M. Moosavian; M. Darvishnia
Abstract
This research was aimed to study the effects of antifungal activity of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) essential oil against three pathogens-Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium solani-isolated from tomato, cherries and potatoes by adding the fungus to their medium and also identify antifungal ...
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This research was aimed to study the effects of antifungal activity of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) essential oil against three pathogens-Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium solani-isolated from tomato, cherries and potatoes by adding the fungus to their medium and also identify antifungal activity of the essential oil as a food preservative against the pathogen. Essential oil was extracted by Clevenger-type apparatus and identification and amount of the essential oil was performed using chromatography–mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography.The most important components of the essential oil were isoeugenol (87.09%), eugenol acetate (9.71%), Aromadendrene (0.68%), Chavicol (0.3%), and Linalool (12.51%), respectively. Isoeugenol has the highest percentage of growth inhibitory on B. cinerea, so that, on average, 97% of the growth of this fungus was prevented at the concentration of 200 µl/l. However, the growth inhibitory percentage at this concentration was calculated to be 87% and 94%, for A. alternata and F. solani, respectively. More than 95% and 100% of the growth of all three fungi was prevented at concentrations of 500 and 1000 µl/l of essential oil.The best essential oil concentration to prevent the growth of fungi on fruit tissue was 200µl/l for B. cinerea, and 1000 µl/l for two other fungi. Antifungal properties of S. aromaticum essential oil are due to phenolic compounds in it like eugenol. Our results clearly showed that S. aromaticum essential oil was effective against post-harvest diseases, and its antiseptic properties could be used in plant pathology.
A. Khameseifi; F. Sefidkon
Abstract
Tanacetum polycephalum, belonging to the Asteraceae family, is a perennial and aromatic species with numerous medicinal properties. In this study, in order to evaluate and compare the quality and quantity of essential oil of flowering shoots and each of its parts (flowers, leaves and stems), the seeds ...
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Tanacetum polycephalum, belonging to the Asteraceae family, is a perennial and aromatic species with numerous medicinal properties. In this study, in order to evaluate and compare the quality and quantity of essential oil of flowering shoots and each of its parts (flowers, leaves and stems), the seeds of T. polycephalum Schultz. Bip. Subsp. polycephalum was collected from Kurdistan province (around the Qorveh city) and cultivated in the Alborz Agriculture Research Station, associated to the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. After collecting the aerial parts in full flowering stage, organs were separated and dried in the shade and essential oil extraction was carried out by hydro-distillation. The essential oils were analyzed by using a gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The highest yield of essential oil (W/W relative to dry weight) was obtained from flowering shoots (0.87%) and the lowest yield was obtained from stems (0.12%). The oil yield of leaves and flowers was calculated to be 0.61% and 0.46%, respectively. The main compounds in the oil of flowering shoots were camphor (35.5%), cis- chrysanthenol (10.1%) and α-terpinene (9.5%). Camphor (25.4%), α-terpinene (13.2%), and cis-chrysathenol (11.2%) were found in the essential oil of leaves. Trans-β-farnesene (39.7%) and camphor (8.5%) were the main components in the essential oil of stems. According to the results, if camphor and cis-chrysanthenol is the target of essential oil extraction, distillation from flowering shoots and leaves is recommended; however, to achieve the most amount of trans-chrysanthenyl acetate, distillation from flowers is recommended.
A. Baghizadeh; M. Moghaddari; Gh. Bakhshi Khaniki
Abstract
Teucrium polium L. is an herbaceous, perennial and hyperbranched plant. Teucrium polium grows in different parts of Europe and the Middle East, such as Iran. In order to determination of genetic diversity of Teucrium Polium gemlplasm in Kerman province, 15 genotypes were collected. The DNA was extracted ...
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Teucrium polium L. is an herbaceous, perennial and hyperbranched plant. Teucrium polium grows in different parts of Europe and the Middle East, such as Iran. In order to determination of genetic diversity of Teucrium Polium gemlplasm in Kerman province, 15 genotypes were collected. The DNA was extracted using CTAB method. Fifteen RAPD primers were used for PCR. The electrophoresis results were analyzed using NTSYS software applying UPGMA method with Dice coefficient. To assess the phyto-chemical diversity of Teucrium polium germplasm, the essential oil of seven genotypes of Teucrium Polium was prepared by hydro distillation. The identification and analysis of essential oil composition was done by GC/MS with calculation and study of retention indices and mass spectrometry. Cluster analysis was done for the results of GC/MS by SPSS12 software. After electrophoresis of PCR products, 182 bands were found in the range of 230 to 2300 bp. A number of 169 bands (93%) were polymorphic. The genetic similarity of the genotypes was 0.37 to 0.72. Based on cluster analysis of molecular data, the collected samples were divided into four groups. The essential oil constituents in Kohbanan, Baghin, Shahrbabak, Anbarabad, Ravar and Kerman genotypes were identified. The samples were classified into three groups by cluster analysis of phytochemical data.
