M.T. Ebadi; F. Sefidkon; M. Azizi; N. Ahmadi
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of air velocity and infrared radiation intensity on drying time, essential oil content, and composition of Lemon Verbena (Lippia citriodora Kunth), a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was carried out. The two main treatments were as follows: three air velocity ...
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To evaluate the effect of air velocity and infrared radiation intensity on drying time, essential oil content, and composition of Lemon Verbena (Lippia citriodora Kunth), a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was carried out. The two main treatments were as follows: three air velocity levels (0.5, 1 & 1.5m/s) and three levels of infrared radiation intensities (0.2, 0.3 & 0.5W/cm2). After drying the samples, their essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation method and compositions of essential oil were identified with capillary gas chromatography, using flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. Results indicated that the various treatments had significant effects on drying time and essential oil content. With decreasing air velocity and increasing radiation intensity, drying time was reduced. Minimum drying time (35 minutes) was obtained at 0.5 m/s air velocity with the use of 0.5W/cm2 radiation intensity. In contrast, the maximum drying time (65 minutes) was revealed for the sample treated with 1.5 m/s air velocity, which received concomitantly 0.4W/cm2 radiation intensity. Increasing the intensity of infrared radiation in all air velocities had a significant effect on the essential oil content, so that the maximum essential oil content (1.1%) was obtained by application of 1 &1.5 m/s air velocity and the use of 0.5W/cm2 radiation intensity. The survey of essential oil components showed that the highest amount of oxygenated monoterpenes (73.3%), especially citral (61.3%) was measured from samples dried by 0.5 m/s air velocity and 0.2W/cm2 radiation intensity. According to these results, due to the decreased duration of drying time and desired essential oil content and composition, it seems that the use of infrared radiation in conventional dryers could lead to appropriate quality of essential oil.
A. Moghadam; M. Mahmoodi Sourestani; Z. Ramazani; A. Farrokhian Firoozi; F. Eskandari
Abstract
Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.), belonging to Lamiaceae family, is one of the most important medicinal plants. In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application of iron on the number and size of glandular trichomes and essential oil content, yield and composition of holy basil, an experiment was conducted ...
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Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.), belonging to Lamiaceae family, is one of the most important medicinal plants. In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application of iron on the number and size of glandular trichomes and essential oil content, yield and composition of holy basil, an experiment was conducted at the research farm of Department of Horticultural Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz based on randomized complete block design, with six treatments and three replications. The treatments were control, nano iron chelate (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g.L-1) and iron chelate (1 and 1.5g.L-1) fertilizers. Results showed that the effect of foliar application of iron fertilizers on all measured traits of holy basil was significant (p≥0.01).The highest number (19.76) and size (173.33μm2) of glandular trichomes, essential oil content (2.17%) and yield (14.74 kg.ha-1), and eugenol (33.27%) at first harvest were observed in plants sprayed with 1 g.l-1 nano iron chelate. The highest oil content (2.33%) and yield (12.75 kg.ha-1) and eugenol (41.51%) at second harvest were obtained in plant sprayed with 1 g.L-1 nano iron chelate. The lowest values of mentioned traits were obtained in control plant. Overall, since there was no significant difference between 1 and 1.5 g.L-1 nano iron chelate treatments, foliar application of plant with 1g.L-1 nano iron chelate is recommended for increasing morphological traits of holy basil.
R. Azimi; F. Sefidkon; A. Monfared
Abstract
The Achillea genus has 19 herbaceous aromatic species in Iran, of which six species are endemic. One of the native species of this genus is Achillea nobilis. In traditional medicine, different parts of Achillea species are used because of antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antihistamine and antioxidant properties. ...
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The Achillea genus has 19 herbaceous aromatic species in Iran, of which six species are endemic. One of the native species of this genus is Achillea nobilis. In traditional medicine, different parts of Achillea species are used because of antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antihistamine and antioxidant properties. In this research, the seeds of Achillea nobilis L. were collected from Hamedan province and cultivated in the field of Alborz Research Station, Karaj, Iran. In order to comparing the essential oil content and composition, flowering shoots and individual plant parts (flower, leaf and stem) were collected in full flowering stage. The plant materials were dried at shade and their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. The oils were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The highest oil yield was obtained from flowers (1.32%) and the lowest from stems (0.14%). The oil yield of flowering shoot and leaf was 0.85% and 0.62%, respectively. The main components of flower and leaf oil were cis-chrysanthenol (47.1% and 50.8%) and α-thujone (8.8% and 9.1%), respectively. The essential oil of stem with 19.7% cubenol, 19.2% indipone, 15.4% cis-chrysanthenol and 9.9% intermedol was completely different with leaf and flower oils. The major compounds of flowering shoot's essential oil were cis-chrysanthenol (41.7%), α-thujone (10.2%) and camphor (8.1%). According to these results, the studied sample could be introduced as a new chemotype of Achillea nobilis with higher percentage of cis-chrysanthenol. In addition, since the essential oil composition of flowering shoot is near to leaf and flower oils, the distillation of flowering shoot of this chemotype is recommended for obtaining more essential oil content.
