In collaboration with Scientific Association of Iranian Medicinal Plants

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 M.Sc., Department of Natural Resources and Watershed of Piranshahr City, Piranshahr, Iran

2 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran

Abstract

Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is an annual and aromatic plant, which is used in traditional and modern medicine in the treatment of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders. In order to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid on yield and essential oil of Moldavian balm under drought stress conditions, a field experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the Department of Natural Resources and Watershed of Piranshahr City in 2012. The main factor was irrigation at three levels (40, 80 and 120 mm evaporation from pan), and the sub factor was plant spraying with salicylic acid at three levels (0, 0.5 and 1 mM). Results showed that the effect of drought stress on dry yield, thousand seed weight, harvest index of flowering stem, and essential oil yield was significant. Similar results were obtained for the effect of plant spraying with salicylic acid on dry weight and essential oil yield. It should be noted that dry yield and essential oils yield were most affected by drought stress. In addition, the highest values of thousand seed weight and harvest index of flowering stem was related to the irrigation treatment of 120 mm evaporation. The present study results also showed that the interaction effect of two factors studied on essential oil percentage and essential oil harvest index was significant. In this regard, the maximum amount of essential oil and essential oil harvest index belonged to application of 1 mM salicylic acid in irrigation treatment of 120 mm evaporation from pan.