A. Zarezadeh; F. Sefidkon; S.R. Tabaei Aghdaei; A. Mirhosseini; M.R. Arabzadeh; M.R. Mirjalili
Abstract
Essential oils of Satureja spp. contain valuable components, such as thymol and carvacrol. This research was carried due to evaluate essential oil quality and quantity of different accessions of Satureja species in cultivated condition., Seeds of 35 accessions of 10 Satureja species were collected from ...
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Essential oils of Satureja spp. contain valuable components, such as thymol and carvacrol. This research was carried due to evaluate essential oil quality and quantity of different accessions of Satureja species in cultivated condition., Seeds of 35 accessions of 10 Satureja species were collected from natural habitats and the seedlings were planted, using a randomized complete block design with for three replications at Medicinal Plants Research Station, Yazd, Iran. Aerial parts of plants were collected during four consecutive years, air dried in shadow and essential oils were extracted with hydrodistillation clevenger method. Essential oil compounds were identified by Gas chromatography (GC) and chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Analysis of variance showed significant differences at 1% between accessions for percentage of essential oil and essential oil yield per hectare. According to the results, accessions 15 (Satureja rechingeri) from Ilam province with 5.8% and 113.9 kg/ha essential oils, and 64% carvacrol and 12.2% thymol; accession 107 (S. spicigera) from Gillan province with 2.4% and 75.5 kg/ha essential oils, and 9.2% carvacrol and 43.4% thymol; accession 24 (S. rechingeri) from Ilam province with 4.2% and 63.8 kg/ha essential oils, and 75.4% carvacrol and 6.2% thymol; and SKM (S. bachtiarica ) from Yazd province with 2.6% and 51.5 kg/ha, essential oils, and 66% carvacrol and 0.5% thymol, respectively, showed the highest essential oil production in Yazd, Iran.
A. Kheiry; H. Tori; N. Mortazavi
Abstract
Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) from Lamiaceae family is one of the most widely used medicinal plants. In addition to therapeutic effects, it is used as flavoring in the production of various foods and medicinal products. In addition to genotype, the quality and quantity of active ingredients in medicinal ...
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Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) from Lamiaceae family is one of the most widely used medicinal plants. In addition to therapeutic effects, it is used as flavoring in the production of various foods and medicinal products. In addition to genotype, the quality and quantity of active ingredients in medicinal plants are influenced by environmental factors. This research was aimed to study the effects of drought stress and jasmonic acid on the quality and quantity of peppermint as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design at University of Zanjan in 2015. The treatments consisted of three irrigation levels [50%, 75%, and 100% (control) of field capacity] as main factor and three concentrations of jasmonic acid (0, 50, and 100 mg l-1) as sub-factor. Rhizomes of plants were used for plant production. The plant samples were collected at flowering stage and after drying in the shade, the essential oil was extracted with water distillation method by Clevenger apparatus. The essential oil components were identified by GC and GC-MS. The results showed that the highest fresh and dry weight, height, total chlorophyll and relative leaf water content were obtained in control with 100 mg l-1 jasmonic acid. The highest peroxidase enzyme content was obtained at 50% field capacity drought stress with 100 mg l-1 jasmonic acid. The highest essential oil content was obtained at 75% field capacity drought stress with application of 50 mg l-1 jasmonic acid. The main essential oil components were menthol, menthon, 1,8-cineole, cyclohexanol, and methyl acetate. The highest amounts of menthol, menton, and 1,8-cineole were obtained from 100 mg l-1 jasmonic acid and the highest amount of cyclohexanol was obtained from 50 mg l-1 jasmonic acid. However, application of jasmonic acid decreased the amount of methyl acetate from 7.24% in control to 0.56% in 100 mg l-1 of JA treatment.
A. Zand; H. Aroiee; M.R. Chaichi; S.H. Nemati
Abstract
Water scarcity adversely affects many physiological and metabolic processes of the plants. To study the effects of drought stress and fertilization on some physiological characteristics, essential oil percentage and yield of spearmint, a field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of the College ...
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Water scarcity adversely affects many physiological and metabolic processes of the plants. To study the effects of drought stress and fertilization on some physiological characteristics, essential oil percentage and yield of spearmint, a field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. The experiment was conducted in a split plot arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included three irrigation treatments (100%, 75% and 50% of plant water requirement) as the main plot and four fertilizer regimes including no fertilizer (control), chemical fertilizer (N+P), bio-fertilizer (rhizome inoculation with Azotobacter, Pseudomonas and mycorrhiza) and integration of biological fertilizer and 50% chemical fertilizer as the sub-plot. The results showed that all traits measured were significantly affected by the main and interaction effects of deficit irrigation and fertilizer. The content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll, percentage and yield of essential oil and yield decreased with increasing water stress while the rate of carbohydrate and proline as well as the electrolyte leakage percentage increased. Furthermore, the results showed that under 100% and 75% irrigation systems, application of chemical and integrated fertilizers improved the physiological characteristics, yield and percentage and yield of essential oil. Under 50% irrigation regime, the best performance was related to bio fertilizer.