A. Kheiry; M. Arghavani; M. Khastoo
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of application of organic fertilizers on the yield of medicinal plant, calendula (Calendula officinalis L.). The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 10 treatments and 3 replications in the research farm of Zanjan University. ...
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The present study aimed to investigate the effect of application of organic fertilizers on the yield of medicinal plant, calendula (Calendula officinalis L.). The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 10 treatments and 3 replications in the research farm of Zanjan University. Treatments included cattle manure, poultry manure, and vermicompost, each at three levels (5, 10, and 15 tons per hectare) and control (without fertilizer). The measured traits were the thousand seed weight, number of capitules per plant, leaf area, plant height, petal dry weight, capitule diameter, chlorophyll content index, flavonoids, carotenoids, and essential oil percentage. Data were analyzed by SAS software, and mean comparisons was performed by Duncan's test. The results showed significant effects of fertilizer on thousand seed weight, capitule number per plant, leaf area, carotenoids, and essential oil percentage at p≤0.01, and plant height, petal dry weight, and flavonoid at p≤0.05. The type of fertilizer had no significant effect on capitule diameter and leaf chlorophyll content. Overall, the results showed that using organic fertilizers had favorable impact on yield, growth characteristics, and active ingredients content of Calendula.
M.R. Haj Seyed Hadi; H. Rezaee Ghale
Abstract
To study the effects of vermicompost and foliar application of amino acids and urea on quantity and quality of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), an experiment was conducted at RAN Field Research Station in Firouzkuh, Iran in 2012. The factors were vermicompost (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12t/ha) and foliar spraying ...
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To study the effects of vermicompost and foliar application of amino acids and urea on quantity and quality of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), an experiment was conducted at RAN Field Research Station in Firouzkuh, Iran in 2012. The factors were vermicompost (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12t/ha) and foliar spraying (non-spraying or control, amino acid and urea spraying). The experimental design was factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design with 15 treatments and three replications. Results showed that the highest plant height (35.27cm), flower number per plant (181.75), and dry flower yield (2053.7kg/ha) were obtained by urea foliar application. While, the highest essential oil (0.59%), and chamazulene (7.13%), essential oil yield (11.98kg/ha) and chamazulen yield (854.17g/ha) were obtained by amino acid spraying on the plants. The application of vermicompost at a rate of 12 t ha-1 could increase all measured traits significantly. The results of interaction effects showed that the application of vermicompost at a rate of 12 t ha-1 and foliar application of amino acid had positive and significant effects on dry flower yield and chamazulen yield.
M.T. Darzi; A. Akhani
Abstract
This research was aimed to study the effects of biofertilizer and plant density on yield and essential oil of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). The traits including 1000-seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, essential oil content, and essential oil yield were measured in a factorial experiment ...
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This research was aimed to study the effects of biofertilizer and plant density on yield and essential oil of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). The traits including 1000-seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, essential oil content, and essential oil yield were measured in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with twelve treatments and three replications. The study was conducted at the research field of Agriculture Company of Ran, Firouzkuh, Iran in 2011. The factors were nitroxin biofertilizer at four levels (non-inoculated, inoculated seeds, spraying on the plant at stem elongation stage and inoculated seeds+spraying on the plant at stem elongation stage) and plant density at three levels (12.5, 16.7 and 25 plants m-2). Results showed that the highest 1000-seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, essential oil content, and essential oil yield were obtained from nitroxin inoculation with seeds together spraying on the plant at stem elongation stage. Plant density also showed significant effects on the mentioned traits, as the highest biological yield, seed yield and essential oil yield were obtained in a density of 25 plants m-2 and the maximum essential oil content was recorded in a density of 16.7 plants m-2. According to the results of this study, two- time consumption of nitroxin biofertilizer and a density of 25 plants m-2 were identified as the most suitable treatment.
S.H. Hejazian; F. Safari; M. Bameri
Abstract
Verapamil inhibits the cytosolic calcium content by blocking both activated and inactivated T-type calcium. Regarding the spasmolytic effect of materials caused by blockage of calcium channels and due to the inhibitory effect of Satureja hortensis L. on ileum smooth muscle contraction. The present study ...
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Verapamil inhibits the cytosolic calcium content by blocking both activated and inactivated T-type calcium. Regarding the spasmolytic effect of materials caused by blockage of calcium channels and due to the inhibitory effect of Satureja hortensis L. on ileum smooth muscle contraction. The present study was designed to find out the synergistic effects of calcium blocker verapamil and Satureja essential oil on inhibition of cholinergic contraction in male rat’s ileum. In this study, by using an oscillographic device, the effects of different concentration of Satureja essential oil and verapamil were examined on isotonic contraction of ileum induced by acetylcholine10-4M. Our results showed that both verapamil and Satureja essential oils inhibited acetylcholine-induced contraction of ileum. In addition, their ineffective doses had synergistic spasmolytic effects, which were statistically significant (p<0.05).
