Biotechnology
Hossein Askari; Amineh Zeinali; Mitra Parsa; mona kashanchi; Reza Azadi Gonbad; Aghdas Banaei; Sanam Safaei-Chaeikar; Ehsan Kahneh; Ali Seraji
Abstract
Background and objectives: Elicitors are used more frequently to promote plant growth and secondary metabolites. One of the main challenges for tea producers is the slow growth and poor quality of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) in tea-growing regions of Iran. In many plants, foliar application ...
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Background and objectives: Elicitors are used more frequently to promote plant growth and secondary metabolites. One of the main challenges for tea producers is the slow growth and poor quality of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) in tea-growing regions of Iran. In many plants, foliar application of chitosan or nano-chitosan (NC) enhances secondary metabolite production. It has a positive impact on plants' physiological and biochemical indicators. This study investigated the impact of nano-chitosan on some biochemical and physiological parameters with and without mineral nutrition (NPK), as well as assessing the quality of green leaves by comparing the relative expression levels of three enzymes involved in the flavonoids pathway in the Kashef cv. tea plant in northern Iran.Methodology: For this, two scenarios were used: four different concentrations of nano chitosan solution (0, 25, 50, and 100 mgL-1) were prepared and combined with NPK (1%-1%-0.5%), and without NPK were prepared. At the Lahijan Tea Research Center in Iran, two experiments were conducted as foliar treatments applied twice at two-week intervals, after the first season's harvest in 2021. Twenty days following the initial foliar treatment, plant sampling was conducted to examine physiological, biochemical, metabolic, and molecular characteristics. The first and second leaves, as well as the buds, were gathered for metabolic and molecular testing. The third and fourth leaves were collected for physiological and biochemical analyses. Chlorophyll content and relative water content were measured in physiological experiments. Protein content and the antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD, and PPO were investigated biochemically. Additionally, metabolic properties were determined using the folin-sio-catheo method as well as HPLC to determine catechins, epigallocatechins, and gallocatechins. Molecular analysis was also performed by examining the relative expression of three critical enzymes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, F3H, DFR, and LAR.Results: The results showed that utilizing NC along with NPK significantly increased the content of total polyphenols in tea compared to the control (without NC and NPK). All treatments reduced catechin content 4- to 6-fold. With an increase in NC concentration, epigallocatechin content increased. Gallocatechin content also revealed a slight increase in 100 mg.L-1 NC concentration. Chlorophyll content indicated a significant difference with a falling trend in treatments with low concentrations of NC; however, a significant difference with a growing trend was seen in treatments with 100 mgL-1 of nano chitosan. In comparison to the control, various NC treatments had similar protein content. Except for the 50 mg.L-1 NC+NPK treatment, there was an apparent significant difference in the SOD enzyme activity in each NC treatment, with a positive trend. With increasing NC concentrations, CAT enzyme activity also rose in various treatments. In treatments with insignificant NC concentrations, PPO enzyme activity significantly decreased. In different treatments, leaf water content rose. Only at a dose of 100 mg.L-1 NC+NPK did the relative expression of the F3H enzyme rise nearly three times compared to the control; in contrast, other treatments had no meaningful effect on relative expression. Different NC+NPK treatments raised DFR relative expression, and 100 mg.L-1 NC demonstrated the highest expression (4 times). Compared to the control, LAR relative expression increased at 0, 50, and 100 mg.L-1 NC and NPK. The treatment without NC and with NPK displayed the highest level of LAR expression, with an expression almost 2.5 times higher than the control.Conclusion: In Kashef cultivar tea plants, chitosan nanoparticles in various concentrations coupled with NPK increased the production of catechin compounds. This effectively reduced oxidative stress and enhanced green tea leaf quality. In addition to addressing oxidative stress, NC may play a practical role in green tea quality. Due to its biodegradable properties, nano chitosan can be used instead of chemicals to improve tea plants' green leaves quality and lower environmental pollution.
Biotechnology
Amin Arjmand; Mohsen Ebrahimi; narges moradi
Abstract
Background and objectives: Althaea genus belongs to the Malvaceae family. Althaea officinalis is the most important species of this genus for medicinal use. Other species, such as A. rosea and A. ficifolia, also have medicinal uses. Different flower organs (flower, fruit, seed, ...