Sh. Ahmadi; M. Mirza; F. Askari
Abstract
N. elymatica Bornm. is one of the endemic species in the genus Nepeta in Iran. This genus has important aromatic species. So far, 79 species have been reported from Iran, of which 39 species are endemic. The aim of this study was to identify the chemical composition of the essential oil of N. elymatica ...
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N. elymatica Bornm. is one of the endemic species in the genus Nepeta in Iran. This genus has important aromatic species. So far, 79 species have been reported from Iran, of which 39 species are endemic. The aim of this study was to identify the chemical composition of the essential oil of N. elymatica Bornm. The flowering branches of this species were collected in July from Oshterankuh, Kamandan region of Azna. After drying at room temperature, the flowering branches of the plant were subjected to hydro-distillation. The oil yield was calculated and the oil composition was identified by GC and GC/MS analysis and retention index. Results showed that the yield oil of this species was 0.95% w/w and 27 components were identified, among which 1,8-cineole (20.6%), 4a-a,7-a,7a-a-nepetalactone (17.5%), E-caryophyllene (15%) and linalool (5.8%), were the main compounds.
abbas zarezadeh; Fatemeh Sefidkon; S.R. Tabaei-Aghdaei; A. Mirhossaini; M.R. Arabzadeh; M.R. Mijalili
Abstract
Savory (Satureja) consists of 17 herbaceous annual and perennial species in Iran and Satureja rechingeri Jamzad is one of the endemic species in this country. This research was carried to study oil quantity and quality in S. rechingeri. Seeds of eight accessions, collected from natural habitats, were ...
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Savory (Satureja) consists of 17 herbaceous annual and perennial species in Iran and Satureja rechingeri Jamzad is one of the endemic species in this country. This research was carried to study oil quantity and quality in S. rechingeri. Seeds of eight accessions, collected from natural habitats, were sown in a greenhouse and the seedlings were planted in the Medicinal Plants Farm, Yazd, Iran. Essential oil was extracted from shadow dried flowering shoots with water distillation method and oil components were identified after determining oil content. Cluster analysis based on oil components classified the accessions into two groups, one of which was rich in carvacrol (SR1, SR2, SR3, SR5, SR7, SR8) and the other was rich in both carvacrol and thymol (SR6 and SR4). Based on the results of this study, SR4 with 5.85% essential oil, 113.9kg/ha oil yield, 64% carvacrol and 12.2% thymol , and SR6 with 4.22% essential oil, 63.8 8kg/ha oil yield, 75% carvacrol and 6.2% thymol are proposed as superior accessions.
A. Sepahvand; K. Khademi; H. Astereki; A. Mohammadian
Abstract
This research was aimed to study the effects of density on yield and yield components of thyme (Thymus lancifolius Celak.) under dry farming conditions of Lorestan province. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three sowing density treatments (4, 6, and 8 plants per ...
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This research was aimed to study the effects of density on yield and yield components of thyme (Thymus lancifolius Celak.) under dry farming conditions of Lorestan province. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three sowing density treatments (4, 6, and 8 plants per square meter) and three replications. The plant height, crown diameter, number of shoots, shoot dry yield, root length, and essential oil yield and content were measured. The results of combined analysis showed that the highest number of branches was obtained at a density of 8 plants per square meter as compared with 4 and 6 plants per square meter. According to the results, the dry matter yield and essential oil yield and content were calculated to be 3937.9 kg ha-1, 77.52 kg, and 1.973%, respectively. In addition, in the fourth year of study, the number of flowering branches, crown diameter and height were calculated to be 317.153, 42.87 cm and 15.3cm, respectively. The essential oil T. lancifolius contained more than 44% carvacrol and 31% thymol.
A. Fallahi; A. Hassani; F. Sefidkon
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient element and has a number of vital roles in plants. In the recent years, zinc nano-fertilizers have received considerable attention due to their increased uptake by plants as they are small in size and have high rate of penetration through plant cell membrane. To study ...
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Zinc is an essential micronutrient element and has a number of vital roles in plants. In the recent years, zinc nano-fertilizers have received considerable attention due to their increased uptake by plants as they are small in size and have high rate of penetration through plant cell membrane. To study the effect of foliar application of different zinc fertilizers on yield and phytochemical characteristics of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), a pot experiment was conducted using a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with four replications during 2014 at the experimental greenhouse of the Horticultural Sciences Department of Urmia University. The treatments were three different zinc sources (zinc sulphate, zinc chelate and nano-zinc chelate) in four concentrations (0, 1, 2 and 3g/l). The results showed that foliar application of zinc had significant effect on evaluated parameters. Fresh and dry herb yield, zinc and phenol content of leaves, essential oil content, and yield increased with zinc application and in this regard, foliar application of nano-zinc chelate was more effective than two other zinc fertilizers. The lowest and the highest evaluated parameters were observed at concentrations of 0 and 3g/l, respectively. The results of essential oil analysis by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that 20 components were identified in the basil essential oil. Linalool and eugenol were the main components of essential oil and they showed little variation under zinc application. Overall, the findings of this study showed that the effect of nano-zinc chelate application (especially at a concentration of 3g/l) was more effective than zinc sulphate and zinc chelate in increasing herb yield and active substances of basil.