S. Beigi; M. Azizi; S.H. Nemati; V. Rowshan
Abstract
One of the most important limiting factors in production of medicinal plants in arid and semiarid regions of the world is water shortage or drought stress. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. var. "Keshkeny levelu") is a valuable medicinal plant and sensitive to water stress. Therefore, the current study was ...
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One of the most important limiting factors in production of medicinal plants in arid and semiarid regions of the world is water shortage or drought stress. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. var. "Keshkeny levelu") is a valuable medicinal plant and sensitive to water stress. Therefore, the current study was aimed to increase water use efficiency in basil production by conducting a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The treatments were two superabsorbent polymers namely Terracottem™ (industrial) and Plantago ovata mucilage (Herbal) at four concentrations (0, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% w/w on the basis of soil weight) with two application methods (mixed with soil only and mixed with soil+roots). The measured traits were morphological: leaf number, leaf area, shoot to root ratio, biological: number of seeds/plant, seed weight/plant, and water use efficiency, as well as two other important characteristics such as essential oil percentage and yield at flowering time. Results showed that the simple effect of treatments and their interaction had significant and positive effects on morphological, biological and biochemical traits, measured in this experiment. The best results in vegetative and generative characteristics were obtained by application of Plantagoovata mucilage and the highest essential oil percentage and yield were recorded by using Terracottem superabsorbent. The best results in both compounds were obtained at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.2% with application method in soil+roots and soil only, respectively. In conclusion, both compounds (terracottem™ and Plantago ovata) were able to reduce the adverse effects of drought stress and improved water use efficiency in basil cultivation.
Z. Azimzadeh; A. Hassani; M. Esmaiili
Abstract
Anise hyssop (Agastache foeniculum [Pursh] Kuntze) is a medicinal and perennial herb, belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The essential oil of this plant is a rich source of Methyl Chavicol, giving antifungal and antibacterial properties to this plant. To evaluate the effect of different drying methods ...
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Anise hyssop (Agastache foeniculum [Pursh] Kuntze) is a medicinal and perennial herb, belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The essential oil of this plant is a rich source of Methyl Chavicol, giving antifungal and antibacterial properties to this plant. To evaluate the effect of different drying methods on the essential oil content and composition of Anise hyssop, the leaves were harvested at full flowering stage and dried by four methods (shade drying, sun drying, oven drying at 40, 60 and 80°C, and microwave oven drying at 180, 360, 540, 720, and 900W) in a completely randomized design with four replications. The drying process was continued until the moisture content of samples reached around 0.11 based on dry weight. Dried leaves were subjected to hydro-distillation using a Clevenger type apparatus to extract the essential oil. The oil samples were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Results showed that drying methods had significant effect on the drying time and essential oil content. Minimum (4 minutes) and maximum (64 hours) drying time were obtained at 900 W microwave power and shade drying, respectively. The highest (1.51%) and the lowest (0.56%) essential oil content were observed in shade drying and microwave drying in 900 W, respectively. The results of essential oil analysis showed Methyl Chavicol was the main component of essential oil ranging from 83.1% (shade drying) to 94.6% (microwave drying at 720W). Overall, the findings of this study showed that shade drying in spite of long drying time was the best drying method. However, oven drying at 40°C or microwave method in low powers is recommended when our goal is fast drying and achieving essential oil with high percentage of methyl chavicol.
S. Gholami Ganjeh; A. Salehi
Abstract
Bio-fertilizers are one of the most useful resources to improve the soil quality and increased yield in different plants. In order to study the effect of different levels of vermicompost and mycorrhizal fungi on essential oil content and uptake of some elements in cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), a factorial ...
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Bio-fertilizers are one of the most useful resources to improve the soil quality and increased yield in different plants. In order to study the effect of different levels of vermicompost and mycorrhizal fungi on essential oil content and uptake of some elements in cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with twelve treatments and three replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, during 2012-2013. Experimental treatments consisted of three levels of vermicompost (0, 5 and 10 tons per hectare), and four levels of mycorrhizal fungi (no application, application of Glomus mossae, application of Glomus intraradices and both species) in the soil. Results indicated that the most content of essential oil was obtained from the application of 10 tons vermicompost and Glomus intraradices (3.13%). In addition, the highest content of grain phosphorus (0.26%) and grain nitrogen (1.43%) belonged to the treatment of 10 tons vermicompost and combined application of Glomus mossae and Glomus intraradices. The highest yield of essential oil was obtained from 10 tons vermicompost and application of Glomus mossae. Overall, the results of this experiment showed that using of vermicompost and mycorrhiza can improve the content and yield of essential oil and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in cumin.
