested exogenous ecdysteroids. Nevertheless, exogenous ecdysteroids were able to disrupt larval development and reduced the fertility. Therefore, this extract may be a potential protectant as botanical alternative agent, and can be used as a biopesticide to control E. kuehniella population.
Z. Rahimi; M. Kafi; A. Nezami; H.R. Khozaie
Abstract
Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is an annual salt-tolerant species, which could be considered as vegetable, fodder or medicinal plant in saline conditions. Silicon is the second mineral element in the earth's crust after oxygen. Although its role is not so clear in plant nutrition, silicon has positive ...
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Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is an annual salt-tolerant species, which could be considered as vegetable, fodder or medicinal plant in saline conditions. Silicon is the second mineral element in the earth's crust after oxygen. Although its role is not so clear in plant nutrition, silicon has positive effects on plant's yield and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In order to study the effects of salinity and silicon application on some morphophysiologic parameters of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), a greenhouse experiment was conducted at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in a split-plot arrangement based on completely randomized block design with 3 replications during summer 2008. Four salinity levels of NaCl (0.6, 7, 14, 21dS/m) were in main plots and two silicon levels (application of one mMol sodium silicate and not application) allocated to the subplots. The results showed that salinity up to 14 dS/m did not impose any significant differences in fresh and dry weight of leaves and stem, number of leaves, branches, leaf area index, specific leaf area and height of main stem compared with control but at 21 dS/m salinity all the above mentioned parameters decreased significantly, while specific leaf weight increased with increasing salinity. Application of silicon had a positive effect on number of leaves per plant, leaf area index and height of main stem. The results indicated that purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.) could sufficiently tolerate saline conditions and can be considered as a medicinal plant in saline soils and arid regions. Also silicon application may improve plant's yield and tolerance to environmental stresses.
M. Mazloom; S. Naderinezhad; F. Vahedian; F. Haghiralsadat; F. Daneshmand
Abstract
Essential Oils (EO) are highly volatile compounds. Encapsulation of EO into the nano-carrier leads to reduced EO volatility and oxidation, as well as increased therapeutic efficiency. The aim of this study was to synthesize a biocompatible nano-niosome containing Mentha piperita L. and Mentha pulegium ...
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Essential Oils (EO) are highly volatile compounds. Encapsulation of EO into the nano-carrier leads to reduced EO volatility and oxidation, as well as increased therapeutic efficiency. The aim of this study was to synthesize a biocompatible nano-niosome containing Mentha piperita L. and Mentha pulegium L. EO and develop herbal-medicine system with suitable encapsulation efficiency. Hence, the amount and type of surfactant and also the amount of phospholipid were investigated in various niosomal formulations. Furthermore, the optimized formulation was introduced in terms of EO loading efficiency by investigating the acidity effect of hydrating buffer at 7.4 (neutral), 5.0 (acidic) and 9.0 (alkaline) pH. In addition, the EO release kinetic from the system was investigated in physiological conditions of normal (pH= 7.4, Temperature 37°C) and cancerous cells (pH= 5.4, temperature 42°C). Various niosomal formulations were prepared using thin-film method and the particle’s size, morphology, zeta potential and chemical interactions were characterized. Then, antioxidant activity of nanoparticles was evaluated by DPPH radical-scavenging assay. Results of the present study showed that the niosomal formulation containing soy phosphatidyl cholin, cholesterol, and tween-60 loaded with mint or Mentha pulegium EO (0.5 mg/mL),hydrated with PBS at pH= 9, had the highest loading efficiency. The EO loading efficiency for mint and Mentha pulegium was 61.36% and 74.31%, respectively. The investigation of morphology, size, and zeta showed particles to be spherical with the size less than 80 nm and anionic surface charge. EO release in acidic condition of cancerous cells and 42°C temperature was more than physiological conditions of normal cells, representing the sensitivity of synthesized formulation to pH and temperature. The FTIR analysis results showed that no interaction occurred between EO and noisome and the loading of EO into the niosomes did not make any changes in chemical nature of EO. In addition, the antioxidant activity of EO was very well preserved during the encapsulation.
S. Pourmoradi; A. Aalami; M. Esfahani
Abstract
To evaluate the percentage and degree of polymerization and yield of inulin, and also root fresh yield of 13 native accessions and two imported cultivars of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), an experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design with three replications in Khoshkedaran Research ...