P. Razipour; A. Golchin; M. Daghestani
Abstract
Biological fertilizers can be used as alternative for or supplementary to mineral fertilizers in sustainable agriculture. To assess the effects of organic and biological fertilizers on growth and morphological characteristics of Melissa officinalis L., a factorial experiment with 15 treatments was performed ...
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Biological fertilizers can be used as alternative for or supplementary to mineral fertilizers in sustainable agriculture. To assess the effects of organic and biological fertilizers on growth and morphological characteristics of Melissa officinalis L., a factorial experiment with 15 treatments was performed in Shahriar, Karaj, Iran, during 2012-2013 in a randomized complete block design and three replications. The factors examined were different levels of cow manure (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 ton/ha) and inoculation with nitroxin (without inoculation, plant inoculation and soil and plant inoculation). The results showed that application of cow manure significantly increased plant height, number of leaves and lateral branches per plant, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, leaf surface area, leaf chlorophyll index and essential oil yield and concentration. The highest values of traits measured, except root fresh and dry weights, were obtained from the application of 20 ton/ha of cow manure and the lowest were observed in control. Our results clearly showed that inoculation with nitroxin could significantly increase the value of traits measured for Lemon balm compared to control, and inoculation of plant + soil was the superior treatment.
D. Rasouli; B. Fakheri
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effects of drought stress on quantity and quality of yield, physiological characteristics, and essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum americanum L., a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in greenhouse condition. ...
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In order to evaluate the effects of drought stress on quantity and quality of yield, physiological characteristics, and essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum americanum L., a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in greenhouse condition. Drought stress treatments consisted of control (without drought stress), 80, 60, and 40% of field capacity on two species of Ocimum. The traits measured were fresh and dry weights, essential oil, essential oil performance, carbohydrates, proline, nitrogen, protein, phosphorus and potassium contents. The results indicated that with increasing levels of drought stress from control to 40 percent of field capacity, the content of essential oil, carbohydrates, and proline were increased (28, 46, and 50%) in both species. However, the content of fresh and dry weight, essential performance, nitrogen, protein, phosphorus and potassium were reduced (57, 57.8, 44, 19, 16, 39 and 23%). In O. americanum, the content of fresh and dry weight, carbohydrate, proline, nitrogen, phosphorus, and protein were significantly increased under drought stress; while in O. basilicum, only essential oil content showed higher values significantly. It was observed that the majority of growth factors had the highest performance under low stress (80% of field capacity). Essential oil content, on the other hand, increased significantly under high stress condition, so that in O. basilicum, the highest essential oil content was obtained at 60 percent of field capacity. Our findings indicated that the plant performance and essential oil content were increased under average and moderately severe stress conditions, respectively.
F. Shahbazi Asl; A.A. Jafari; H. Panahpour
Abstract
In order to study the biomass yield in flowering stage and morphological traits in Mentha spp., 17 accessions of M. pulegium L. and 8 accessions of M. mozaffariani Jamzad were assessed in a field experiment over two years in the Alborz research station, Karaj Iran. The accessions were planted using ...
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In order to study the biomass yield in flowering stage and morphological traits in Mentha spp., 17 accessions of M. pulegium L. and 8 accessions of M. mozaffariani Jamzad were assessed in a field experiment over two years in the Alborz research station, Karaj Iran. The accessions were planted using a complete randomized blocks design in two replications. Each plot contained 15 spaced plants with 0.5 m intervals and 75 cm between rows. The drip irrigation system was used. Data were collected for fresh and dry matter yield over two years and plant height, stem number, number of flowers per plant, the canopy area, and flower length for one year. Data were analyzed, and species means were compared based on DMRT Method. The results showed significant difference between the species for all traits except dry matter yield (P<0.01). In comparisons between species, M. pulegium had higher values of all traits except flower length than that for M. mozaffariani. For fresh yield, M. pulegium with an average value of 183 g/plant had significantly higher production as compared with M. mozaffariani with an average value of 147 g/plant. There were significant differences among accessions for all traits in both species (P<0.01). In comparisons among the accessions of M. pulegium, the accessions Rafsanjan (23031) and Maryvan (22607) with the average of 252 and 231 g/plant had higher fresh yield over two years, respectively. For dry mater yield, Rafsanjan (23031) and Arak (22381) with average values of 115 and 111 g/plant had higher dry matter production, respectively. In comparisons among the accessions of M. mozaffariani, Urmia (19625) with average values of 202 and 98 g/plant had higher fresh and dry matter production, respectively. For essential oil percentage, there were no significant differences between two species; however, there was a significant difference for oil yield. M. pulegium with an average value of 1.14 g/plant had higher oil production than that for M. mozaffariani with an average value of 0.76 g/plant.
S. Mafakheri; B. Asghari; M. Shaltooki
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of biological, chemical and nano-fertilizers on qualitative and quantitative factors of Lallemantia iberica (M.B.) Fischer & Meyer, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in 2016, at the research greenhouse of Imam Khomeini International University, ...
