Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Tavakoli; S. Soltani; M. Tarkesh Esfahani; R. Karamian
Abstract
The Salvia species are of great importance in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries for their secondary metabolites. Although the production of secondary metabolites is encoded by the plant genetic, however, environmental factors have a great influence on their production and composition in plants. ...
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The Salvia species are of great importance in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries for their secondary metabolites. Although the production of secondary metabolites is encoded by the plant genetic, however, environmental factors have a great influence on their production and composition in plants. In this study, to investigate the effects of some climatic factors, topography, and soil parameters on Salvia multicaulis essential oil composition, the plant samples were collected from nine different habitats in Hamadan province during the flowering season. The soil samples were also taken for each plant in the sampling sites. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation (Clevenger apparatus) and its composition was identified by GC and GC/MS. The soil factors were measured according to the relevant protocols and the climatic records were collected from the meteorological stations of Hamadan province. The RDA analysis was used to investigate the effects of different environmental factors on the essential oil composition. Clustering of the studied habitats was performed based on the major compounds of essential oils using the Wards method. The essential oil composition was different in different habitats. The compounds α-pinene (1.3-32.1%), α-phellandrene (1.1-7%), 1,8-cineole (1-17.2%), bornyl acetate (7-16.2%), and β-caryophyllene (9.1-40.6%) were the major ones of this plant essential oil. The RDA results showed that the essential oil content and oxygenated terpenoids percentage increased with increasing altitude, but the hydrocarbon terpenes percentage had an inverse correlation with altitude. The monoterpenes had a positive correlation with the relative humidity, rainfall, and soil organic carbon, but the sesquiterpenes had an inverse relationship with these factors and showed a positive correlation with phosphorus and to some extent with calcium of the soil. The studied habitats clustered into two distinct groups with predominance of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in the essential oil. These findings could be important for commercial exploitation of sage with the aim of extracting specific secondary metabolites in its essential oil.
Biological effects of essential oils and extracts
E. Ostovar; S. Khodayari; Sh. Aramideh
Abstract
Annually a significant portion of agricultural products is destroyed by the stored products pests. The chemical pesticides are commonly used to control pests. The residual hazards of pesticides on the storage products as well as increase in the pest resistance necessitate the selection of safe and effective ...
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Annually a significant portion of agricultural products is destroyed by the stored products pests. The chemical pesticides are commonly used to control pests. The residual hazards of pesticides on the storage products as well as increase in the pest resistance necessitate the selection of safe and effective control methods. The plant compounds can be the subject of researches on the storage pests control with the low-risk methods. Therfore, this experiment was conducted to study the effects of peel essential oil from three Citrus spp. including Citrus limon L., C. sinensis L., and C. aurantium L. on the adults of Callosobruchus maculatus F., Sitophilus granarius L., and Tribolium confusum Duv. The probit analysis was performed after 24 and 48 hours to evaluate the effects of essential oils on the pests. After determining the LC50 and LC25, the combinations of C. limon LC25 + C. aurantium LC25, C. limon LC25 + C. sinensis LC25, and C. sinensis LC25 + C. aurantium LC25 were tested to evaluate the combined effects of essential oils. The treatments had three replications and each replicate was performed on ten two-days-old adult insects in a completely randomized design. Also, the essential oils were analyzed by GC/MS to evaluate their major constituents. The LC50 value (µl.l-1) of essential oils of C. limon, C. sinensis, and C. aurantium was 3.8, 2.65, and 3.11 after 24 hours and 2.48, 1.93, and 2.88 after 48 hours on the S. granaries adults, 0.23, 2.41, and 2.66 after 24 hours and 0.13, 1.38, and 2.35 after 48 hours on C. maculatus, and 5.33, 2.76, and 1.35 after 24 hours and 24.2, 2.49, and 0.89 after 48 hours on T. confusum, respectively. The study on the combined effects of essential oils showed that the C. limon LC25 + C. sinensis LC25 treatment was more effective than the effect of each essential oil alone on all three pests. According to the results of this study, the use of Citrus peel essential oil, especially C. limon, could be recommended in the production of bio-pesticides.
Biological effects of essential oils and extracts
S. Moslemi; N. Kashef
Abstract
Bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen and one of the most important causes of nosocomial infections in a wide range of immunocompromised patients including those with malignancies, cystic fibrosis, and burns. This bacterium produces many virulence factors and is highly resistant ...
