Volume 27, Issue 2 , July 2011
A. Salehi; A. Ghalavand; F. Sefidkon; A. Asgharzade
Abstract
In order to study the effects of zeolite, bio and organic fertilizers on N, P, K concentration, essential oil content and yield in organic cultivation of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), a factorial experiment in randomized complete blocks design with twelve treatments and three replications ...
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In order to study the effects of zeolite, bio and organic fertilizers on N, P, K concentration, essential oil content and yield in organic cultivation of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), a factorial experiment in randomized complete blocks design with twelve treatments and three replications was conducted in the faculty of agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, 2005. The factors were PGPR inoculums (inoculated and no inoculated), zeolite (0 and 9 tons/ha) and vermicompost (0, 5, 10 tons/ha). Results showed that the highest concentration of N, P and K in plant, essential oil content and yield were obtained with PGPR inoculums. Zeolite also showed significant effects on the mentioned traits except P concentration. With application of zeolite 9 ton/ha, essential oil content, essential oil yield, N and K concentration were increased. Essential oil content, essential oil yield, N, P and K concentration were also increased with increasing of vermicompost levels as the highest values were obtained with application of 10 ton/ha vermicompost. There was positive and synergistic interaction between PGPR inoculums and vermicompost on N concentration as the highest and lowest N concentration percentage in herb were obtained in treatments of V3B2 (1.48) and V1B1 (1.12), respectively. According to the results, it appears that application of 10 tons vermicompost, inoculation with PGPR and 9 tons zeolite was the best treatment in production of German chamomile essential oil yield in organic system.
A. Taghizadeh Saroukolai; S. Moharramipour
Abstract
Nowadays, application of plant essential oils has been highly considered as an alternative for synthetic insecticides especially in stored-product pests. Stored products such as beans are attacked by different stored-product insects. Among them, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) is one of the most important ...
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Nowadays, application of plant essential oils has been highly considered as an alternative for synthetic insecticides especially in stored-product pests. Stored products such as beans are attacked by different stored-product insects. Among them, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) is one of the most important pests of legumes. In this research, oviposition deterrence and persistence of essential oils of Thymus persicus (Roniger ex Reach F.) and Prangos acaulis (Dc.) Bornm were tested on C. maculatus at 27 ± 1 0C and 60 ± 5% R.H. under dark condition. Oviposition deterrence was assessed at 6 concentrations from 360 to 7140 ppm and with five replications. Results showed that oviposition deterrence of both essential oils were increased with increase of oil concentration and higher deterrence was significantly recorded in P. acaulis. LT50 values showed that the speed of mortality in P. acaulis was significantly faster than that of T. persicus. The respiratory toxicity of T. persicus essential oil on C. maculates was more stable than that of P. acaulis.
M. Nabaei; P. Roshandel; A. Mohammadkhani
Abstract
Rheum ribes is a plant species in Polygonaceae family which grows in Iran and is considered as a valuable medicinal species in traditional medicine. Rheum ribes seeds hardly germinate because of seed dormancy and may cause difficulties for its massive industrial cultivations. This study was performed ...
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Rheum ribes is a plant species in Polygonaceae family which grows in Iran and is considered as a valuable medicinal species in traditional medicine. Rheum ribes seeds hardly germinate because of seed dormancy and may cause difficulties for its massive industrial cultivations. This study was performed to determine the best treatment for seed dormancy breaking. To achieve this goal, several treatments were applied comprising: Hot water (70 and 90 ˚C) for 15 minutes, moist chilling (at 2 ˚C) for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days, sulfuric acid 75% (5 and 15 minutes), KNO3 (0.2%), gibberellic acid, kinetin, auxin (100, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm) and 24-epibrassinolid (0.5 and 1 ppm), for 24 and 48 h washing (for 24 and 48 h), and finally a combined treatment of gibberellic acid (500 ppm) and chilling at 2 ˚C for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days. According to the results, seed dormancy in Rheum ribes is physiological since the highest germination percentage (96%) was obtained by using the combined treatment of gibberellic acid (500 ppm) and pre-chilling (for 25 days). In addition, the effect of moist chilling treatment –by itself- on breaking seed dormancy was remarkable in this plant as germination increased up to 89%. Effects of hormones were also statistically significant on increasing seed germination but compared with the salient effect of combined chilling and gibberellic acid treatment was not so remarkable. On the other hand, other applied treatments had no effects on breaking seed dormancy in Rheum ribes which indicates that the type of seed dormancy in Rheum ribes is not physical or due to the accumulation of inhibitory substance in seed coat.