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In order to investigate the effects of biological, chemical and nano-fertilizers on qualitative and quantitative factors of Lallemantia iberica (M.B.) Fischer & Meyer, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in 2016, at the research greenhouse of Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 9 treatments and 5 replications. Treatments included control (no fertilizer), biophosphat, nitroxin, nano fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, biophosphat×nitroxin, nitroxin×nano fertilizer, biophosphate×nano fertilizer, and biophosphat×nitroxin×nano fertilizer. Analysis of variance revealed that treatments significantly affected the plant height, fresh and dry weight, essential oil content, and essential oil constituents of dragon’s head. The maximum plant height (35gr) was obtained by applying chemical fertilizer, the highest fresh and dry weight (36.05 gr and 5.09 gr respectively) were found in the treatment with nitroxin×nano fertilizer, and the highest essential oil percentage with an average of 0.57% belonged to the biophosphate×nano fertilizer treatment. Twenty-four compounds were identified in the essential oils of L. iberica, of which the main constituents were limonene, linalool, verbenone, ß-caryophyllene, germacrene-D and β-cubeben. The highest limonene (7%) occurred with the nitroxin×biophosphate; the maximum amount of linalool (17.9%) was obtained by nitroxin×nano fertilizer; maximum percentage of verbenone (8.8%) was found in the treatment with biophosphate×nitroxin×nano fertilizer; the highest percentage of β-caryophyllene (12%) was observed with biophosphate×nano fertilizer; the highest amount of germacrene-D and β-cubeben (15% and 11.5%, respectively) in the essential oil were obtained by application of nano fertilizer. In addition, our results indicated that the combination of nano, nitroxin and biophosphate fertilizers could improve the growth and quality of dragon’s head plants.
F. Ghanepasand; M.R. Haj Seyed Hadi
Abstract
In order to assess the effects of nitrogen fixing bacteria and manure application on yield and essential oil of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), an experiment was carried out at the RAN Research Station in Firouzkouh in 2012. The study was conducted in a 4×4 factorial experiment, arranged in a ...
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In order to assess the effects of nitrogen fixing bacteria and manure application on yield and essential oil of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), an experiment was carried out at the RAN Research Station in Firouzkouh in 2012. The study was conducted in a 4×4 factorial experiment, arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The treatments consisted of 4 levels of manure (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 ton ha-1) and 4 levels of fixing bacteria (Control, Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Azotobacter + Azospirillum). The present results showed that the highest height (48.7 cm), essential oil percentage (0.14 %) and essential oil yield (768.31 g ha-1) were obtained after using 7.5 ton manure ha-1. While, the highest biological yield (1829.16 kg ha-1) and seed yield (556.22 kg ha-1) were obtained by 5 ton manure ha-1. Results of this investigation showed that the maximum plant height (49.61 cm), seed yield (553.41 kg ha-1), harvest index (37.71 %), biological yield (1697.21 kg ha-1) and essential oil yield (664.09 g ha-1) were obtained when Aotobacter+Azospirillum was inoculated with black cumin seeds simultaneously. Combined application of nitrogen fixing bacteria and manure could be helpful in developing of production and yield in Nigella sativa L.
M.A. Kohanmoo; M. Modaresi; Z. Bagheri Kahkesh
Abstract
Heat stress causes morphological, physiological and biochemical changes in plants and affects plant growth. Given the mediator role of plant hormones in heat stress, this research was aimed to study the effect of spraying salicylic acid and jasmonic acid on the morphological and biochemical characters ...
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Heat stress causes morphological, physiological and biochemical changes in plants and affects plant growth. Given the mediator role of plant hormones in heat stress, this research was aimed to study the effect of spraying salicylic acid and jasmonic acid on the morphological and biochemical characters of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L. cv: Bona) under natural heat stress conditions. This experiment was carried out as completely randomized blocks design with 3 replications. Four levels of salicylic acid (0, 12.5, 25, 50 mg.l-1) and four levels of jasmonic acid (0, 1, 1.5, 2 mg.l-1) were applied as treatments. The planting date was set in a way that more stages of plant growth and flowering period faced with heat stress. The morphological traits including plant height, capitol diameter, flower fresh weight, flower dry weight, and biochemical traits including essential oil and chamazulen percentage were studied. The analysis of variance showed that interaction effect of hormone salicylic acid and jasmonic acid on the flower fresh weight and chamazulen percentage was significant. In addition, the effect of jasmonic acid on chamazulen percentage was statistically significant. The best chamazulene percentage was observed in 2 mg.l-1 jasmonic acid treatment under heat stress.
F. Keneshloo; F. Sefidkon; H. Keneshloo; M.A. Alizadeh
Abstract
Anthemis, belonging to Asteraceae family, has 23 native annual species in Iran whose flowers and other organs contain essential oil. To study the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss. essential oil, the seeds were collected from natural habitat in Maraveh Tapeh, ...