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Bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen and one of the most important causes of nosocomial infections in a wide range of immunocompromised patients including those with malignancies, cystic fibrosis, and burns. This bacterium produces many virulence factors and is highly resistant to lots of common antibiotics due to its biofilm formation. The production of many virulence factors in this bacterium is under the control of quorum sensing systems (QS). The QS is an attractive target for the development of novel therapeutics. Eugenol is the major component of clove (Eugenia caryophylata) oil. The previous studies have shown its antibacterial activities. This study aimed to determine the in vitro anti-QS activity of eugenol on QS-regulatedbiofilm formation and virulence factors production in P. aeruginosa strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of eugenol was determined against two strains of this bacterium ATCC 27853 and PAO1, and three clinical isolates. Then the effect of eugenol on bacterial proliferation was determined by monitoring the growth curve. The biofilm formation, the production of exopolysaccharide (EPS), pyocyanins, rhamnolipids, the motility of swimming, swarming, and twitching were evaluated after the eugenol treatment. The MICs against two strains of the bacterium ATCC 27853 and PAO1 were obtained 0.3% and 0.6% (v/v), respectively. Different concentrations of eugenol (≤0.15%) significantly reduced the production of virulence factors including pyocyanin and rhamnolipid. The biofilm formation, EPS production, and swarming, swimming, and twitching motility were also reduced after the eugenol treatment. In general, according to the results of this study, the use of eugenol, as a potent QS inhibitor and anti-biofilm agent, could be an effective therapeutic strategy against P. aeruginosa infections.
Y. Nasiri; F. Shekari; M. Asadi
Abstract
To study the effect of biofertilizers and zinc sulfate on some morphological and yield characteristics of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.), an experiment was conducted as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, ...
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To study the effect of biofertilizers and zinc sulfate on some morphological and yield characteristics of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.), an experiment was conducted as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Maragheh University in 2013. Treatments included biofertilizers (1: no inoculation (control), seeds inoculated with 2: Nitroxin and 3: Super Nitro Plus) and foliar spray of plants with zinc sulfate (the concentration of 0, 2.5 and 5 per thousand). The results showed that the effect of biofertilizers and zinc sulfate on the number of branches per plant, flowering shoots dry weight per plant, wet and dry weight of aerial parts at 50% flowering stage, biological yield and essential oil yield was significant. The highest values of these traits were obtained in Super Nitro Plus and Nitroxin inoculation treatments, respectively. Plant height was also increased by applying zinc sulfate at concentrations of 2.5 and 5 per thousand compared to the control. Stem diameter reached to the maximum value under Super Nitro Plus + zinc sulfate foliar spray at a concentration of 2.5 per thousand and Nitroxin + zinc sulfate foliar spray at a concentration of 5 per thousand treatments. The treatments of zinc sulfate at a concentration of 5 per thousand + Super Nitro Plus and zinc sulfate at a concentrations of 2.5 and 5 per thousand + Nitroxin with the highest percentage of essential oil, increased the amount of summer savory essential oil by 34.5% compared to the control. In summary, the results of this study showed that Super Nitro Plus, Nitroxin, and zinc sulfate can be used to promote plant growth and increase the essential oil of summer savory.
M. Iravani; R. Mahinpour; Z. Zahraei; Z. Toluei
Abstract
Different species of Salvia genus are used in folk medicine for the prevention and treatment of many diseases due to their active and effective compounds. In this research, the chemical composition of aerial parts essential oil (EO) was studied in four Salvia spp. including S. limbata C. A. Mey. (two ...
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Different species of Salvia genus are used in folk medicine for the prevention and treatment of many diseases due to their active and effective compounds. In this research, the chemical composition of aerial parts essential oil (EO) was studied in four Salvia spp. including S. limbata C. A. Mey. (two populations), S. reuterana Boiss. (two populations), S. syriaca L. (one population) and S. ceratophylla L. (one population) collected from different areas of Kashan in Isfahan province at the flowering stage. Extraction and qualitative analysis of EO were performed using the Clevenger apparatus and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. In this study, the EO yield ranged from 0.15 to 0.32 % (w/w). Spathulenol was the major constituent of EO in S. syriaca (16.8%) and S. ceratophylla (27.2%) species. The major compounds of the other two species EO were sclareol in S. reuterana (Maragh (21.2%) and Darreh (11.5%) populations) and β-pinene in S. limbata (Qaza-An (20.4%) and Darreh (13.8%) populations). The quantitative and qualitative EO diversity observed in the studied species and populations can be attributed to different ecological, genetic, geographical, and nutritional factors of their origin. Therefore, for the optimal use of the active constituents of this medicinal plant in pharmaceutical industries, more studies are needed on the different species of this genus in different regions.