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Background and objectives: Althaea genus belongs to the Malvaceae family. Althaea officinalis is the most important species of this genus for medicinal use. Other species, such as A. rosea and A. ficifolia, also have medicinal uses. Different flower organs (flower, fruit, seed, root, and leaf) of Altheae species have many medicinal uses due to high mucilage, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant properties. This research aims to find the best ecotypes for the investigated phytochemical traits. It also aims to determine the distance and genetic similarity between the studied Altheae species ecotypes. It is intended to be used in various projects.Methodology: The research was carried out in 1401 in the research greenhouse, the agriculture and medicinal plants laboratory, and the genomics laboratory in the Aburihan Faculty of Agricultural Technology (Tehran University) located in Pakdasht city at 51 degrees east longitude and 33 degrees north latitude. It was conducted at 1013 meters above sea level and 36 kilometers southeast of Tehran. In this research, the molecular diversity and phytochemical traits of total phenol content, mucilage content, and antioxidant capacity were investigated in 9 ecotypes of three species of Altheae species. In the phytochemical evaluation, extracts were obtained from the roots by the Soxhlet method. Evaluation of molecular diversity was done after extracting DNA from leaves by the CTAB method using 10 SCoT primers. The quality and quantity of the extracted DNA were evaluated using two methods: a spectrophotometer and horizontal electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel.Results: In the phytochemical evaluation, it was found that in terms of total phenol, the Kermanshah ecotype had the highest value statistically, with 10.67 mg of gallic acid per gram of extract. Regarding the amount of mucilage, the Kermanshah and Kerman ecotypes were ranked first in the same group with 2.86 and 2.77 mg per gram of dry weight, respectively, compared to other ecotypes. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated between phytochemical traits. It was determined that there was a positive and strong relationship between the traits evaluated in the experiment. Evaluation of molecular diversity was done after extracting DNA from leaves by the CTAB method using 10 SCoT primers. A total of 111 bands were formed, and 76 were polymorphic bands. PIC values varied between 0/22 and 34%. The percentage of polymorphism in this research varied between 0/5 and 0/87, and its average was 0/67. The average MI and RP indices were 1/55 and 5/48, respectively. In cluster analysis of molecular data, ecotypes were divided into three groups with 70% similarity. The dendrogram obtained from cluster analysis of ecotypes shows genetic similarity between ecotypes belonging to the same species. It also shows the genetic distance between ecotypes related to different species. The results of decomposition into principal coordinates also confirmed cluster analysis results. In the analysis of molecular variance, it was found that 27% of the variation was within species, and 63% was between species.Conclusion: In the end, it was found that SCoT phytochemical and molecular markers have the necessary efficiency to differentiate different ecotypes of Altheae species. Due to genetic diversity, to improve this plant, the ecotypes examined in this research can be crossed as the initial population and parents.
Biotechnology
Fereshteh Heidargholinezhad; Y. Hamidoghli; V. Ghasemiomran; P. Biparva
Abstract
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, a medicinal plant from Apiaceae family, is known as an endangered species in Iran. This plant has many therapeutic properties, including memory enhancement, anticancer, and treating skin diseases and has also high antioxidant activities. Plant cell and tissue ...
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Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, a medicinal plant from Apiaceae family, is known as an endangered species in Iran. This plant has many therapeutic properties, including memory enhancement, anticancer, and treating skin diseases and has also high antioxidant activities. Plant cell and tissue culture is an important tool in basic studies and has commercial applications. Tissue culture method can be used to breed medicinal plants or change the amount of secondary metabolites. Due to the high value of C. asiatica, in vitro cultivation can be used to produce more of this plant. Optimizing tissue culture is useful for conducting the applied researches and metabolic engineering of different secondary metabolites biosynthetic pathways. The present study was aimed at achieving a suitable protocol for in vitro propagation and determining the appropriate concentrations of growth regulators for micropropagation of this valuable species. The interaction of BAP (0, 1, 2, and 3 mg.l-1) and IBA (0, 0.5, and 1 mg.l-1) was investigated on proliferation of nodal explants in MS medium. Then, rooting of the propagated explants was evaluated using IBA and NAA. The results showed that MS with 2 mg.l-1 BAP and 1 mg.l-1 IBA and MS with 1 mg.l-1 IBA were the best media for proliferation and rooting, respectively.