N. Atashi; M. Haghani; H. Mohammadi; M. Abdollahi
Abstract
Essential oils are considered as suitable components, which can be used as alternatives for chemical pesticides. In this research, the effects of essential oils of two medicinal plants, Ballota aucheri Boiss. and Ferulago angulate (Schlecht.) Boiss., were studied on nutritional indices of adult insects ...
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Essential oils are considered as suitable components, which can be used as alternatives for chemical pesticides. In this research, the effects of essential oils of two medicinal plants, Ballota aucheri Boiss. and Ferulago angulate (Schlecht.) Boiss., were studied on nutritional indices of adult insects of Tribolium castaneum, which is one of the most important stored product pests. In this study, Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Relative Consumption Rate (RCR), Efficacy of Conversion of Ingested Food (ECI), and Feeding Deterrence Index (FDI) were evaluated. Different concentrations of each essential oil, including 0, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 2 and 3µl/disk, were examined. In each treatment, 10 adult insects were tested. Insects’ ingested food and weight gained were measured after three days. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with five replications. Results showed that F. angulata was highly effective compared to B. aucheri and significantly decreased the RGR and RCR. The essential oil of F. angulata was more effective than that of B. aucheri on FDI.
M. Mirza; E. Sharifi Ashoorabadi; B. Allahverdi Mamaghani
Abstract
In order to investigate the quality and quantity of essential oil of Thymus species, an experiment was conducted under field condition at Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. This project was related to national project, entitled extraction, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the essential ...
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In order to investigate the quality and quantity of essential oil of Thymus species, an experiment was conducted under field condition at Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. This project was related to national project, entitled extraction, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the essential oil of different Thymus species in some provinces of Iran. For This purpose, seeds of 75 accessions, collected from various provinces, were cultivated under greenhouse condition. Then, seedlings were transferred to the experimental field and cultivated under field condition. Flowering shoots were collected at 50% of flowering stage, dried in shadow and grinded. Essential oil extraction was carried out by hydro distillation method (Clevenger apparatus-Britain pharmacopeia) for three hours. Chemical compounds were identified with GC and GC-MS. According to the results, essential oil yield was between 0.04%-2%. The highest essential oil yield in relation to dry weight belongs to T. kotschyanus (2%), T. daenesis (1.92%) and T. vulgaris (1.69%) from west Azerbaijan province, Lorestan province and Markazi province, respectively. Linalool, geraniol, α-terpineol, Thymol, carvacrol, α-terpinyl acetate and geranyl acetate chemotypes were recognized among accessions. During two years, the highest Thymol (76.6%), carvacrol (82.9%) and geraniol (62.7%) were observed in T. daenesis from Markazi province, T. daenesis from Semnan province and T. lancifolius from Fars province.
M. Layeghhaghighi; B. Abbaszadeh; S.R. Tabaei Aghdaei; V. Samadiyan Sarbangholi
Abstract
Nepeta, belonging to Lamiaceae family, includes 250 species in the world and 67 species in Iran, 39 of which are native to Iran. In order to investigate the effects of drought stress on yield quantity and quality of Nepeta racemosa Lam., this experiment was conducted in 2011, at the Alborz Research Station, ...
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Nepeta, belonging to Lamiaceae family, includes 250 species in the world and 67 species in Iran, 39 of which are native to Iran. In order to investigate the effects of drought stress on yield quantity and quality of Nepeta racemosa Lam., this experiment was conducted in 2011, at the Alborz Research Station, Karaj, Iran. Drought levels were 100% (control), 80% (low stress), 60% (medium stress), and 40% (severe stress) field capacity (FC). Different traits including plant height, number of tillers, number of lateral branches, root weight, root length, main stem diameter, number of inflourcences, inflorescence length, leaf length, leaf width, yield of leaf, inflorescences, stem and shoot, and essential oil percentage and yield of leaf, inflorescence, stem and shoot were measured at flowering stage. Variance analysis revealed significant effect of drought stress on plant height, root weight, inflorescence length, leaf length, leaf width, yield of leaf, stem, inflorescence, and essential oil percentage of leaf, stem, inflorescence, and essential oil yield of the leaf, stem, inflorescence (P≤0.01), root length, and main stem diameter (P≤0.05). Mean comparison showed that the highest essential oil percentage was observed in leaves (1.72%), shoot (1.27%) and inflorescences (1.93%) at medium stress (60% field capacity). It could be concluded that Nepeta is a drought tolerant plant, and the maximum essential oil percentage could be achieved under medium stress with 60% field capacity.
A. Faraji; B. Esmailpoor; F. Sefidkon; B. Abaszadeh; K. Khavazy
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and putrescine as foliar spray on plant yield and growth, essential oil yield and composition of summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.), a field experiment was carried out based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD), with three replication. ...