N. Saidi; H. Saderi; E. Taghian; F. Sefidkon; I. Rasooli; R. Mohammad Salehi; P. Owlia
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common opportunistic bacteria in nosocomial infections, which has a significant resistance to antimicrobials. Due to the restrictions in the use of antibiotics, the tendency to replace them with natural products has increased. In this study, the antimicrobial ...
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common opportunistic bacteria in nosocomial infections, which has a significant resistance to antimicrobials. Due to the restrictions in the use of antibiotics, the tendency to replace them with natural products has increased. In this study, the antimicrobial effect of four species of Satureja essential oils (S. mutica, S. bachtiarica, S. rechingeri and S. khuzestanica) on virulence factors of P. aeruginosa was evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Satureja essential oils was determined by microdilution broth method against standard strains of P. aeruginosa including PAO1 and 8821M. In the following, the effect of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) of essential oils was investigated on virulence factors of this bacterium including motility, biofilm formation and alginate, elastase, and alkaline protease production of these two strains. All four Satureja essential oils had antimicrobial effects against the standard strains of P. aeruginosa, and also sub-MIC concentrations of the essential oils significantly reduced the virulence factors production of these strains. In this study, the suitable antagonistic effects of Satureja essential oils were observed against P. aeruginosa standard strains. By further study, these essential oils can be used as an antimicrobial compound against this bacterium.
N. Foroumand; S. Kalate Jari; V. Zarrinnia
Abstract
Rose is one of the most important cut flowers in the world, which its post-harvest preservation is considered as an important challenge. In this research, the effect of 200, 400 and 600 ppm concentrations of chitosan, cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum L.) essential oils on post-harvest ...
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Rose is one of the most important cut flowers in the world, which its post-harvest preservation is considered as an important challenge. In this research, the effect of 200, 400 and 600 ppm concentrations of chitosan, cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum L.) essential oils on post-harvest quality and inhibition of fungi Botrytis cinerea, the cause of gray mold disease, was evaluated in rose cv. Dolce Vita cut flower under laboratory conditions. For this purpose, the flowers were put in solutions with different concentrations for one hour and then were transferred into distilled water until the end of vase life. Characteristics such as vase life, petal membrane stability index, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf, petal and stem water content, and petal soluble carbohydrate content were analyzed and recorded for 9 days after treatment with 3 days intervals. Application of herbal essential oils and chitosan at different post-harvest times resulted in improvement of most of the studied traits. Concentration of 200 ppm of chitosan and essential oils of cinnamon and cumin treatments was better than other concentrations in improving the majority of survival traits. Treatments at 400 and 600 ppm concentrations prevented the growth of B. cinerea completely, too. The results of this study indicated that the use of chitosan and plant essential oils of cumin and cinnamon improved post-harvest qualitative characteristics and inhibited B. cinerea fungi and thus increased the vase life of rose cv. Dolce Vita. Therefore, the use of these bio-compounds in the form of a stable formulation is recommended to increase the shelf-life and improve the quality and quantity of rose cut flower.
E. Tohidi Nejad; F. Rastegari
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effects of water stress and fertilizer on yield and quality of chamomile (Marticaia chamomilla L.), a field experiment was conducted based on split plots design with three replications in the research farm of Jiroft Jahad-e Agriculture Organization, in 2010. The experimental ...
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In order to evaluate the effects of water stress and fertilizer on yield and quality of chamomile (Marticaia chamomilla L.), a field experiment was conducted based on split plots design with three replications in the research farm of Jiroft Jahad-e Agriculture Organization, in 2010. The experimental treatments included water stress as main plot in three levels: 40, 80 and 120 mm evaporation from the class A evaporation pan, and fertilizer as sub plot in five levels: control, nitroxyn, bio-phosphate, biosulfore, and cow fertilizer. The traits measured included the number of main stem, number of lateral branches, plant height, number of capitol per plant, capitol diameter, plant dry matter, flower fresh and dry weight, essential oil content, and chamazulene yield. The results showed that the effects of drought stress on all qualitative and quantitative traits were significant (P≤0.01). Means comparison showed that the yield was reduced by 25.1 % in irrigation after 120 mm evaporation, compared to the control. The highest yield and yield componentswas obtained from irrigation after 40 mm evaporation with application of cow fertilizer. The highest values of essential oil percentage (0.85%) and essential oil yield (6.32 kg ha-1) were observed in the treatment of moderate stress and biosulfore. In addition, the highest chamazulene percentage (6.45%) and chamazulene yield (396.8 kg ha-1) were obtained from the nitroxyn and biosulfore fertilizer treatments in the moderate stress condition. Generally, the results showed that cow fertilizer in the severe stress and biosulfore in mild stress conditions were the best treatments in chamomile production.