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Anthemis, belonging to Asteraceae family, has 23 native annual species in Iran whose flowers and other organs contain essential oil. To study the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss. essential oil, the seeds were collected from natural habitat in Maraveh Tapeh, and planted in the Alborz Research Station. In full flowering stage, samples were prepared from plant flowers, leaves, stems and flowering shoots. After air-drying, the essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. According to the obtained results, the essential oil yield of flowers, leaves, stems, and flowering shoots were calculated to be 0.06, 0.02, 0.06, and 0.06-plant dry weight. Twenty-three components were identified in the leaf essential oil whose main components were β-thujone (27.3%), cadin-4-en-7-ol (cis) (11%), caryophyllene oxide (10%) and β-eudesmol (6.7%). In the stem essential oil, 14 components were identified and Z-β-farnesene (62.4%), lavandulyl and 2-methyl butanoate (12.4%) were the two main components. The three main components identified in the flower essential oil were β-thujone (33.6%), spathulenol (20.3%) and Z-β-farnesene (9.5%). The three main components identified in the flowering shoots were β-thujone (34%), Z-β- farnesene (12.3%) and caryophyllene oxide (12.3%). The results showed that β-thujone as a main component of essential oils ranged from 3% in leaves to 34% in flowering shoots. Our results clearly showed that more essential oil yield could be obtained from the flowering shoots of Anthemis pseudocotula at full flowering stage. As well, the desired parts could be extracted to obtain higher amount of essential oil components for specific objectives.
M.V. Sadeghi Sarvestani; S. Hosseinzadeh; M. Osfoori; V. Rowshan; M. Ghasemi nejad; M. Eghtedari
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum is one of the major causes of bacterial food intoxication especially in the vacuum-packed foods and meat products. Preventing such contamination is a major concern in the food industries. The current study was aimed to investigate the presence of Clostridium botulinum type A in ...
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Clostridium botulinum is one of the major causes of bacterial food intoxication especially in the vacuum-packed foods and meat products. Preventing such contamination is a major concern in the food industries. The current study was aimed to investigate the presence of Clostridium botulinum type A in the traditional dairy products and the possible effects of Teucrium polium L. essential oil(leaf and /or flower) on the growing of microorganism, in vitro. Out of 160 samples of traditionally made kashk and dough, only one sample was isolated (type A) using the selective culture, while, one sample of dough (1.25%) and two cases (3.75%) of kashk were respectively found positive to type A and B of the bacteria, using multiple PCR assay. The major components of the flower extract were: α-Pinene (16.67%) and Valerianol (8.32%), and for the leaf extract: α-Pinene (14.79%), Myrcene (10.9%) and Germacrene (10.44%), were the major components. In order to evaluate the anti-microbial effects of the leaf and flower, 10 µl of each extract was employed using the disc diffusion technique. At 40 and 80 µl/ml essential oil concentrations, the diameters of the growing inhibition zones were 9 and 8 millimeters for the leaf essential oil, and 12 and 8 millimeters for flower essential oil. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of both essential oilwas 160µl/ml. The results of the present study may recommend the use of Teucrium polium L. essential oil as a natural component to reduce and/or to inhibit the growing of Clostridium botulinum, in foodstuffs.
M.A. Soltanipoor; S.M. Hesamzadeh Hejazi; P. Jonoubi; M. Mirza
Abstract
Zhumeria majdae Rech. f. & Wendelbo is the medicinal, endemic, and endangered plant, distributed on very sharp slopes of mountains at an altitude of 520 to 1450 meters a.s.l in the south of Iran. This species is used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders like diarrhea, bloating, abdominal ...
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Zhumeria majdae Rech. f. & Wendelbo is the medicinal, endemic, and endangered plant, distributed on very sharp slopes of mountains at an altitude of 520 to 1450 meters a.s.l in the south of Iran. This species is used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders like diarrhea, bloating, abdominal pain and sour stomach, heartburn, and cold. The mashed fresh leaves are used to improve headaches and wound healing. To study the variation of essential oils of individuals among different populations, the aerial parts of five individuals of Z. majdae were collected at full flowering stage from 11 habitats of Hormozgan province, and then were dried at room temperature. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistilation method using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Results showed that the essential oil yield varied for both different habitats and individuals. The highest and lowest essential oil yields were obtained in the Abmah (5.9%) and Sirmand area (1.9%), respectively. In addition, the highest and lowest essential oil yields were recorded for the second individual from Abmah (7.9%) and the third individual from Sirmand (0.9), respectively. Totally, twenty-five components were identified for the individuals of different habitats. The individuals of a population differed in terms of chemical compositions. Among the existing chemical components in the essential oil of 55 individuals, Linalool (42.4-71.8%), Camphor (17.2-40.9%), Nerol (0.4-5.7%), and Borneol (0.9-4.9%) showed more variation. According to the results of the analysis of chemical data with PCA software, the study individuals of different populations were classified into two groups. A number of 12 individuals, having almost similar values of Linalool and Camphor, were placed in the first group, and the others, whose values of the two major components mentioned above were far from each other, were placed in the second group.