Biotechnology
A. Shayan; M. Shokrpour; V. Nazeri; M. Babalar; A. Mehrabi
Abstract
Cultivation development of adaptable Thymus daenensis Celak to specific environmental conditions through population improvement requires the creation of a genetic pool rich of superior genotypes and exploitation of this diversity to identify genotypes with high combinability. In this research, to study ...
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Cultivation development of adaptable Thymus daenensis Celak to specific environmental conditions through population improvement requires the creation of a genetic pool rich of superior genotypes and exploitation of this diversity to identify genotypes with high combinability. In this research, to study the genetic diversity and combinability of different T. daenensis ecotypes under salinity, a factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors included salinity stress (0 and 90 mM NaCl) and ecotype (12 half-sib families derived from a polycross between 12 T. daenensis ecotypes). Salinity decreased all the measured traits (except for proline and carotenoids content) significantly compared to the control. The ecotypes differed significantly from each other in terms of length and leaf width, length of lateral branches, aerial parts dry weight, essential oil content, and proline content. Essential oil content and leaf width obtained the highest phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation. General heritability of the studied traits varied from 4.61% (leaf length) to 81.07% (leaf width). The highest general heritability was assigned to leaf width, essential oil content, and aerial parts dry weight. Regarding the higher genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability, and genetic advance of the traits including essential oil content and aerial parts dry weight, these traits could be considered as the most important criteria for the parents selection in the breeding programs of T. daenensis. The results showed that the ecotypes Malayer2, Zagheh, Arak, and Ilam had high combinability in terms of essential oil content. Considering the sufficient genetic diversity observed between the studied ecotypes along with their adequate combinability, it could be recommended to breed T. daenensis through the strategy of improving the population by producing synthetic cultivars for normal (non-stress) and salinity conditions.
Biotechnology
M. Ahmadi-Roshan; G. Karimzadeh; S. Rashidi monfared
Abstract
Satureja bachtiarica Bunge is one of the endemic Satureja species in Iran, which has strong antioxidant and antimicrobial properties as well as economic and medicinal vlaue due to the presence of compounds like carvacrol and thymol in the essential oil and rosmarinic acid and other phenolic acids in ...
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Satureja bachtiarica Bunge is one of the endemic Satureja species in Iran, which has strong antioxidant and antimicrobial properties as well as economic and medicinal vlaue due to the presence of compounds like carvacrol and thymol in the essential oil and rosmarinic acid and other phenolic acids in the extract. In this study, 10 shooting and 8 rooting treatments were used in MS medium to produce clones of this species using micropropagation method. The shooting treatments were a combination of cytokinins (Kin, 2ip, and TDZ) and auxins (IBA and BA) with different concentrations. The rooting treatments were also a combination of different concentrations of auxins (IBA and NAA). The best shooting treatment [IBA (0.01 mg l-1), TDZ (0.05 mg l-1), and 2ip (0.3 mg l-1)] was recognized by examining traits such as number and length of main and secondary shoots, number of leaves, number of lateral active buds, and leaf colour. Number of main and lateral roots were also criteria for the best rooting treatment [IBA (0.5 mg l-1) and NAA (0.5 mg l-1)] selection. Since S. bachtiarica is an allogamous plant and has a high diversity for different traits like metabolites, practical purpose of the present study was mass production of identical individuals for use in breeding programs. This purpose was done by presenting the micropropagation protocol of this valuable plant.
Biotechnology
N. Khaledi; F. Hassani
Abstract
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is rich in phenolic monoterpenes such as thymol and carvacrol. Seed-borne fungi can reduce the quality and quantity of crop and also change the amount and type of secondary metabolites in plants by affecting seed health. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the ...