M. Momeni Monfared; M. Mahmoodi Sourestani; M. Zolfaghari; M. Malekzadeh
Abstract
In order to evaluate essential oil yield and composition of fifteen accessions of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), an experiment was conducted in the experimental field of department of horticultural science of Shahid Chamran university of Ahvaz as a randomized complete block design with fifteen treatments ...
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In order to evaluate essential oil yield and composition of fifteen accessions of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), an experiment was conducted in the experimental field of department of horticultural science of Shahid Chamran university of Ahvaz as a randomized complete block design with fifteen treatments (accessions) and three replications. Accessions were green (Yazd, Canada, Ramhormoz, Jahrom, Shiraz, Shahr rey, Dashtestan and Neyshabour), purple (Jahrom, Shiraz, Ramhormoz and Dashtestan), Golkhosheai, Thyrsiflora and Goldomaghrabi. Leaf yield, essential oil content, yield and components were evaluated. Results showed that there was a significant difference among accessions (P≤0.01) for measured traits. The maximum leaf yield was recorded in Golkhosheai and Goldomaghrabi accessions (613.6 and 550.33 gr.m2). The highest essential oil content was observed in Thyrsiflora (3.16%), Golkhosheai (2.93%) and Goldomaghrabi (2.07%) accessions and the highest essential oil yield was obtained in Golkhosheai, Thyrsiflora and Goldomaghrabi accessions (17.95, 14.72 and 11.42 gr.m2, respectively). According to essential oil analysis by GC-MS, approximately 32 compounds were identified in the essential oil of various basil accessions. Main essential oil compositions were linalool (0.12-68.43%), methyl chavicol (0-55.28%), geraniol (0-33.39%), geranial (0-42.09%), limonene (0-18.03%), methyl eugenol (0.38-4.85%), beta-caryophyllane (0-4.57%) and cubenol (0-6.22%). Essential oil of purple (Jahrom, Shiraz, Ramhormoz and Dashtestan) and Thyrsiflora accessions had the highest amount of methyl chavicol. Essential oil of Golkhosheai, Goldomaghrabi and Canada accessions was rich in linalool. Essential oil of green (Yazd, Canada, Ramhormoz, Jahrom, and Neyshabour) accessions had more geraniol and geranial than other accessions. Overall, the results of this study showed that each accession had a unique characteristic that can be used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food industries.
S.R. Tabaei-Aghdaei; M.B. Rezaee; K. Jaimand
Volume 20, Issue 4 , January 2018, , Pages 533-545
Abstract
Rosa damascene Mill. wascollected from west parts of Iran, and cultivated at the experimental field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, using a three replicated randomized complete blocks design. Seven genotypes, were compared for essential oils yield in 2003 and for petal, stamen, ...
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Rosa damascene Mill. wascollected from west parts of Iran, and cultivated at the experimental field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, using a three replicated randomized complete blocks design. Seven genotypes, were compared for essential oils yield in 2003 and for petal, stamen, and pistil number, in 2003-2004. Genotypes showed significant differences in terms of the measured traits. Comparison of means classified the genotypes in 7, 7 and 7 (in 2003) and 6, 7 and 6 (in 2004) groups, for petal, stamen and pistil number, respectively. Also, essential oils concentration and yield showed genotypic variation. A considerable variation was, therefore, revealed from different analyses in floral parts and essential oils concentration of Rosa damascena Mill. from west parts of Iran. It could then be concluded from the results of different analyses that although the genotypes could be grouped based on geographical origins, concentration and yield of essential oils as the most important product of Rosa damascena Mill., and also some of the related traits, such as floral parts could be used as appropriate selection factors for classification of damask rose genotypes, in order to use in breeding program.
F. Yousefi; N. Hasanzadeh
Abstract
This research was aimed to study the effects of essential oil of Lavandula (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) flowers, fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds, and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) shoots on the fungus Botrytis cinerea, causing strawberry gray mold. The study ...
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This research was aimed to study the effects of essential oil of Lavandula (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) flowers, fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds, and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) shoots on the fungus Botrytis cinerea, causing strawberry gray mold. The study was conducted in PDA medium. The results showed that the essential oils of fennel and cumin had the highest antifungal activity. The essential oil compounds were isolated and identified by GC and GC/MS. The results obtained for the fruits inoculated with a spore suspension (1×105 spores in ml) indicated that the cumin oil was more effective in controlling the fungus B. cinerea on strawberry fruits as compared with fennel oil. The cumin oil had the highest effect in controlling strawberry gray mold, placed in one statistical group with thiabendazole.