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In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and putrescine as foliar spray on plant yield and growth, essential oil yield and composition of summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.), a field experiment was carried out based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD), with three replication. Different concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 1, 2 and 3mM) and putrescine (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2mM) were applied as foliar spray at early stages of shooting, blooming and floweing. Results showed that foliar application of salicylic acid and putrescine had significant effect (p<0.01) on some vegetative parameters such as dry weight and yield of total aerial shoots, leaves and inflorescences as well as total chlorophyll concentration. All treatments had a significant effect (p<0.01) onessential oil efficiency, percentage, yield and composition of Satureja hortensis. The highest value of total aerial shoots dry weight (45.63g/p), total aerial shoots yield (5070kg/ha), leaf dry weight (6.39g/p), leaf yield (710kg/ha), inflorescence dry weight (15/65g/p), inflorescence yield (1739kg/ha), and total chlorophyll concentration (1.46mg/l) were observed in 3mM salicylic acid. The essential oil efficiency (2.35kg/ha) and essential oil yield (76.76%) reached a maximum range in 1.5mm putrescine. The concentration of thymol (47.76%) as the main volatile component of summer savory, reached the highest value in 2mM salicylic acid while other components, such as α-pinene, limonene and E-B-ocimene, reached the highest value in 50mg/L putrescine.
O. Ahmadi; J. Hosseinzadeh; O. Panahi; H. Farazmand
Abstract
In order to find new environment-friendly and easily formulated and accessible insecticides, the essential oils of Pestacia atlantica var. kurdica (Anacardiaceae)were used against the adults of Lasioderma serricorne F. (Col.: Anobiidae) in vitro. Analysis of Pestacia atlantica var. kurdica (Anacardiaceae)essential ...
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In order to find new environment-friendly and easily formulated and accessible insecticides, the essential oils of Pestacia atlantica var. kurdica (Anacardiaceae)were used against the adults of Lasioderma serricorne F. (Col.: Anobiidae) in vitro. Analysis of Pestacia atlantica var. kurdica (Anacardiaceae)essential oil used for insect fumigation by GC Mass analysis revealed the presence of 13 compounds including α-pinene (77.75%), camphene (6.6%), and β-pinene (3.45%). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with six treatments (five various concentrations and one control). The essential oil was prepared by water distillation method with Clevenger Apparatus. Experiment was carried out at 30±2 °C and 60±5% R. H. under dark condition. Treatments consisted of five different concentrations of essential oils and a control group. Each concentration consisted of three replicates and each replicate consisted of 20 one to seven- day adult insects. The LC50 for the oil of P. atlantica, in this experiment was 216.67 μl/l airs for L. serricorne. Results showed that essential oils of Pestacia atlantica var. kurdica (Anacardiaceae) had significant fatality on adult pests studied.
Y. Imani; R. Razban Haghighi; F. Sefidkon; M. Naderi
Abstract
The current study was aimed to investigate the essential oil of Thymus pubescens Boiss.et Kotschy ex Celak chemotypes in five regions of E-Azerbayjanprovince. Samples were collected at the flowering atage. Hydrodistillation method was used to obtain essential oil. Quantitative and qualitative analysis ...
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The current study was aimed to investigate the essential oil of Thymus pubescens Boiss.et Kotschy ex Celak chemotypes in five regions of E-Azerbayjanprovince. Samples were collected at the flowering atage. Hydrodistillation method was used to obtain essential oil. Quantitative and qualitative analysis was done by GC and GC/MS methods. Twenty six compounds were determined in the essential oil of experimental sites. Cluster analysis, based on these components with WARD method, showed that five areas were divided into three clusters, so that the first cluster was related to the Sahand area chemotype, the second cluster was related to the Mishoo chemotype and the third cluster included common chemotype in Malekan (Egdelou), Kaleibar (Yuzband) and Maraghe (Kordedeh). Our results showed that the highest and lowest amount of essential oil was recorded for the first chemotype (Sahand, 0.31%) and the third chemotype (Egdelou, 1.34%), respectively. According to the Principal Coordinate Analysis the major compounds of essential oils were as follows: in the first chemotype: р-cymene (4.3%), n-nonanal (9.8%), methyl ether thymol (10.6 %), thymol (30.9 %) , thymyl acetate (13.5%); in the second chemotype: p-cymene (4.1%), γ-terpinene (6.2%), carvacrol (82.1%); in thr third chemotype p-cymene (7.2-1.6%), γ-terpinene (6.5-2.2%), thymol (65.6-27.6%), carvacrol (25.4-3.7%).
A. Movaghatian; E. Fateh; A. Aynehband; A. Siahpoosh
Abstract
In order to study the effects of chemical and biological fertilizers on soil physical properties, nutrient uptake, nutrient concentration in soil and plant and seed yield and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a field experiment was conducted in Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran ...