Keywords

- Abd El-Lateef Gharib, F., 2006. Effect of salicylic acid on the growth, metabolic activities and oil content of basil and marjoram. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 8(4): 485-492.
- Abreu, M.E. and Munné-Bosch, S., 2008. Salicylic acid may be involved in the regulation of drought-induced leaf senescence in perennials: A case study in field-grown Salvia officinalis L. plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 64:
105-112.
- Alam, M.M., Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K. and Fujita, M., 2013. Exogenous salicylic acid ameliorates short-term drought stress in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) seedlings by up-regulating the antioxidant defense and glyoxalase system. Journal of Australian Crop Science, 7(7): 1053-1063.
- Alizadeh, A., 2004. Soil, Water, Plant Relationship. Astan Ghoudse Razavi, Mashhad, 470p.
- Alizadeh, O., Majidi, I., Nadian, H., Nour Mohammadi, G. and Ameriean, M., 2007. Effect of water stress and nitrogen rates on yield and components of corn (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 13(3): 427-437.
- Andalibi, B. and Nouri, F., 2014. Effect of cycocel on photosynthetic activity and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology, 22: 91-104.
- Arzandi, B., 2014. The effect of salicylic acid different levels on two Coriandrum sativum varieties under deficit irrigation condition. European Journal of Zoological Research, 3(1): 118-122.
- Aziz, E.E., Hendawi, S.T., Azza, E.E. and Omar, E.A., 2008. Effect of oil type and irrigation intervals on plant growth, essential oil yield and constituents of Thymus vulgaris plant. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 4(4): 443-450.
- Baghizadeh, A., Mahleghah, G., Haj Mohammad Rezaei, M. and Mozafari, H., 2009. Evaluation of interaction effect of drought stress with ascorbate and salicylic acid on some of physiological and biochemical parameters in okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.). Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(4): 380-387.
- Bahari, A.A., Sokhtesaraei, R., Chaghazardi, H.R., Masoudi, F. and Nazari, H., 2015. Effect of water deficit stress and foliar application of salicylic acid on antioxidants enzymes activity in leaves of Thymus daenensis subsp. lancifollius. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova, 17(1): 57-67.
- Bahreini nejad, B., Razmjoo J. and Mirza, M., 2014. Effect of water stress on productivity and essential oil content and composition of Thymus carmanicus. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 17(5):
717-725.
- Bettaieb, I., Zakhama, N., Aidi Wannes, W., Kchouk M.E. and Marzouk, B., 2009. Water deficit effects on Salvia officinalis fatty acids and essential oils composition. Scientia Horticulturae, 120: 271-275.
- Bot, A.J., Nachtergaele, F.O. and Young, A., 2000. Land resource potential and constraints at regional and country levels. World Soil Resources, Reports 90, Land and Water Development Division, FAO, Rome.
- Charles, O., Joly, R. and Simon, J.E., 1990. Effect of osmotic stress on the essential oil content and composition of peppermint. Phytochemistry, 29(9): 2837- 2840.
- Clevenger, J.F. 1928. Apparatus for determination of essential oil. Journal of American Pharmacists Association, 17: 346-349.
- Dastmalchi, K., Dorman, H.G, Laakso, I. and Hiltunen, R., 2007. Chemical composition and antioxidative activity of Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) extracts. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 40(9):1655-1663.
- El-Tayeb, M.A., 2005. Response of barley grain to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regulation, 45: 215-225.
- Farhoudi, R. and Makezadeh tafti, M., 2013. Evalution of drought stress effect on growth, yield, essential oil and chamazulene percentage of three chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) cultivars in Khuzestan condition. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 10(4): 735-741.
- Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi, N., Fujita, D. and Basra, S.M.A., 2009. Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29(1): 185-212.
- Golabadi, M., Arzani, A. and  Mirmohammadi Maibody, S.A.M., 2013. Study of path coefficients analysis for grain yield and yield components in durum wheat under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 2(6): 167-177.
- Gulen, H. and Eris, A., 2004. Effect of heat stress on peroxidase activity and total protein content in strawberry plants. Plant Science, 166: 739-744.
- Hassani, A., 2006. Effect of water deficit stress on growth, yield and essential oil content of Dracocephalum moldavica. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 22(3): 256-261.
- Hayat, Q., Hayat, S., Irfan, M. and Ahmad, A., 2010. Effect of Exogenous Salicylic Acid under Changing Environment: A review. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 68: 14-25.
- Heidari, M. and Jahantighi H., 2012. Effect of water stress and amount of nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield, yield components, essential oils and thymoquinone content in Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 5(1): 33-40.
- Heidari, N., Pouryousef, M., Tavakkoli, A. and Saba, J., 2012. Effect of drought stress and harvesting date on yield and essential oil production of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 28(1): 121-130.
- Hesami, S., Nabizadeh, E., Rahimi, A. and Rokhzadi, A., 2012. Effects of salicylic acid levels and irrigation intervals on growth and yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) in field conditions. Environmental and Experimental Biology, 10:
113-116.
- Hirasawa, T. and Hsiao, T.C., 1999. Some characteristics of reduced leaf photosynthesis at midday in maize growing in the field. Field Crops Research, 62: 53-62.
- Kadioglu, A., Saruhan, N., Salam, A., Terzi, R. and Acet, T., 2011. Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates effects of long term drought stress and delays leaf rolling by inducing antioxidant system. Plant Growth Regulation, 64(1): 27-37.
- Kafee, M., Zand, E., Kamkar, B., Shareefee, H.R. and Goldanee, M., 2000. Plant Physiology (Translated). Jahad-e Daneshgahi Mashhad, Mashhad, 379p.