L. Alamshahi; M. Hosseini Nezhad
Abstract
Nowadays, using essential oils as natural antibacterial inhibitors to control of plant diseases has been widely investigated. In the current research, the essential oils of Coriandrum sativum L., Thymus sativum L., Cuminum cyminum L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Eucalyptus globulus L. were extracted ...
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Nowadays, using essential oils as natural antibacterial inhibitors to control of plant diseases has been widely investigated. In the current research, the essential oils of Coriandrum sativum L., Thymus sativum L., Cuminum cyminum L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Eucalyptus globulus L. were extracted by water distillation method and then the inhibitory effects were tested against Pectobacterium carotovorum (causal agent of bacterial wilt in potato) andRalstonia solanacearum (causal agent of softrot in potato) using paper disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by twofold broth dilution method. The experiments were analyzed by a completely randomized factorial design. Duncan’s multiple range test (MSTATC software) was used for comparison of means. Thyme oil exhibited the highest antibacterial activity in cultured media for both plant pathogenic bacteria, so it was selected to be applied in greenhouse experiments. The results showed that T. vulgaris had the most inhibition zone compared to the other oils in cultured media with 34.8 mm. In the greenhouse experiments, thyme oil was used for plant spraying and soil drenching methods at concentration of 0.5 and %1, respectively. According to the results, the thyme essential oil caused a significant reduction in soft rot and bacterial wilt incidence on potato by 41 and 44%, respectively compared with the control sample. Generally, thyme oil with a suitable antibacterial potential would be considered as an inhibitory agent to management of two studied diseases on potatoes.
Sh. Rezvanypour; A. Hatamzadeh
Abstract
This experiment was done to investigate effect of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.)essential oils on gladiolus. Gladiolus is one of the most important ornamental plants whose production is threatened by Fusarium corm rot. Essential oils of Thyme and Eucalyptus are ...
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This experiment was done to investigate effect of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.)essential oils on gladiolus. Gladiolus is one of the most important ornamental plants whose production is threatened by Fusarium corm rot. Essential oils of Thyme and Eucalyptus are recommended as alternative for chemical fungicides for corms disinfection, but there is not considerable investigation about potential effects of these essential oils on growth and flowering of gladiolus in the greenhouse or field conditions. For this purpose, gladiolus corms were soaked at three concentrations of essential oils of Thyme (1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm) and Eucalyptus (2000, 4000 and 6000 ppm), and distilled water (control) for 14 hours before planting. The results showed that Thyme treatment at 1000 ppm increased the number of leaf and floret, root length, corm and cormlet production, and accelerated flowering. Other treatments delayed the sprouting and flowering time and significantly decreased sprouting percentage, height and number of leaves, root length, and chlorophyll content. Eucalyptus essential oil at concentrations more than 2000 ppm had negative effects ongladiolus, so that corm sprouting and flowering were inhibited at 6000 ppm and 4000 pp, respectively. Peroxidase enzyme activity increased after treatment with both essential oils but with a different trend. The activity of this enzyme in corms treated with thyme remained at a high level during the growth period; however, in corms treated with eucalyptus it was decreased significantly.
F. Sefidkon; R. Taebnia; M. Mirza
Abstract
Satureja species are aromatic plants, belonging to Lamiaceae family. The green parts and essential oils of Satureja species are used in medicinal and food industries. Satureja rechingeri Jamzad is an endemic species growing wild in Ilam province. In this research, the seeds of six populations were collected ...
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Satureja species are aromatic plants, belonging to Lamiaceae family. The green parts and essential oils of Satureja species are used in medicinal and food industries. Satureja rechingeri Jamzad is an endemic species growing wild in Ilam province. In this research, the seeds of six populations were collected from natural habitats for domestication of this species and study the essential oil content and composition in cultivated plants. The seeds were cultivated in the research farm of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands in three replications in a complete randomized blocks design. For comparing the yields and constituents of essential oil, the aerial parts of each accession were collected in full flowering stage at three consecutive years. The plant materials were subjected to hydro-distillation after drying in room temperature. The oil yields were calculated and the oil compositions were identified by GC and GC/MS analysis and retention indices. Our results showed an increasing pattern for the oil yields of four populations during three years after cultivation and then it reached to 4.8%-6% in the third year. The major compound in all oils was carvacrol accounted for 80 to 88% in two- and three- year-old plants. According to the obtained results and improved yield of essential oil in cultivated samples compared to the wild ones as well as high levels of carvacrol, the cultivation of S. rechingeri in the same condition could be recommended.