M. Nasseri; Sh. Golmohammadzadeh; H. Aroiee; M.R. Jaafari; H. Neamati
Abstract
In the present study, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were used as carriers of essential oil to overcome the problem of essential oil use (evaporation and degradation of some active components in the presence of air, light, moisture, and high temperatures) and increase the essential oil efficiency for ...
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In the present study, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were used as carriers of essential oil to overcome the problem of essential oil use (evaporation and degradation of some active components in the presence of air, light, moisture, and high temperatures) and increase the essential oil efficiency for controlling Alternaria solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Rhizopus stolonifer. This experiment was tested in vitro on PDA in Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Medical Sciences of Mashhad and Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) whit three replications. Solid lipid nanoparticles containing essential oil at four concentrations of 20, 50, 100, and 200 ml per liter were applied on the potato dextrose agar medium. SLN containing Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil (ZM-SLN) were prepared by high shear homogenization and ultra sound method. The size of SLNs containing essential oil was less than 200 nm, and PdI and ZP were calculated to be 0.483 and -42.6 mv, respectively. The SLNs were spherical in shape. According to the obtained results, the minimum inhibitory concentration of the essential oil for all three fungi was 200 μlL-1. However, the minimum inhibitory concentration of SLN-ZM for Rh. stolonifer and R. solani was 50μlL-1, and for A. solani, it was calculated to be 100μlL-1. Our results clearly showed that SLNs could be suitable carriers for the Zataria multiflora essential oil.
T. Izan; F. Shekari; Y. Nasiri
Abstract
Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is an annual and aromatic plant, which is used in traditional and modern medicine in the treatment of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders. In order to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid on yield and essential ...
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Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is an annual and aromatic plant, which is used in traditional and modern medicine in the treatment of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders. In order to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid on yield and essential oil of Moldavian balm under drought stress conditions, a field experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the Department of Natural Resources and Watershed of Piranshahr City in 2012. The main factor was irrigation at three levels (40, 80 and 120 mm evaporation from pan), and the sub factor was plant spraying with salicylic acid at three levels (0, 0.5 and 1 mM). Results showed that the effect of drought stress on dry yield, thousand seed weight, harvest index of flowering stem, and essential oil yield was significant. Similar results were obtained for the effect of plant spraying with salicylic acid on dry weight and essential oil yield. It should be noted that dry yield and essential oils yield were most affected by drought stress. In addition, the highest values of thousand seed weight and harvest index of flowering stem was related to the irrigation treatment of 120 mm evaporation. The present study results also showed that the interaction effect of two factors studied on essential oil percentage and essential oil harvest index was significant. In this regard, the maximum amount of essential oil and essential oil harvest index belonged to application of 1 mM salicylic acid in irrigation treatment of 120 mm evaporation from pan.
N. Hadi; F. Sefidkon; A. Shojaeiyan; A.A. Jafari
Abstract
The genus Nepeta is one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family, and Iran, particularly, is one of the main centers of origin of this genus. Nepetalactones and flavonoids were reported as major constituents of Nepeta species, and the main cause of their medicinal value and biological properties. ...
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The genus Nepeta is one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family, and Iran, particularly, is one of the main centers of origin of this genus. Nepetalactones and flavonoids were reported as major constituents of Nepeta species, and the main cause of their medicinal value and biological properties. There are lots of reports related to biological activities of secondary metabolites of genus Nepeta showing the importance of this genus. In this work, the essential oil (EO) diversity of 21 wild populations from Nepeta kotschyi Boiss., Iranian endemic species, was investigated. For removing the environmental effect, the seeds of populations were planted in one place. Plant aerial parts were harvested at full flowering stage, and after shade-drying, their EO was extracted by hydrodistillation method. EO was quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed by GC and GC/MS. After botanical study and EO analysis, it was revealed that the populations were from two different varieties. Two populations including buyer-ahmad1 and Buyer-Ahmad2, were from N. kotschyi var. kotschyi, and others were stood in N. kotschyi var. persica. Twenty-four components were characterized in the EO of N. kotschyi. The highest amount of EO yield (w/w) was obtained in populations of var. kotschyi (0.5-0.7%). Three main chemotypes were identified among populations of var. persica based on the main component(s) of EO, including a containing NepI (4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone), b containing NepII (4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone) and cubenol, and c containing geranyl acetate and cubenol. Except of semirom and Taft5 which were stood in b-chemotype, and Taft4 which was placed in c-chemotype, other populations of var. persica, also populations of var. kotschyi, were stood in a-chemotype. In addition, based on the main component of EO, the populations of var. kotschyi were put in a-chemotype. In a-chemotype, the amount of NepI was obtained between %53.9 (Chelgard) and %84.8 (Buyer-Ahmad2), and NepII was measured between %1 (Taft1) and %13.7 (Chelgard). In b-chemotype, the amount of NepI was measured between %0.3 (Taft5) and %4.9 (Semirom), and NepII was obtained between %13.4 (Taft5) and 44.7% (Semirom). NepIII (4aα,7β,7aα-nepetalactone) (1.3-3.3%) was characterized only in the EO of var. Kotschyi populations.