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To evaluate the percentage and degree of polymerization and yield of inulin, and also root fresh yield of 13 native accessions and two imported cultivars of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), an experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design with three replications in Khoshkedaran Research Station of Mazandaran province, Iran, in three consecutive years (2016-2018). The roots were harvested at the end of the rosette stage in the second year of cultivation, then weighed and relevant calculations were performed. Samples were extracted by using aqueous extraction method, and their total sugar content and reducing sugar and the percentage and degree of polymerization of inulin were calculated. Means comparison showed that accessions "Rasht" and "Chamestan" and imported cultivar "Selenite" had the highest percentage of inulin (15.8, 13.9, and 14.3%, respectively) among the chicory genotypes. Findings showed that cultivar "Selenite" and accession "Tonekabon" were more superior to other genotypes in terms of fresh root yield and inulin and ranked first (35.458 t ha-1 fresh root and 2818.99 kg ha-1 inulin yield) and second (12.692 t ha-1 fresh root and 807.5 kg ha-1 inulin yield), respectively. In addition, "Selenite" and "Tonekabon" had good stability in terms of percentage and degree of inulin polymerization in two years of research and were found to be more suitable for the western region of Mazandaran province than other genotypes.
Agriculture and horticulture
M.H. Rad; R. YazdaniBiouki; V. Soltany gerdeframarzi; N. Besharat
Abstract
To investigate the effects of irrigation water salinity (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 dS.m-1) on morphophysiological characteristics of seedless barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) aerial parts, an experiment was conducted using drained big pots in a completely randomized design with three replications at the central ...
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To investigate the effects of irrigation water salinity (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 dS.m-1) on morphophysiological characteristics of seedless barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) aerial parts, an experiment was conducted using drained big pots in a completely randomized design with three replications at the central station of National Salinity Research Center, Yazd during 2018-2021 years. The salinity levels affected the height, diameter, area, and volume of plants canopy, number of new branches, number of new basal shoots, number of leaves per plant, total leaves area, leaf area index, leaf dry weight, leaves damage percentage at high temperature, amount of total chlorophyll, chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids, proline, total sugar, leaf anthocyanins, leaf phenols, and antioxidant activity significantly (P<0.01). Based on the results, B. vulgaris tolerated the salinity stress well. Despite the growth reduction at salinity levels above 9 dS.m-1, plant physiological resistance was observed through the production of secondary osmolytes and survival under saline conditions up to 12 dS.m-1. Accordingly, in suitable barberry production habitats, it is possible to take advantage of water resources and saline soil to grow seedless barberry, especially to increase phenolics, by ture management of the root environment and control of the saturated soil extract salinity up to 12 dS.m-1.
F. Ahmadi; A. Moieni; S. Rashidi Monfared
Abstract
In this research, Echinacea purpurea L. hairy roots were cultured in 1000 ml bubble column bioreactor containing 500 ml WPM liquid medium and the effects of inoculum densities (3, 6 and 9g l-1) and aeration rates (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4vvm) on biomass and cichoric acid production were investigated. Fresh and ...
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In this research, Echinacea purpurea L. hairy roots were cultured in 1000 ml bubble column bioreactor containing 500 ml WPM liquid medium and the effects of inoculum densities (3, 6 and 9g l-1) and aeration rates (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4vvm) on biomass and cichoric acid production were investigated. Fresh and dry weights and also the cichoric acid content in hairy roots were measured after 30 days. The results showed that the highest amount of biomass (16.4g l-1 fresh weight and 2.084g l-1 dry weight) and cichoric acid (16.74mg g-1 DW) were produced in the inoculum density of 6 gl-1. The investigation of aeration rates on biomass and cichoric acid production showed that the maximum fresh weight (15.4g l-1) and dry weight (2.467g l-1) were obtained in aeration rate of 0.4vvm and the maximum cichoric acid content (12.74mg g-1 DW) was obtained in aeration rate of 0.2vvm. Overall, the inoculum density and aeration rate had considerable effects on the hairy root growth and development in bubble column bioreactor and they should be optimized for obtaining the highest hairy root biomass and secondary metabolites.