B. Yoosefi; H.R. Ghasempoor; B. Yousefi; S.R. Tabaeii Aghdaie; K. Jaimand
Abstract
Damask Rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is an important medicinal and industrial species. To achieve more and better-quality essential oil identifying the superior accessions of Damask Rose and their genetic relationships is very important. For a detailed review of the relationship among the genotypes of ...
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Damask Rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is an important medicinal and industrial species. To achieve more and better-quality essential oil identifying the superior accessions of Damask Rose and their genetic relationships is very important. For a detailed review of the relationship among the genotypes of this species and variations in the essential oil composition, the use of multivariate statistical analysis could be useful. In this study, 25 different accessions of Damask Rose were collected from Kermanshah province and other regions of Iran and were planted in a randomized complete blocks design. The essential oil was extracted from the petals with hydrodistillation method. Essential oil composition was identified by using the gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and the amount (percentage) of each composition was measured. Essential oil compositions were evaluated using cluster analysis. According to the results of cluster analysis, the accessions were grouped in four groups. Discriminant analysis confirmed the results of cluster analysis. Component analysis showed that the accessions were in four groups and there were four different trends among the accessions studied for the chemical compositions of essential oils. According to the correlation analysis, the two important factors, geraniol and citronellol, which increased the quality of essential oil compounds in damask rose, showed a significant positive relationship with each other and with citronellyl acetate and geranial.
M.S. Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini; F. Sefidkon; P. Salehi Shanjani; Gh.R. Najafi
Abstract
Achillea vermicularis Trin., belonging to Astraceae family, is distributed at North and North-West Iran. It is used for treatment of arthritis infusion of the leaves, gastritis, asthma, and diseases of the liver in traditional medicine. In this study, for the first time, the seeds of A. vermicularis ...
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Achillea vermicularis Trin., belonging to Astraceae family, is distributed at North and North-West Iran. It is used for treatment of arthritis infusion of the leaves, gastritis, asthma, and diseases of the liver in traditional medicine. In this study, for the first time, the seeds of A. vermicularis was collected from West Azarbayjan and cultivated in the field of Alborz research station, Karaj, Iran. In order to comparing the essential oil content and composition, flowering shoots and individual plant parts (flowers, leaves and stems) were collected in full flowering stage. The plant materials were dried at shade and their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. The oils were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/Mass). The highest oil yields (w/w of dry weight) were obtained from flowers (0.53%) and leaves (0.52%) and the lowest oil yield was obtained from stems (0.24%). The oil yield of total aerial parts was 0.43%. According to these results, the distillation of all aerial parts is more suitable in comparison with oil extraction from the flowers that is common for other Achillea species, resulting in wasting a lot of essential oils in the leaves and stems. Twenty-nine compounds were identified in the essential oils, of which 1,8-cineol, camphor and piperitone were found in all essential oils in significant quantities. The content of camphor varied from 4.1% in stem oil to 19.2% in flower oil. Minimum and maximum content of 1,8-cineol was found in the stem oil (3.3%) and flower oil (23.3%), respectively. The minimum content of piperitone (4.9%) was obtained in stem oil and aerial parts oil was rich in piperitone (26.4%). There were special differences among the essential oils of plant parts. The presence of special compounds such as heptadecane (31.1%) and hexadecanol (18.6%) and n-henei cosine (4.5%) and n-octadecane only in stem oil (3.1%), germacrene D in aerial parts oil (13.6%), were other differences.
F. Sefidkon; A. Heydari; M. Kasyani; S.R. Tabayi Aghdayi; M. Naderi
Abstract
The genus Satureja belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Satureja macrantha C. A. Mey. is an aromatic plant growing wild in Zanjan, Kordestan, Hamedan, and Kermanshah provinces. In this research, to domesticate this species and study its essential oil content and composition, the seeds of four accessions ...