G. Moravvej; Z. Of-Shahraki; M. Azizi-Arani
Abstract
Over the past few decades, many investigations have been conducted on different plant products in order to obtain safer and more effective alternatives rather than chemical insecticides for controlling stored-product insects. In the present study, the contact toxicities and repellent effects of the essential ...
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Over the past few decades, many investigations have been conducted on different plant products in order to obtain safer and more effective alternatives rather than chemical insecticides for controlling stored-product insects. In the present study, the contact toxicities and repellent effects of the essential oils from two spices including cardamom (Elletaria cardamomum) and black caraway (Bunium persicum) were examined on the adults of rust-red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). The bioassays were performed at 30 ± 1°C, 60 ± 5% RH and darkness. The results of the contact bioassays showed that males and females mortality was increased with increase of essential oil concentration. The males were more sensitive to oils than the females. Based on the 24h LC50 values, the highest contact toxicity was related to B. persicum oil against males (0.25 μl.cm-2) and the lowest toxicity was recorded for E. cardamomum oil against females (0.91 μl.cm-2). Results of the repellency experiments indicated that for obtaining about 70-80% repellency, higher concentrations (3-4 times) of E. cardamomum oil were needed compared to B. persicum oil. Repellent effect of the oils increased on both insect sexes with increase of oil concentration. According to the results, the essential oils of B. persicum and E. cardamomum are sources of biologically active vapor that can be used in protection of stored grains against rust-red flour beetles.
F. Najafi; Z. Tavakkoli
Abstract
In the present study, essential oil composition and antibacterial effects of Ziziphora tenuior in Hesarak (Karaj) and Venarch (Qom) were studied and compared. The aerial parts of plants were collected at full flowering stage and essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by capillary ...
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In the present study, essential oil composition and antibacterial effects of Ziziphora tenuior in Hesarak (Karaj) and Venarch (Qom) were studied and compared. The aerial parts of plants were collected at full flowering stage and essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. Thirteen and sixteen compounds were identified in essential oils of plants in Hesarak and Venarch respectively. In both regions, the highest content was recorded for pulegone (85 to 87 %) and no significant differences were observed. Limonene in plants of Hesarak (5.1%) were more than that of Venarch(3.64 %). Ethanol extracts of the plants in Hesarak significantly showed an effective controlling and antimicrobial effect against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus compared with plants of Venarch. Concentrations of Mn, Fe and Ni in soil of Venarch (2766.67, 40333, 0.384 ppm respectively) were higher than that of Hesarak (558.33, 28600, 12.25 ppm respectively), however, soluble manganese and iron contents in soil of Hesarak (6.53 and 4 ppm respectively) were higher than that of soil of Venarch (4.6 and 1.9 ppm respectively). Since concentration of Mn, Fe and Ni in aerial parts and roots of the studied plant in Hesarak and Venarch showed significant difference, antibacterial activity of the plants in both regions is also different. According to the results and with regard to the changes in elements concentration of the soil, essential oil composition and antibacterial effects of Ziziphora tenuior are affected by elements content in soil.
M. Naderi Hajibagher kandi; F. Sefidkon; A. Azizi; M.R. Pourheravi
Abstract
Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) is an evergreen shrub widely distributed in the Mediterranean area and Southern Europe. Laurus nobilis is widely found in north of Iran and other places and its cultivation has been common due to evergreen leaves and beautiful appearance. Due to the relationship between ...
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Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) is an evergreen shrub widely distributed in the Mediterranean area and Southern Europe. Laurus nobilis is widely found in north of Iran and other places and its cultivation has been common due to evergreen leaves and beautiful appearance. Due to the relationship between distillation time and oil yield and composition, doing research on optimum distillation time to obtain the best quality and quantity of essential oils with the lowest energy consumption has been always considered by scientists. In this study, the effect of different extraction times including 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 minutes on the essential oils content and composition of Laurus nobilis leaves was investigated. The leaves of laurus nobilis were collected in July 2009 from National Botanical Garden of Iran in Tehran, and dried in shade. The essential oil of leaves was extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The leaf oil yield based on dry weight in 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 minutes were respectively 1.35%, 1.92%, 1.97%, 2%, 2.37%, 2.49%, 2.58% and 2.60%. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in oil yield of 90, 105 and 120 minutes extraction times. According to the results, with a view to quantity, 90 minutes was identified as the best extraction time for essential oil extraction in laurus nobilis. 1, 8-cineole and sabinene were identified as the major components of the leaf oil respectively within 15 minutes and after 45 minutes. α-terpinyl acetate remained constant in all extraction times.