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In order to study the effects of chemical and biological fertilizers on soil physical properties, nutrient uptake, nutrient concentration in soil and plant and seed yield and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a field experiment was conducted in Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran University in 2011. Trial study was carried out as two-ways factorial in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Chemical fertilizer at three levels (C1=0-0-0 kg/ha NPK, C2=60-60-48 kg/ha NPK and C3=120-120-96 kg/ha NPK) was the first factor, and different biological fertilizers at six levels (B1=control, B2=Biosuperphosphate+Nitroxin, B3=Nitroxin, B4=Biosuperphosphate, B5=Biosulphur and B6=Sugar cane waste compost) were the second factor. Results showed that chemical fertilizer had significant effect on all traits except soil bulk density, soil porosity and essential oil yield. The interaction of chemical fertilizer and biological fertilizer was significant for seed phosphorus, soil bulk density and soil porosity percentage. The highest grain yield (237.66 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (6.46 kg/ha) was found at sugar cane waste compost in combination with 120-120-96 kg/ha NPK and the lowest grain yield (103.15 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (2.63 kg/ha) was obtained at bio sulfur without chemical fertilizer application, respectively. Also, sugar cane waste compost in combination with 120-120-96 kg/ha NPK had the highest grain nitrogen (2.61%) and phosphorus (0.33%), respectively. The lowest was obtained at control treatment. Totally, the results suggested that the sugar cane waste in combination with 60-60-48 kg/ha NPK was the best treatment for fennel cultivation.
F. Fakhari; F. Sefidkon; Sh. Mozaffari; M.A. Alizadeh
Abstract
The Anthemis genus, belonging to Asteraceae family, has 23 endemic annual species in Iran, with the flowers and shoots containing essential oil. In this experiment, for the first time, the seeds of Anthemis tinctoria L. were collected from west Azarbayejan, Iran, and cultivated at the field of Alborz ...
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The Anthemis genus, belonging to Asteraceae family, has 23 endemic annual species in Iran, with the flowers and shoots containing essential oil. In this experiment, for the first time, the seeds of Anthemis tinctoria L. were collected from west Azarbayejan, Iran, and cultivated at the field of Alborz Research Station. In order to determine the essential oil composition of cultivated Anthemis tinctoria, random sampling was conducted at full flowering stage from flowering shoot. Flowers, leaves and stems were divided and dried in open air and their essential oil was produced separately by hydro-distillation. To analyze the essential oil composition, GC and GC-MS were used. Results indicated that essential oil percentage in flower, leaf, stem and total shoot was 0.0892, 0.0487, 0.0466 and 0.0792%, respectively. Analysis of leaf essential oil indicated that 32 compounds were detected; five main compounds were camphor (15.8%), α-eudesmol (10.3%), guaiol (9.6%), chrysanthenone (8.4%) and 1,8-cineol (8.0%); contributing to more than 53% of the essential oil composition. Twenty-one compounds were detected in stem essential oil; four main compounds were spathulenol (25.6%), α-eudesmol (14.5%), caryophyllene oxide (11.8%) and β-eudesmol (5.9%). Moreover, 22 compounds were detected in flower essential oil; five main compounds were α-eudesmol (27.5%), β-eudesmol (14.3%), spathulenol (13.3%), 10-epi-g-eudesmol (7.2%), 1,8-cineol (4.2%). The results also indicated that 29 compounds were detected in shoot essential oil; four main compounds were g-eudesmol (39.92%), caronene (9.1%), camphor (6.5%), spathulenol (5.1%) and 1,8-cineol (4.3%). According to the obtained results, the percentage of α-eudesmol as main component of this essential oil varied from 10 to 40% in different plant parts, the lowest in leaf oil and the highest in aerial part oil. The highest amount of β-eudesmol was found in flower and stem oil. The presence of high amount of chrysanthenone and camphor in leaf oil was also remarkable. It can be concluded that by using flowering shoot or total aerial parts of A. tinctoria in full flowering stage, more essential oil yield would be produced. In addition, for special purposes and obtaining some special compounds, special plant parts could be distilled.
M. Peyvandi; H. Parandeh; M. Mirza
Abstract
Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Sweet basil essential oil is used in food, medicine, and hygiene industries. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of nano iron chelate fertilizer (1, 3, 5 Kg.ha-1) and iron chelate fertilizer (1.5, 4.5, 7.5kg.ha-1) on ...
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Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Sweet basil essential oil is used in food, medicine, and hygiene industries. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of nano iron chelate fertilizer (1, 3, 5 Kg.ha-1) and iron chelate fertilizer (1.5, 4.5, 7.5kg.ha-1) on the quantity and quality of O. basilicum essential oil (EO) were investigated. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in a farm located in Saveh. After collecting the aerial parts of O. balilicum, the EO was extracted via water distillation method. Then, the EO was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Sixteen components were identified in the EO of O. basilicum. The major components were methyl chavicol (37%), geranial (26%), neral (21%) and caryophyllene oxide (3.5%), respectively. Among different treatments, the means of 10 components showed significant differences. The mean of EO percentage in all samples, treated by Fe and nano Fe fertilizers, was more than that of control.