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Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is rich in phenolic monoterpenes such as thymol and carvacrol. Seed-borne fungi can reduce the quality and quantity of crop and also change the amount and type of secondary metabolites in plants by affecting seed health. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the seed-borne fungi from thyme seed samples and to evaluate the effects of seeds infection on the production and expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of thymol and carvacrol compounds. To identify seed-borne fungi of thyme seed samples collected from fields of Alborz province, sampling was done according to the criteria of the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA). The amount of thymol and carvacrol compounds was measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the expression of TvTPS1, DXR, CYP178, and CYP180 genes was assayed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Six Alternaria brassicicola isolates were identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Analysis of cell wall degrading enzymes activity revealed that cellulase and pectinase were more important than xylanase and chitinase on the pathogenicity and aggressiveness of isolates. Seeds infection by A. brassicicola significantly affected vigor and seed germination indices. The findings of this study showed that the pathogenicity and aggressiveness of A. brassicicola fungal isolates can change the expression level of different genes encoding thymol and carvacrol compounds in seedlings obtained from seed pretreatments with different isolates through different mechanisms including production of extracellular enzymes resulted in increasing (isolates Ab4 and Ab5) and/or decreasing (isolates Ab1, Ab6, Ab2, and Ab3) the production and accumulation of phenolic monoterpenes in thyme seedlings. This is the first report on the identification of seed-borne fungus A. brassicicola from thyme seed samples in Iran and also the role of seeds infection on the production and expression of genes involved in the thymol and carvacrol biosynthesis pathway.
Biotechnology
m. Noruzpuor; n. Zare; R. Asghari Zakaria; P. Sheikhzade
Abstract
Microbial contamination is one of the main challenges and influential factors in the response of explants under in vitro cultures, especially in woody plants where the explants are prepared from natural habitats. In the present study, to investigate the effects of benomyl on microbial contamination and ...
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Microbial contamination is one of the main challenges and influential factors in the response of explants under in vitro cultures, especially in woody plants where the explants are prepared from natural habitats. In the present study, to investigate the effects of benomyl on microbial contamination and growth of Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. node explants, MS containing different concentrations of benomyl (0-2000 mg.L-1) was used. Furthermore, to investigate the interaction of benomyl, basal medium, and hormonal composition on the growth response of explants, different basal media (MS, AN, and WPM) containing IBA (0.1 mg.L-1), cytokinin (Zeatin, BAP, and TDZ, each at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg.L-1), and benomyl (0 and 150 mg.L-1) were studied. The results showed that benomyl in MS medium had no significant effect on the explants contamination, but use of lower benomyl concentrations (400 mg.L-1 or less) could provide better growth conditions. Interaction of treatments significantly affected the percentage of survival and explants foliation. MS contained benomyl showed higher percentage of survival and foliation than MS without benomyl, but in AN and WPM media, the percentage of survival and foliation were significantly decreased in the presence of benomyl. Furthermore, in AN and WPM media contained cytokinin, the presence of benomyl significantly reduced the foliation percentage, while in MS medium, the effect of benomyl was different depending on the concentration and cytokinin type.
Biotechnology
Y. Ghasemi; F. Heidargholinezhad; S. Kelij; M. Imani Rastabi
Abstract
The thornless Black berry (Rubus occidentalis) contains components such as elagic acid, anthocyanin, campherol and salicylic acid. So, it has high antioxidant activity that can inactivate the free radicals and prevent many diseases, such as cancer. Optimization of tissue culture methods for mass production ...
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The thornless Black berry (Rubus occidentalis) contains components such as elagic acid, anthocyanin, campherol and salicylic acid. So, it has high antioxidant activity that can inactivate the free radicals and prevent many diseases, such as cancer. Optimization of tissue culture methods for mass production and gene transfer is very important for blackberry. The present study was aimed at determining the effects of different plant growth regulators concentrations on regeneration and rooting and the effects of different concentrations of sucrose on rooting of thornless black berry (Rubus occidentalis L.) under in vitro conditions. Interaction of BA (0.2, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg.L-1) and IBA (0 and 0.1 mg.L-1) was investigated on lateral bud explants regeneration. In the rooting stage, the effects of IBA and NAA each at four levels of 0.2, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 mg.L-1 as well as sucrose at four levels of 1, 1.5, 3, and 4.5% were studied. BA (1 and 1.5 mg.L-1) + IBA (0.1 mg.L-1) was the best regeneration treatment (regeneration: 100%, number of shoots: 4.6, and shoot length: 1.30 cm). The results indicated that the best rooting medium contained NAA (0.75 mg.L-1) and sucrose 3 and 4.5% (rooting: 100%, number of roots: 7.5, and root length: 2.88 cm).