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The genus Satureja belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Satureja macrantha C. A. Mey. is an aromatic plant growing wild in Zanjan, Kordestan, Hamedan, and Kermanshah provinces. In this research, to domesticate this species and study its essential oil content and composition, the seeds of four accessions were collected from natural habitats and cultivated in the research farm of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. To compare the essential oil yields and constituents, the aerial parts of each accession were collected in full flowering stage in three consecutive years. After drying in room temperature, the plant materials were subjected to hydro-distillation. The oil yields were calculated and the oil compositions were identified by GC and GC/MS analysis and retention indices. Results showed that the major compounds in all oils were recorded to be thymol, p-cymene and g-terpinene with different percentages. However, carvacrol was also detected in the oils whose value was not considerable. In addition, the oil yields increased gradually with plant growth in all accessions. The quality of oils was also improved with plant aging, except for one accession, so that three- year old plants contained more oil and more phenolic compounds, thymol and carvacrol as compared to one-year old plants. The elimination and appearance of some minor components in the oils with plant aging showed that oil analysis at the first year of cultivation of an aromatic plant did not produce acceptable results. Therefore, to obtain reliable results, the oils should be studied in a few consecutive years.
F. Askari; E. Sharifi Ashorabadi; M. Mirza; M. Teimouri; E. Ehsani
Abstract
This research was aimed to investigate the effect of collection locality and essential oil concentration of Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak on antimicrobial activity against some microorganisms. The statistical design used in this study was a factorial experiment in a completely randomized ...
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This research was aimed to investigate the effect of collection locality and essential oil concentration of Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak on antimicrobial activity against some microorganisms. The statistical design used in this study was a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications. In this experiment, collection locality at six levels including the habitats of West Azarbaijan, Tehran, Zanjan, Qazvin, Kurdistan and Guilan, essential oil dilution at three levels including one fifth (1:5), one twenty-fifth (1:25), one fiftieth (1:50) and comparison with the antibiotics of ciprofloxacin and ceftizoxime, and studied microorganisms at five levels including Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Candida albicans were investigated. The seeds were collected from different habitats and cultivated in the field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. The essential oil was isolated from shoots by hydro-distillation. Chemical compositions of the oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The essential oil yield obtained from different localities varied between 0.39% to 0.83% (w/w). The major constituents of the essential oil obtained from the samples collected from West Azarbaijan, Tehran, Zanjan, Qazvin, Kurdistan and Guilan were as follows: West Azarbaijan: E-caryophyllene (26.0%) and camphor (24.2%); Tehran: geranial (30.9%) and geranyl acetate (23.9%); Zanjan: linalool (23.5%) and 1,8-cineol (22.2%); Qazvin: thymol (30.3%) and carvacrol (30.1%); Kurdistan: linalool (17.2%) and geranyl acetate (12.7%), and Guilan: α–terpineol (31.2%) and geraniol (11.2%). Analysis of variance of inhibition zone diameter of T. pubescence essential oil showed significant difference (p<0.05) among collection locality, microorganism type, essential oil dilution and their interaction. Mean comparisons of the collection locality, microorganism type and essential oil dilution showed that the highest inhibition zone diameter (35.5mm) was recorded for the essential oil obtained from West Azarbaijan, ciprofloxacin against Bacillus subtilis. The lowest inhibition zone diameter (8.0 mm) was observed in the essential oil obtained from West Azerbaijan with essential oil dilution of 1:50 against P. aeruginosa. According to the MIC and MBC results, the most and the least antimicrobial activity was recorded for the essential oils obtained from the seeds collected from Tehran and Kurdistan, respectively.
A. Mohammadian; R. Karamian; M. Mirza; A. Sepahvand
Abstract
Thymus is one of the most important genera of the Lamiaceae family, belonging to the Nepetoideae sub family. In this study, the relationship between altitude from sea level and soil physical and chemical characteristics as important factors affecting the quantitative and qualitative essential oils of ...
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Thymus is one of the most important genera of the Lamiaceae family, belonging to the Nepetoideae sub family. In this study, the relationship between altitude from sea level and soil physical and chemical characteristics as important factors affecting the quantitative and qualitative essential oils of Thymus fallax Fisch.et C.A. Mey.were examined. Four natural habitats of this species (Zagheh, Alashtar, Razan and Rhimeleh) were selected. Aboveground samples were collected in flowering stage and the essential oils were extracted with hydrodistilation method. Essential oils composition was determined using GC & GC/MS. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software, and Duncan's Multiple Range Test was used for mean comparison. According to the obtained results, the highest essential oil was recorded for Rhimeleh (2.8 %w/w) as compared to other habitats. The main components in the essential oils were carvacrol, thymol, gamma- terpinen, p-cymen, champhen and geranial. With increasing altitude, the percentage of carvacrol and thymol increased significantly. Some soil characteristics were correlated with the essential oils, presented in a linear regression model.
A. Heydarzade; Gh. Moravvej; S. Hatefi; J. Shabahang
Abstract
Contact toxicity and persistence of essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae), Teucrium polium Boiss. (Lamiaceae) and Satureja hortensis L. (Lamiaceae) were investigated against the adults of cowpea seed beetle, Callosobrochus maculates at 28±2 °C and 60±5% R.H. under ...