A. Salehi; S. Fallah; A. Abasi; R. Iranipour; M. Heidari
Abstract
One of the aspects of the production of medicinal plants is lower consumption of chemical inputs which could be effective in protecting the environment in addition to maintaining or improving product quality. Therefore,this study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of integrated management ...
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One of the aspects of the production of medicinal plants is lower consumption of chemical inputs which could be effective in protecting the environment in addition to maintaining or improving product quality. Therefore,this study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of integrated management of organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and qualitative characteristics in black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). This experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications at the Shahrekord University in 2012. The treatments consisted of control (no amended nitrogen), cattle manure, urea, three levels of split integrated fertilizer ( cattle manure + urea, cattle manure + cattle manure + urea), and three levels of full integrated fertilizer ( cattle manure + urea, cattle manure + cattle manure + urea). Results indicated that the application of N-fertilizer caused significant increase in oil, protein and essence contents and their production in black cumin (p< 0.01). Integrated application of organic manure + chemical fertilizer produced higher amount of oil, essence and protein in comparison with solitary application (p< 0.01). The full dose application of urea fertilizer (FDA) significantly enhanced the content and production of oil (322 g kg -1 and 674 kg ha-1, respectively), protein (248 gkg-1 and 595 kg ha-1, respectively), essence (3.1 gkg-1 and 7.2 kgha-1, respectively) in comparison with split application. In conclusion, the full dose application of urea fertilizer (FDA) in integration with organic manure could enhance the quality of black cumin seed.
H. Tehrani Sharif; E. Sharifi Ashoorabadi; A.A. Tajali; M. Makizadeh Tafti
Abstract
In order to evaluate soil fertilization systems on yield quantity and quality of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), this study was conducted as a field experiment in Shahrerey Islamic Azad University in 2011. The experiment was conducted in split plots in time based on completely randomized block design with ...
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In order to evaluate soil fertilization systems on yield quantity and quality of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), this study was conducted as a field experiment in Shahrerey Islamic Azad University in 2011. The experiment was conducted in split plots in time based on completely randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were various levels of chemical fertilizers (N-P-K), different levels of manure, mixture of different ratios of fertilize and manure and without fertilizer and manure (control). Two harvests were arranged in main plots and 16 levels of fertilizer were assigned to the sub plots. According to the results, the highest amount of dry yield (2442 kgha-1) was obtained in second harvest and in intermediate treatment (25 tonha-1 of manure mixed with N=80, P=64 and K=80 kgha-1 of chemical fertilizers). Results showed that the intermediate treatment (10 tonha-1 of manure mixed with N=120, P=96 and K=120 kgha-1 of chemical fertilizers) in second harvest produced the highest amount of essential oil (0.69%). The results suggest that the use of organic fertilizer alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers has a positive effect in improving the yield quantity and quality of basil.
N. Raesee; S.M.A. Vakili; G. Sarhady; F. Torkynegad
Abstract
This research was aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of manure, iron and zinc fertilizers on yield, yield components and essential oil percentage of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) in Jiroft during 2012-2013. The study was performed as factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with ...
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This research was aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of manure, iron and zinc fertilizers on yield, yield components and essential oil percentage of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) in Jiroft during 2012-2013. The study was performed as factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with three factors and 18 treatments in three replications. Manure at two levels of zero and 150 ton ha-1, zinc sulfate at three levels of 0, 25, and 40 kg ha-1and iron fertilizer at three levels of 0, 2.5, and 5 kgha-1 were applied. In this study, plant responses consisted of yield, shoot dry weight, plant height, number of seeds per plant, number of umbels, and 1000-seed weight. Results showed that manure, iron and zinc fertilizers at different levels affected shoot dry weight, yield, number of seeds per plant, number of umbels, plant height, 1000-seed weight, and essential oil percentage significantly at 1% level of significance. In addition, the interaction effects of manure and iron and zinc fertilizers were significant on shoot dry weight, yield, number of seeds per plant, and 1000-seed weight. According to the obtained results, a combined treatment of manure (15 ton ha-1), zinc sulfate (25 kg ha-1) and iron fertilizer (5kg ha-1) could be recommended to enhance the yield and yield components of cumin in Jiroft.
Y. Aghaei Noroozloo; M.H. Mirjalili; V. Nazeri; A.R. Moshrefi araghi
Abstract
Stachys lavandulifoliaVahl. is one of the 34 species of the genus Stachys, growing naturally in Iran. In this study, the natural habitats of Stachys lavavandulifolia were identified in different regions of Alborz, Kurdistan, West Azarbaijan and East Azarbaijan. Ten complete plants were collected from ...