Biotechnology
M. Yahyazadeh; N. Hadi; Z. Shirazi; K. Jaimand; Kh. Karimzadeh Asl; M. Makizadeh Tafti; S. Fekri Qomi; M. Rahimifard; M. Gorji; F. Askari; Z. Behrad; D. Selmar
Abstract
Plants are the main sources of secondary metabolites with high medical value. The most important member of these valuable compounds are alkaloids with the different drug purposes. Concerning the limited production of some of these metabolites in the plants, these medicinal compounds can be produced naturally ...
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Plants are the main sources of secondary metabolites with high medical value. The most important member of these valuable compounds are alkaloids with the different drug purposes. Concerning the limited production of some of these metabolites in the plants, these medicinal compounds can be produced naturally and commercially with the identification and transfer of alkaloids-producing enzymes corresponding plant genes to the microorganisms as an alternative method. In this way, the characterization of the corresponding genes is the first step. Among the different enzymes involved in the alkaloid biosynthesis, the cytochrome P450 enzymes play an important role. Due to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localization of these enzymes and their glycoprotein characters, they cannot be expressed functionally in the standard bacterial systems. Consequently, the heterologous expression aimed to verify the enzymatic activity can favorably be performed using the eukaryotic systems, like yeast or insect cells. Herein, in this study, with employing a phylogenic comparison of cheilanthifoline synthase sequence of Eschscholzia californica Cham. and comparing the sequence with the homolog amino acid sequences of Chelidonium majus L. achieved from bioinformatics databases, six cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for cheilanthifoline synthase in Ch. majus were identified. To prove the efficacy of these enzymes practically, their genes were cloned into the pPIC3.5 vector. Then, these recombinant vectors were transferred to the yeast cell (Pichia pastoris) and the scoulerine alkaloid was given to its media. Finally, the cheilanthifoline alkaloid microbial production by P. pastoris containing the recombinant plasmids was evaluated by LC-MS. The results of the present study indicated that among the enzymes genes cloned and introduced to the yeast host, only the Contig8931 enzyme had the cheilanthifoline synthase activity.
Biotechnology
R. Saadati; A. Sattarian; A. Daneshvar; E. Amini; F. Nasrollahi
Abstract
DNA barcoding technique is a useful tool for the identification of plant and animal species using a short and standard sequence of the genome. In the present study, this method was used to identify four plant species including Calendula persica C.A.Mey., Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Satureja mutica ...
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DNA barcoding technique is a useful tool for the identification of plant and animal species using a short and standard sequence of the genome. In the present study, this method was used to identify four plant species including Calendula persica C.A.Mey., Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Satureja mutica Fisch. & C.A.Mey., and Malva neglecta Wallr. from the eastern Golestan province. The DNA was extracted by CTAB method and the PCR was performed with the primers designed based on the rbcL and trnH-psbA chloroplast barcodes and ITS nuclear barcode. The results of sequences were matched with the information in the NCBI database. The results showed that the all three barcodes were suitable for the samples studied due to their high resolution, low SNP number, and comprehensiveness in most species. Also, the barcodes comparison of the species collected from the rangelands and perfumeries showd that some plant species that are offered in the perfumeries are different from the plants that the natives use as medicine. It could be mentioned that the mistakes possibility in the medicinal plants offered in the perfumeries is undeniable. Therefore, the study on the other plant species in the perfumeries by the DNA barcoding method could be recommended as a necessity.