- Khan, M.I.R., Syeed, S., Nazar, R. and Anjum, N.A., 2012. An insight into the role of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in salt stress tolerance: 277-300. In: Khan, N.A., Nazar, R., Iqbal, N. and Anjum, N.A., (Eds.). Phytohormones and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants. Springer, New York, 308p.
- Khan, W., Prithiviraj, B. and Smith, D.L., 2003. Photosynthetic responses of corn and soybean to foliar application of salicylates. Journal of Plant Physiology, 160: 485-492.
- Khorasaninejad, S., Mousavi, A., Soltanloo, H., Hemmati, K. and Khalighi, A., 2011. The effect of drought stress on growth parameters, essential oil yield and constituent of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(22): 5360-5365.
- Krantev, A., Yordanova, R., Janda, T., Szalai, G. and Popova, L., 2008. Treatment with salicylic acid decreases the effect of cadmium on photosynthesis in maize plants. Journal of Plant Physiology, 165(9): 920-931.
- Malamy, J., Carr, J.P., Klessig, D.F. and Raskin, I., 1990. Salicylic acid: a likely endogenous signal in the resistance response of tobacco to viral infection. Science, 250(4983): 1002-1004.
- Martínez-Vázquez, M., Estrada-Reyes, R., Martínez-Laurrabaquio, A., López-Rubalcava, C. and Heinze, G., 2012. Neuropharmacological study of Dracocephalum moldavica L. (Lamiaceae) in mice: Sedative effect and chemical analysis of an aqueous extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 141: 908-917.
- Moradi Marjane, E. and Goldani, M., 2011. Evaluation of different salicylic acid levels on some growth characteristics of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) under limited irrigation. Journal of Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 4(1): 33-45.
- Munne-Bous, S., Jubany-Mar, T. and Alegre, L., 2001. Drought-induced senescence is characterized by a loss of antioxidant defenses in chloroplasts. Plant, Cell and Environment, 24: 1319-1327.
- Naderi, M.R., Noor-mohammadi, G., Majidi heravan, E., Darvish, F., Shirani-Rad, A.H. and Madani, A., 2005. Evaluation of summer safflower reaction to different intensities of drought stress at Isfahan region, Iran. Journal of Crop Sciences, 7(3): 212-225.
- Omidbaigi, R., 2011. Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants (Vol. 2). Astan Quds Razavi Publication (Behnashr Company), 348p.
- Petropoulos, S.A., Dimitra, D., Polissiou, M.G. and Passam, H.C., 2008. The effect of water deficit stress on the growth, yield and composition of essential oils of parsley. Scientia Horticulturae, 115: 393-397.
- Pirzad, A., Alyari, H., Shakiba, M.R., Zehtab-Salmasi, S. and Mohammadi, A., 2006. Essential oil content and composition of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) at different irrigation regimes. Journal of Agronomy, 5(3): 451-455.
- Pirzad, A., Fayyaz Moghaddam, A., Razban M. and Raei, Y., 2012. The evaluation of dried flower and essential oil and harvest index of Matricaria chamomilla L. under varying irrigation regimes and amounts of super absorption polymer (A200). Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science, 22(3): 85-99.
- Rahimi, A.R., Mashayekhi, K., Hemmati, K. and Dordipour, E., 2009. Effect of salicylic acid and mineral nutrition on fruit yield and yield components of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Journal of Plant Production, 16(4): 149-156.
- Rampino, P., Spano, G., Pataleo, S., Mita, G., Napier, J.A., Di Fonzo, N., Shewry, P.R. and Perrotta, C., 2006. Molecular analysis of a durum wheat stay green mutant: Expression pattern of photosynthesis-related genes. Journal of Cereal Scienc, 43: 160-168.
- Ramroudi, M. and Khomr, A., 2013. Interaction effects of salicylic acid spraying and different irrigation levels on some quantity and quality traits, and osmoregulators in basil (Ocimum basilicum). Journal of Applied Research of Plant Ecophysiology, 1(1): 19-31.
- Raskin, I., 1992. Role of salicylic acid in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 43: 439-463.
- Rizopoulou, S. and Diamantoglon, S., 1991. Water stress, induced diurnal variation in leaf water relation stomatal conductance, soluble sugar, lipids and essential oil content of Origanum majorana. Journal of Horticultural Science, 66: 119-125.
- Rowshan, V., Khosh Khoi, M. and Javidnia, K., 2010. Effects of salicylic acid on quality and quantity of essential oil components in Salvia macrosiphon. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 4(11): 77-82.
- Saljooghian Pour, M. and Ebrahimi, A., 2014. Investigation of qualitative and quantitative effects of drought and salinity stress on the pennyroyal plant. International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 2(4): 98-104.
- Sani, B. and Aliabadi Farahani, H., 2010. Effect of P2O5 on coriander induced by AMF under water deficit stress. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment, 2(4): 52-58.
- Sawada, H., Shim, I.S. and Usui, K., 2006. Induction of benzoic acid 2-hydroxilase and salicylic acid biosynthesis-modulation by salt stress factor in wheat in rice seedling. Journal of Plant Science, 171(2): 263-270.
- Senaranta, T., Teuchela, D., Bumm, E. and Dixon, K., 2000. Acetyle salicylic acid (aspirin) and salicylic acid induce multiple stress tolerance in bean and tomato plants. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 30: 157-161.
- Shabanzadeh, S. and Galavi, M., 2011. Effect of micronutrients foliar application and irrigation regimes on agronomic traits and yield of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). Journal of Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 4(1): 1-9.
- Shakirova, M.F., Sakhabutdinova, A.R., Bezrukova, M.V., Fatkhutdinova, R.A. and Fatkhutdinova, D.R., 2003. Change in the hormonal status of wheat seedling induced by salicylic acid and salinity. Plant Science, 164(3): 317-322.
- Sheng Zhou, Z., Guo, K., Abdou Elbaz, A. and Min Yang, Z., 2009. Salicylic acid alleviates mercury toxicity by preventing oxidative stress in roots of Medicago sativa. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 65(1): 27-34.
- Zeng, Q., Jin., H.Z., Qin, J.J., Fu, J.J., Hu, X.J., Liu, J.H., Yan, L., Chen, M. and Zhang, W.D., 2010. Chemical constituents of plants from the genus Dracocephalum. Chemistry and Bioviversity, 7(8): 1919-1929.
- Zobayed, S.M.A., Afreen, F. and Kozai, T., 2007. Phytochemical and physiological changes in the leaves of St. John’s wort plants under a water stress condition. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59(2): 109-116.