M. Kashiri; Y. Maghsoudlou; M. Khomeiri
Abstract
Antimicrobial active packaging is a novel technology that controls the growth of microorganisms in perishable food products with releasing of active components. In this work, the chemical composition of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil (ZEO) was analyzed by GC/MS. The main components of the essential ...
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Antimicrobial active packaging is a novel technology that controls the growth of microorganisms in perishable food products with releasing of active components. In this work, the chemical composition of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil (ZEO) was analyzed by GC/MS. The main components of the essential were carvacrol (37.22%), thymol (28.44). Active bio composite of zein films, containing 10% essential oils of thyme, were developed. Kinetics release of the active compound is strongly related to food models. The kinetics and extent of carvacrol and thymol mass transport within the packaging components were evaluated by using high performance liquid chromatography from bioactive films zein into simulants (10% ethanol and 3% acetic acid) at 4°C and 37°C. The antibacterial activity of active zein films was evaluated. The results of this studied indicated that the release of the active compound was strongly related to food models. The extent of releasing of carvacrol and thymol after 60 min at 4°C in acid simulant (11.93±1.34 and 1.40±0.06ppm, respectively) was more than that of ethanol simulant (7.60±0.22 and 0.98±0.02ppm, respectively). SEM observations confirmed the influence of food simulants on structure of zein, related to releasing of active components of essential oil into food simulants. The releasing rate of carvacrol and thymol increased with increasing the temperature to 37°C. Active zein film containing 10% ZEO was more stable in ethanol simulant at 4°C. The log reduction value of zein bioactive composite film against Listeria innocua andEscherichia coli were calculated to be 2.75 and 3.07, respectively.
B. Abbaszadeh; F. Zakerian
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of vermicompost, mycorrhiza and semimycorrhiza(Piriformospora indica) on some micro and macro elements of Balm (Melissa officinalis L.), this experiment was conducted in the Alborz research station, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Karaj, Iran, in 2012. ...
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In order to investigate the effect of vermicompost, mycorrhiza and semimycorrhiza(Piriformospora indica) on some micro and macro elements of Balm (Melissa officinalis L.), this experiment was conducted in the Alborz research station, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Karaj, Iran, in 2012. The experiment was conducted as factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Factors included vermicompost at three levels (0, 5 and 10 t/ha), and inoculation with biofertilizers at four levels (control, inoculation with Glomus mosseae+G. intraradices, Piriformospora indica, and Glomus mosseae+G. intraradices+Piriformospora indica). Results indicated that vermicompost and biofertilizer significantly affected the content of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese and cooper (p<0.01). Moreover, vermicompost application significantly affected nitrogen content at pp<0.01). According to mean comparisons of simple effects, the highest content of nitrogen (2.83%) and potassium (1.66%) was obtained from application of 10 t/ha vermicompost. The highest content of phosphorus (0.53%) belonged to the use of mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae+G. intraradices). Mean comparisons of the interaction effects indicated that the highest content of phosphorus was obtained from application of 10 t/ha vermicompost×mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae+G. intraradices). The highest content of calcium (0.77%) was obtained from 5ton/ha vermicompost × non-inoculation. The highest content of magnesium (0.6%) was obtained from the treatments of no vermicompost × mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae+G. intraradices) and 10 t/ha vermicompost×mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae+G. intraradices). The highest amount of iron (925.6ppm) was obtained from the treatment of 5 t/ha vermicompost × mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae+G. intraradices). Results indicated that the use ofmycorrhizae and vermicompost could increase the uptake of most elements in the study species.
D. Rasouli; M. Solouki; B. Fakheri; S. Esmaelzadeh Bahabadi
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the effects of manganese stress and salicylic acid treatments at three different times on activities of antioxidant enzymes, proline, soluble sugars, photosynthetic pigments and essential oils of Mentha piperita L. The research was conducted in a greenhouse at ...
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This study was aimed to investigate the effects of manganese stress and salicylic acid treatments at three different times on activities of antioxidant enzymes, proline, soluble sugars, photosynthetic pigments and essential oils of Mentha piperita L. The research was conducted in a greenhouse at the University of Zabol in 2012-13. A factorial experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Plant samples were harvested at three times in 1, 3 and 5 days after spraying with Mn stress (500µM) and salicylic acid (1mM). The results indicated that manganese stress significantly affected APX and proline content of peppermint leaves during all three times. The content of proline and soluble sugars significantly increased in three times compared to the control treatment under salicylic acid and manganese stress. On the other hand, the Mn stress did not significantly decrease the photosynthetic pigments. In addition, essential oils increased with manganese stress and salicylic acid. This increase was much under salicylic acid treatment. According to the obtained results, increased APX enzyme and proline content were the physiological responses of peppermint against oxidative stress. It was also observed that salicylic acid acted as a powerful growth regulator and caused modification in manganese stress response in Mentha piperita.