Biotechnology
F. Noormand Moaied; N. Valizadeh; T. Samandari Giklo
Abstract
Silybum marianum L., from fam. asteraceae, is a very important medicinal plant in the pharmaceutical industry due to its active ingredient silymarin. Silymarin is very effective in treating the liver diseases, hepatitis, and cardiovascular disorders. Since the potential and production speed of this medicinal ...
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Silybum marianum L., from fam. asteraceae, is a very important medicinal plant in the pharmaceutical industry due to its active ingredient silymarin. Silymarin is very effective in treating the liver diseases, hepatitis, and cardiovascular disorders. Since the potential and production speed of this medicinal compound is low in habitats under natural conditions, the use of genetic engineering and production of transgenic plants using the various techniques such as tissue culture has been considered in this plant. The first step in this direction is to obtain an in vitro regeneration protocol. In this study, the leaf explants obtained from the Hungarian cultivar of S. marianum were evaluated for the direct regeneration affected by different combinations of hormones. Six weeks after the culture, the highest shooting (57%) was observed in the ½ MS medium containing 0.4 mg l-1 zeatin, 0.2 mg l-1 BAP, and 0.2 mg l-1 NAA. The shoots were then transferred to the root culture medium with the different hormonal treatments. The results showed that the best treatment to obtain the long and high roots was the ½ MS medium containing 0.25 mg l-1 NAA and 2 g l-1 activated charcoal. The seedlings obtained from the direct regeneration grew well after transplanting into the soil.
Biotechnology
B. Yousefi; S.R. Tabaei-Aghdaei
Abstract
To identify the appropriate detection methods of stable and adaptable genotypes for essential oil yield, an experiment was conducted on 35 Iranian Rosa damascena Mill. genotypes in a randomized complete block design with three replications in seven locations (Kurdistan, Markazi, Isfahan, Khuzestan, Fars, ...
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To identify the appropriate detection methods of stable and adaptable genotypes for essential oil yield, an experiment was conducted on 35 Iranian Rosa damascena Mill. genotypes in a randomized complete block design with three replications in seven locations (Kurdistan, Markazi, Isfahan, Khuzestan, Fars, Kerman, and Khorasan Razavi provinces) during two years (2007-2008). The total mean of essential oil yield was obtained 0.029%. There were significant differences (P≤0.01) between genotypes, locations, environments or location-years, and also the interactions of genotype × location and genotype × environment in terms of essential oil yield. The positive correlation between environmental variance, coefficient of variation, and regression coefficient of yield over environments with essential oil yield showed that only the low essential oil yield genotypes had the similar phenotype in different environments (static stability). There was no stable genotype with the static regression concept and the essential oil production of stable genotypes by environmental variance was very small, but some adaptable genotypes by the environmental coefficient of variation (e.g. KM1) had moderate essential oil yield and yield stability at the same time. The stable genotypes according to the dynamic stability concept had moderate essential oil yield. The superiority index introduced the genotypes with the highest essential oil as the adaptable ones. The stable genotypes with the lowest variance of the years within locations produced the least essential oil. The results showed that a R. damascena genotype can demonstrate the static and dynamic stabilities with the high essential oil yield at the same time. The coefficient of variation, dynamic aspect of regression statistics, and superiority index could be suggested as the desirable statistics to evaluate different aspects (static and dynamic) of essential oil stability in R. damascena. In general, the genotypes IS3, KZ1, and CM1 with the moderate essential oil yield and its general stability and adaptability could be recommended for Iran.
Biotechnology
Z. Abravesh; H. Zare; M. Khoshnevis
Abstract
Sorbus persica Hedl. is an Iranian endemic slow-growing tree (fam. rosaceae) and is endangered. It is important in terms of the gene storage, environmental protection, and medicinal uses. To in vitro propagate this species by the lateral bud culture, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely ...