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Stachys lavandulifoliaVahl. is one of the 34 species of the genus Stachys, growing naturally in Iran. In this study, the natural habitats of Stachys lavavandulifolia were identified in different regions of Alborz, Kurdistan, West Azarbaijan and East Azarbaijan. Ten complete plants were collected from eight localities in order to study and evaluate morphological traits. Flowering stems were used to investigate essential oil quantitatively. Data of locations and vegetative and reproductive characters of each population were recorded and the amount of essential oil of each location was measured. Results were analyzed using cluster analysis method with SPSS and SAS softwares and the correlation between evaluated traits and essential oil productivity was determined.The traits evaluated in the populations were classified in two distinct groups by cluster analysis. Populations collected from Alborz (Gachsar), Kurdistan (Saqez) and West Azarbaijan (Manbar, Baba nazar, Chahar tagh and Damerchi) were classified in same group and populations from East Azarbaijan (Azarshahr and Ajabshiri) were classified in a separate group. Differences between these two groups may be due to the different climates in the habitats and adaptation of this species to different environmental factors. As a result, Azarshar population, due to having better vegetative and reproductive traits and high essential oil yield as compared to other populations could be taken into consideration for breeding programs or for cultivation and production.
A.A. Zarea; M.J. Malakouti; H.A. Bahrami; F. Sefidkon; R. Shahhosseini
Abstract
Lippia citriodora H. B. et K. is a valuable medicinal plant whose extract, as its main chemical composition, has active components such as Geranial and Limonene widely used in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and health industries. In medicinal plants, balanced fertilization using chemical and biological ...
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Lippia citriodora H. B. et K. is a valuable medicinal plant whose extract, as its main chemical composition, has active components such as Geranial and Limonene widely used in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and health industries. In medicinal plants, balanced fertilization using chemical and biological inputs has great effect on yield and phytochemicals related to yield production. This study was conducted in the greenhouse of Tarbiat Modares University. In this experiment, seven treatments were performed in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of balanced fertilization and super-absorbent polymer on the chemical components and yield of Lippia citriodora. After planting and harvesting operations and growth performance measurements, essential oil was dehydrated by distilled water method using Clevenger and Sodium sulfate. Using gas chromatography and gas chromatography connected to spectrum, 15 compounds were determined in essential oil, consisting more than 90% of essential oil components. Results showed that there was a significant difference among treatments (p< 0.01). The lowest and highest fresh yield were related to control (6410 kg.ha-1) and balanced fertilization + bio-fertilizer + super-absorbent polymer (15435 kg. ha-1) treatments, respectively. The lowest and highest dry leaf yield were obtained in control (702 kg.ha-1) and balanced fertilization + bio-fertilizer + super-absorbent polymer (1503 kg. ha-1) treatments, respectively. The lowest and highest essential oil content was achieved in control (7.4 kg.ha-1) and balanced fertilization + bio-fertilizer + super-absorbent polymer (20.5 kg.ha-1) treatments, respectively. In terms of overall essential oil components, the minimum and maximum contents of Neral and Geranial were obtained in control and balanced fertilization treatments with 41.2% and 52.27%, respectively.
M. Ghanbari; M.K. Souri; R. Omidbaigi; H. Hadavand Mirzaei
Abstract
Achillea millefolium L. is a well-known species amongst the members of Achillea (Asteraceae) which grows naturally in Iran. In this study, the natural habitats of Achillea millefolium L.were identified in different regions of East Azerbaijan province during the growth season in 2011. The evaluation of ...
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Achillea millefolium L. is a well-known species amongst the members of Achillea (Asteraceae) which grows naturally in Iran. In this study, the natural habitats of Achillea millefolium L.were identified in different regions of East Azerbaijan province during the growth season in 2011. The evaluation of morphological variation in 35 genotypes of seven populations of Achillea millefolium L. was carried out to determine superior characters for future breeding programs and medicinal purposes. In this study, 14 quantitative and qualitative characters were evaluated. Flowering stems were used to investigate the quantity of essential oil. Data of locations, vegetative and reproductive characters of each population and the amount of essential oil obtained from each location were recorded. Results were analyzed using cluster analysis with SPSS software. Populations were clustered based on vegetative and reproductive characters and the amount of essential oil. The results of simple correlation analysis showed the existence of significant, positive and negative correlations among some important characters. Factor analysis was also used for defining the determinant factors. According to the factor analysis, flowering stem length, internode length and leaf width constituted the main factors. The populations of Achillea millefolium L. were separated into four groups by cluster analysis using Ward method. The most similar populations were Pirbala, Kondlaj and Jolfa, while Shabestar and Zonoz were separated from other populations. Also populations of Bonab and Basmenj were clustered as a separate group. In conclusion, in this study from all populations, Basmanj and Jolfa populations due to higher yield of essential oil as well as higher adaptability to region climatic conditions are recommended for further physiological and breeding studies.