R. Bagheri; M.J. Arjomand Tajadini
Abstract
Some plants have negative effects on growth of the adjacent plants through excretion chemical compounds known as allelopathy. In order to cultivate Thymus caramanicus and Amygdalus scoparia (Agroforestry), this research was performed under laboratory conditions to determine the allelopathic effects of ...
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Some plants have negative effects on growth of the adjacent plants through excretion chemical compounds known as allelopathy. In order to cultivate Thymus caramanicus and Amygdalus scoparia (Agroforestry), this research was performed under laboratory conditions to determine the allelopathic effects of aerial extracts of Thymus caramanicus on some vegetative traits of Amygdalus scoparia in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The results showed that different water extract concentrations of aerial parts of Thymus caramanicus had no significant effects on fresh and dry weights of underground parts of Amygdalus scoparia. However, germination percentage and fresh aerial weight were negatively affected at 50 and 100 gr/lit respectively. For other vegetative traits (germination rate, radicle length and aerial dry weight), 25 gr/lit was identified as the start of allelopathic effect. Since a threshold of allelopathic effect of Thymus caramanicus on different traits of Amygdalus scoparia was identified in this research, investigation on the same under natural conditions and different phonological stages is recommended.
H. Amiri; H. Lari Yazdi; A. Esmaeili; F. Samsamnia; D. Eghbali; Gh. Viskarami; B. Dosti; E. Noormohamadi
Abstract
Scrophularia striata Boiss belongs to Scrophulariaceae family which contains 5 species in the flora of Iran. Its local name in Lorestan province is Teshne Daro. S. striata was collected from northwest mountains of Kuh-dasht in Lorestan province, Iran. The collected plant materials were dried in shade ...
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Scrophularia striata Boiss belongs to Scrophulariaceae family which contains 5 species in the flora of Iran. Its local name in Lorestan province is Teshne Daro. S. striata was collected from northwest mountains of Kuh-dasht in Lorestan province, Iran. The collected plant materials were dried in shade and subjected to hydro distillation using a Clevenger apparatus. The oil was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The anatomical studies were carried out using distaining method with brown Bismarck and methyl green. GC and GC/MS analysis of the essential oil resulted in the identification of 34 compounds, representing 90.3% of the oil. Major constituents isolated from the essential oil of Scrophularia striata were linalool (18.3%), 6, 10, 14-trimethylpentadecane-2-one (8.4%), dibutyl phthalate (6.9%) and β-damascone (5.9%). The anatomical studies showed that, oil-secreting idioblasts and terpenoides were observed in cortex region.
M.K. Soltani Gerdfaramarzi; H. Omidi; H. Habibi; M.H. Lebaschy; A. Zarezadeh
Abstract
For assigning of drought stress and glycine betaine effects on yield, yield components and essential oil in German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) genotypes,a field experiment was conducted in the Field of the Agricultural Educational Center of Yazd in 2008-2009 Cropping season. The experiment was ...
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For assigning of drought stress and glycine betaine effects on yield, yield components and essential oil in German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) genotypes,a field experiment was conducted in the Field of the Agricultural Educational Center of Yazd in 2008-2009 Cropping season. The experiment was established as a randomized complete blocks design using a split plot factorial with 4 replication arrangement and three factors including drought stress at three levels (irrigation at 60, 120, 180 mm evaporation pan class A) in main plots and factorial combination of Glycine betaine (no foliar application, 2, 4 kg/ha foliar application) and cultivars (Isfahan mass and Hungary breed seed) in subplot. Plant height, plant flower number, dry flower yield and relative water content were measured. Results showed there are indirect relations between drought stresses and plant height, plant flower number, dry flower yield and relative water content. Also results showed that 2 kg/ha foliar application of Glycine betaine was better than others and there are no significant different between cultivars.
S. Dastborhan; S. Zehtab-Salmasi; S. Nasrollahzadeh; A.R. Tavassoli
Abstract
In order to study the effects of biofertilizers and different amount of nitrogen fertilizer on flower yield, essential oil and nitrogen use efficiency in German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), a factorial experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications was performed ...