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Sorbus persica Hedl. is an Iranian endemic slow-growing tree (fam. rosaceae) and is endangered. It is important in terms of the gene storage, environmental protection, and medicinal uses. To in vitro propagate this species by the lateral bud culture, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in three levels of culture medium and three levels of cytokinin with three replications. For shooting, the DKW, WPM, and MS culture media containing the cytokinins BAP, Kin, and 2ip, and for rooting, the complete and modified DKW, WPM, and MS culture media containing the auxins NAA and IBA separately and in a consecutive application were investigated. The results showed that the best sterilization treatment was a consecutive application of sodium hypochlorite 20% (v/v, 15 min) and mercuric chloride 0.1% (3 min) in summer. The best proliferation and longitudinal growth of shoots was observed in the MS medium containing IBA (0.01 mg l-1), Kin (0.25 mg l-1), and BAP (3 mg l-1) growth regulators. Also, the best rooting was obtained in the DKW medium with a quarter of the concentration of macroelements containing the NAA+IBA hormones (0.3+0.3 mg l-1).
Biotechnology
S.M. Mostafavi; M.R. Abdollahi; D. Dastan; H. Sarikhani
Abstract
Caper (Capparis spinosa L.) is a rich source of rutin, plays an essential role in human health. In the present study, the effects of cold (25°C as control, 4°C, and 7°C for 2, 4, and 7 days), heat (25°C as control, 30°C for 14 days, 32°C for 2 and 4 days, and 35°C for 8 hours), ...
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Caper (Capparis spinosa L.) is a rich source of rutin, plays an essential role in human health. In the present study, the effects of cold (25°C as control, 4°C, and 7°C for 2, 4, and 7 days), heat (25°C as control, 30°C for 14 days, 32°C for 2 and 4 days, and 35°C for 8 hours), and carbohydrate treatments on the androgenesis efficiency were studied in the anther culture of caper. Also, the effects of maltose and sucrose at the concentrations of 30 and 60 g L-1 in combination with two temperature treatments (1- 30°C for 14 days and 2- 7°C for 7 days + azacytidine and 2,4-D pretreatments) on the androgenesis induction was evaluated. The temperature and carbohydrate treatments showed statistically significant differences (p < /em>≤0.01) in terms of callus and embryo formation. The 7°C for 2, 4, and 7 days produced the highest percentage (at the third week: 80, 78.34, and 76.67%, respectively) and callogenesis speed (7.85, 7.75, and 7.60 calli week-1, respectively) and the 7°C for 7 days produced the highest embryo production (0.57 embryo anther-1). The 30°C for 14 days treatment showed the highest percentage (at the third week: 100%) and callogenesis speed (9.44 calli week-1). While the 32°C for 2 and 3 days and also 30°C for 14 days produced the highest number of embryos per anther (0.22, 0.20, and 0.18 embryo, respectively). The use of 30 g L-1 maltose in combination with the 30°C for 14 days produced the highest percentage (at the third week: 91.66%) and callogenesis speed (8.94 calli week-1), while the 30 g L-1 maltose in combination with the 7°C for 7 days + azacytidine and 2,4-D pretreatments produced the highest mean embryo number per anther (0.55 embryo). The results of this research are of great importance for the use in the caper breeding programs.
Biotechnology
R. Fathi; M. Mohebodini; E. Chamani
Abstract
Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.), an aromatic plant from fam. Lamiaceae, is used in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its compounds such as thymol and carvacrol as antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds. In this research, the diversity of morphological and phytochemical traits between ...
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Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.), an aromatic plant from fam. Lamiaceae, is used in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its compounds such as thymol and carvacrol as antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds. In this research, the diversity of morphological and phytochemical traits between the Iranian and foreign countries accessions of summer savory cultivated under field conditions were evaluated. The seeds of different accessions were planted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Ardabil city in 2019. The studied traits included the number of internodes, shoots, and flowers per plant, days to seed germination, length/width ratio of leaves, crown diameter, dry weight of aerial parts, leaf fresh weight, peduncle length, 1000-seed weight, flower dry weight, days to seed ripening, and content of chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids, and flavonoids. The results of this study showed that the highest number of internodes (10.33) and shoots (24.43), and flower dry weight (3.33 mg) were observed in Khuzestan accession. The highest correlation was observed between the aerial parts dry weight and 1000-seed weight (r= 0.92). Cluster analysis divided the accessions into four major groups. The accessions West Azerbaijan, Qazvin, Tehran, Kurdistan, Lorestan, Razavi Khorasan, and Italy were placed in the first cluster, and Tajikistan, Hungary, Armenia, Romania1, Romania2, Khuzestan, Greece, Russia, Georgia, and North Khorasan in the second one. Also, the accessions Gilan and Yazd were put in the third group and Uzbekistan in the fourth one. Factor analysis indicated that the seven factors could explain 86.59% of the total variance. The results suggested that S. hortensis accessions of Iran and other countries had a high genetic diversity that can be used in the breeding programs. Overall, according to the results, the accessions Uzbekistan and Greece could be recommended in terms of dry matter yield and phytochemical characteristics, respectively.