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In order to study the effects of biofertilizers and different amount of nitrogen fertilizer on flower yield, essential oil and nitrogen use efficiency in German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), a factorial experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications was performed in 2008 at the agricultural research farm of the University of Tabriz. Experimental factors were: inoculation with bacteria (B0: no-inoculation, B1: inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum, B2: inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum and B3: inoculation with a mixture of two bacteria) and nitrogen fertilizer (N0: 0, N1: 50, N2: 100 and N3: 150 kg N/ha). The results showed that application of different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased flower yield and essential oil when compared with control. However, there were no significant differences among application of 50, 100 and 150 kgN/ha. Although flower yield and essential oil of the plants inoculated with bacteria were higher than that of control treatment (B0), these differences were not significant. Combination of inoculation with bacteria and nitrogen fertilizer was significant. Following the inoculation with Azotobacter, mean essential oil percentage significantly decreased with increasing use of nitrogen fertilizer while in other levels of inoculation, different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer had no significant effects on mean essential oil percentage. In all inoculation levels, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) declined with increasing amounts of nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen use efficiency increased in response to inoculation with bacteria (except inoculation with Azotobacter and application of 50 kg N/ha) compared to the control treatment. According to the results, application of 50 kg N/ha and inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, leads to optimal performance and the highest NUE in German chamomile.
Z. Moghadassi; M. Emtyazjoo; M. Rabanie; M. Emtyazjoo; F. Labibie; E. Azarghashb; N. Mosaffa
Abstract
Aquatic plants have been used prevalently in China since 3000 years ago due to having various chemical compounds for diseases prevention and cure. Dunaliella salina is one of the micro algae in marine ecosystems containing beta-carotene, retinal, apocarotenoides, ketones, aldehydes and epoxides which ...
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Aquatic plants have been used prevalently in China since 3000 years ago due to having various chemical compounds for diseases prevention and cure. Dunaliella salina is one of the micro algae in marine ecosystems containing beta-carotene, retinal, apocarotenoides, ketones, aldehydes and epoxides which enable it to absorb free radicals and produce singlet oxygen. In many studies, the anti-cancer and anti-oxidant effects of these chemical compounds have been confirmed. In this study, squamous cell skin cancer was used. The main goal of this research was to study the killing effects of the ethanol extract from the mentioned alga against Squamous cell carcinoma in vitro through using tetrazolium salt under in vitro conditions. Dunaliella Salina was collected from Hoz-Soltan Salt Lake located in the northeast of Qom. Algae were cultured on Johnson Medium. Algae mass were purified with PBS and then freeze dried. A431 cell line obtained from Pasteur Institution was cultured in RPMI medium containing FBS 10%. Cells were incubated with 5% CO2 in presence of different concentrations 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/ml of extracts in time periods of 6, 24, and 48 hours. Results of the statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference among various extract concentrations on death cells in 24 h and 48 h incubation (P < 0.05). Lc50 of different concentrations of extract against skin carcinoma cell line were evaluated in incubation period of 6, 24, and 48 hours. Lc50 results after 48 hours showed value of 46.6 6 μg/ml. The ethanol extract of Dunaliella algae was analyzed by HPLC in order to evaluate the available beta carotene in algae. Our results confirm the killing effect of ethanol extract of Dunaliella against line Squamous cell carcinoma. With increasing extract concentration and incubation time, death of cells on the skin cancer cell line increased. Therefore, Dunaliella can be considered as a strong chemopreventive agent and anti cancer against this cell line.
M. Omidi; B. Behjat Sasan; M.R. Naghavi; S. Kalate Jari; A.R. Etminan
Abstract
Taxus baccata L. is an endangered forest tree species. Taxol is recognized as a highly effective anticancer drug. It is mainly extracted from the bark and needles of taxus. A factorial experiment was carried out on the base of completely randomized design to find the best combination of media, explants ...
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Taxus baccata L. is an endangered forest tree species. Taxol is recognized as a highly effective anticancer drug. It is mainly extracted from the bark and needles of taxus. A factorial experiment was carried out on the base of completely randomized design to find the best combination of media, explants and plant regulators for callus induction in order to produce biomass taxol. In this research three factors were used as follows: MS medium and 4-modified MS media, which differ in salts and nitrogen construction and glutamine, two plant regulators (NAA, 2, 4-D and Kin), and two explants (stem and leaf). Following two months of callus, the tissue was transferred to ½ MS supplemented with 0.4 mg/l 2, 4-D+ 3mg/l Kin. The maximum percentage of callus induction (96.97%) was obtained from stem segments on ½ MS (475 mg/l KNO3, 412.5 mg/l NH4NO3) medium in combination with glutamine (100 mg/l) and containing 2,4-D (1mg/l) + Kin (1mg/l). The best response (80.67 mm2) was observed from leaf on ½ MS in combination with glutamine (100 mg/l) and containing NAA (2mg/l)+ Kin (0.2 mg/l) for callus size. Stem callus showed meristematic cells. According to the results, glutamine showed significant effects on callus induction and growth. The effect of low concentrations of growth regulators on callus induction and callus size was also more than that of high concentrations of growth regulators.