Biotechnology
N. Nematshahi; P. Abrishamchi; T. Radjabian; S.A. Salami
Abstract
Salvia leriifolia Benth. is one of the native Iranian medicinal plants which has been received attention in recent years due to its numerous therapeutic properties. The pharmaceutical properties of this species have been attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds, especially phenolic acids. The ...
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Salvia leriifolia Benth. is one of the native Iranian medicinal plants which has been received attention in recent years due to its numerous therapeutic properties. The pharmaceutical properties of this species have been attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds, especially phenolic acids. The present study investigated the effect of plant age (phenology) on the gene expression and activity of phenolic acid-biosynthetic enzymes. Plant seeds were collected from Torbat-e-Heydariyeh (Khorasan Razavi province, Iran) and planted under greenhouse conditions. Leaves were sampled at 8-, 16- and 24-leaf stages of the growth period. Total contents of phenols, flavonoids, and phenolic acids were measured using spectrophotometry, and the phenolic acid profile was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) were measured by spectrophotometry, and the activity of rosmarinic acid synthase (RAS) was evaluated by HPLC. The relative expression of the corresponding genes was quantified by RT-PCR. The results showed that the content of all phenolic compounds and the activities of TAT and RAS enzymes/genes increased significantly (p < /em>≤0.05) with increasing plant age. At the 24-leaf stage, the total content of phenols, flavonoids, and phenolic acids were 3.47-, 2.80-, and 7.78-fold of those measured at the 8-leaf stage, respectively. The concentration of rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid (0.69 and 0.36 mg/g DW at the 8-leaf stage, respectively) increased by 3.41- and 4.05-fold during the vegetative growth, respectively. Lithospermic acid and salvianolic acids had a smaller share of total phenolic acids (0.01-0.06 mg/g DW at the 8-leaf stage), and their contents increased 2- to 10-fold with increasing plant age. Also, a strong positive correlation was observed between plant age and phenolic acid accumulation and between plant age and the activity and gene expression of TAT and RAS. TAT enzyme might play the main role in the biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid compared to PAL.
Biotechnology
H. Abbasi Holasou; F. Rahmani; M. Hosseinzadeh; A. Hassanzadeh Ghorttapeh
Abstract
Since the economic value of a cultivar depends on its different characteristics, thus procedure of selection for several traits to achieve maximum economic value has always been considered by plant breeders. Therefore, accurate knowledge of the behavior and genetic relationship of these traits will help ...
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Since the economic value of a cultivar depends on its different characteristics, thus procedure of selection for several traits to achieve maximum economic value has always been considered by plant breeders. Therefore, accurate knowledge of the behavior and genetic relationship of these traits will help breeders to improve plant genotypes. In this study, 31 retrotransposon-based primers (12 IRAP and 19 REMAP primers) were used to identify molecular markers associated with 21 agronomic, morphological, and physiological traits in 45 different flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes based on a mixed linear model (MLM). Analysis of population structure by Bayesian method revealed two possible subgroups (K=2) in the population studied. Using MLM, a total of 29 loci associated with the 21 traits studied were identified (p < /em><0.01). The maximum number of associated loci was identified for 100-seed weight and seed yield traits. The existence of common markers among some traits studied, such as the significant relationship between LTR1-UBC808-2 marker with plant height and 100-seed weight, and LTR1-UBC807-4 with main stem weight and the number of capsules per the main stem can be due to pleiotropic effects or linkage between genomic regions involved in these traits. However, findings of the present study can be further strengthened with the inclusion of more markers putatively associated with economically important traits.