M. Bahrami; F. Shariatmadari; M.A. Karimi Torshizi
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dietary extract of thyme and peppermint and vitamin E on layer immunie system and performance in heat stress condition and content of peroxidation egg during storage. One hundred fourty-four Lohmann strain light hens (26 weeks) allocated to four treatments ...
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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dietary extract of thyme and peppermint and vitamin E on layer immunie system and performance in heat stress condition and content of peroxidation egg during storage. One hundred fourty-four Lohmann strain light hens (26 weeks) allocated to four treatments with 3 replications and 6 birds in each replication. Experiment treatments applied included control, thyme, peppermint and vitamin E (200 PPM)) that were hold in two different house temperature (normal and cyclic temperature). Plant extract administrated via drinking water were 1% for normal and 0.6% for warm house. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined in fresh and stored eggs for 14 days at different holding temperature (4*c and 23-27*c). Prior to and 14 days after vaccination against Newcastle disease (Lasota) blood samples were collected to evaluate the birds immune responses. To determinate of effects of factors against sheep red blood cell (SRBC) at 42nd and 47th days of experiment antigen were injected. Vitamin E induced antibody against Newcastle vaccination in layers kept at normal temperature (P0.05). Produced antibody amount was increased against NV after vaccination (P>0.05). Antibody titration was not affected by house temperature. Experiment treatment depressed egg MDA (P<0.05). MDA level in fresh egg yolk and those hold at 4*c were reduced by vitamin E, mint and thyme to the extend that in vitamine E group was lowest of all
A. Nematian; F. Ghoushchi; A. Farnia; A Ariapour; M. Mashhadi Akbar Boujar
Abstract
Aloe vera gel and extract has been used in cosmetics and medicine since ancient times. Aloe vera gel has numerous biological and physiological properties including treatment of burns and skin wounds, anti wrinkle effect, stopping the growth of some bacteria and parasites, resistance against chemical ...
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Aloe vera gel and extract has been used in cosmetics and medicine since ancient times. Aloe vera gel has numerous biological and physiological properties including treatment of burns and skin wounds, anti wrinkle effect, stopping the growth of some bacteria and parasites, resistance against chemical synthesis due to the presence of Antrakinon compounds and stopping AIDS virus activity. In order to study the effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer on the active ingredients (Aloenin, barbaloin, and Maleic acid) in the medicinal plant Aloe vera L., an experiment was done in Mazandaran, Noshahr in 2009. The experiment was performed as factorial on the basis of randomized complete blocks design in three replications. Nitrogen treatment (urea fertilizer, 46% net nitrogen) was in three levels of 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha and density treatment was in three levels of 2, 4 and 6 plant/m². After extracting the gel from Aloe barbadensis leaf, the amounts of effective material (Aloenin, Barbaloin and Maleic acid) were evaluated by High Performance (Pressure) Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The highest amount of the active substances and maleic acid obtained from the treatment of 150kg/ha and density of 4 plants /m2 was as follows respectively: 1133/3µg/g aloenin, 429/3 µg/g barbaloin and 312 g/100g maleic acid.
K. Jaimand; M.B. Rezaee; S.R. Tabaei Aghdaei; M. Nadery Hajibagher Kandy; S. Meshkizadeh
Abstract
In this study, tannin was extracted from rose water, wastewater and petal residue of Rosa damascena Mill. Twenty one accessions collected from different provinces of Iran and cultivated in the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands were sampled for extraction. Then, each sample of essential oil, ...
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In this study, tannin was extracted from rose water, wastewater and petal residue of Rosa damascena Mill. Twenty one accessions collected from different provinces of Iran and cultivated in the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands were sampled for extraction. Then, each sample of essential oil, rose water, wastewater and petal residue were prepared. The amount of tannin in the samples was measured by colorimetric method and spectrophotometer apparatus (Model 340 Hitachi) at 760 nm. The highest amount of tannin in rose water, wastewater and petal residue was respectively obtained from Khuzistan and Ilam (2163 ppm), Qom (1846 ppm), and Gillan (1432 ppm) accessions for rose water, Zanjan (1919 ppm), Mazandaran (1895 ppm) Qom, Gilan, Lorestan and Isfahan (1871 ppm) accessions for wastewater, and Yazd (3432 ppm), Sistan and Baluchestan (3139 ppm) and Kohgiluyeh-Boyer Ahmad (2993 ppm) accessions for petal residual. According to the results, it is recommended to extract tannin from samples used in rose water production. In other words, this will be economically useful for rose water traditional producers.