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Contact toxicity and persistence of essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae), Teucrium polium Boiss. (Lamiaceae) and Satureja hortensis L. (Lamiaceae) were investigated against the adults of cowpea seed beetle, Callosobrochus maculates at 28±2 °C and 60±5% R.H. under dark condition. Essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation using a clevenger-type apparatus. Contact toxicity was studied against one-day-old adult of C. maculatus with six concentrations at 24hours exposure time. The persistence of insecticidal activity of essential oils was examined for a period of 30 h at the LC99 level. The results of contact toxicities showed that the mortality of adults increased with oil concentration. Males were more susceptible to essential oils than females. The essential oil of F. vulgare proved to be most toxicant with the LC50 values of 390.38 and 513.46 µl m-2 against males and females, respectively. The LC50 values of S. hortensis oil were 535.69 and 640.99 µl m-2 and the counterpart values of T. polium oil were 1263.09 and 1469.72 µl m-2 against males and females, respectively. The results of persistence test of oils revealed that essential oil of S. hortensis was the most persistent and essential oil of T. polium was the least persistent. The persistence of S. hortensis oil could be attributed to its high proportion of oxygenated compounds compared to other oils. The present study demonstrated that these essential oils could be used as appropriate alternatives to control cowpea seed beetle.
A. Kayhani; F. Sefidkon; A. Monfared
Abstract
Plant essential oils are used in a wide range of pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics and hygienic products. Satureja sahendica Bornm is an endemic aromatic plant in Iran. In traditional medicine, it has analgesic and anti-infection properties. Savory is used for treatment of chest discomfort, cough, wasting ...
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Plant essential oils are used in a wide range of pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics and hygienic products. Satureja sahendica Bornm is an endemic aromatic plant in Iran. In traditional medicine, it has analgesic and anti-infection properties. Savory is used for treatment of chest discomfort, cough, wasting and rheumatic pain. Previous researches showed that the main compounds of Satureja Sahendica essential oil were ρ-cymene, thymol, carvacrol and γ-terpinene. Since different drying and distillation methods affect oil yield and composition of aromatic plants, in this study, to investigate the effect of drying methods, the aerial parts of Satureja Sahendica were collected from Agricultural Research farm in Qazvin, at full flowering stage. The plant materials were dried by different methods (oven 30°C, oven 40°C, oven 50°C and shade). The essential oils of each treatment were obtained by hydro- distillation in three replicates. The oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Oil yield and the percentage of main components were compared statistically by Duncan's Multiple Range Test in SAS software. Results showed that oil yields, percentage of thymol and total phenolic compounds in essential oils were not different statistically in oven 30°C , oven 40°C and shade, but drying in oven 50°C produced lower oil yield. The percentage of thymol and total phenolic compounds was higher in oven 50°C. Statistical analysis showed that the oil yield obtained from hydro-distillation method (1/45%) was higher than that of the other two methods (at 1% level), while the highest values of thymol and carvacrol were obtained by steam distillation (at 5% level).
A. Assarzadeh; H. Azarnivand; F. Sefidkon; H. Arzani; M.A. Zare-Chahooki
Abstract
The essential oil yield and chemical composition of the aerial parts of Artemisia sieberi Besser were investigated in two sites of grazed and ungrazed rangelands. Plant sampling was performed from 2 sites in Ahmadabad, located in Semnan province at the beginning of flowering stage in October 2010. The ...
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The essential oil yield and chemical composition of the aerial parts of Artemisia sieberi Besser were investigated in two sites of grazed and ungrazed rangelands. Plant sampling was performed from 2 sites in Ahmadabad, located in Semnan province at the beginning of flowering stage in October 2010. The samples of inflorescences of plants were collected from 5 random points of each site. Then, air-dried parts of the plants were subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. Analysis and identification of chemical composition of the essential oils were performed by GC and GC/MS. There was no significant difference between the oil yields of Artemisia sieberi in 2 investigated sites. In ungrazed and grazed sites, the main components of essential oils were respectively, Camphor (48/03%), 1,8-Cineole (15/96%), Camphene (10/32%) and Camphor (51/82%), Camphene (10/86%), 1,8-Cineole (9/52%). According to the results, significant differences were recorded for Thuja-2,4(10)-diene (p<0.05) and α –Terpineol (p<0.01) between two studied sites. No significant differences were observed for the percentage of other componenets between 2 investigated sites. Also, comparison of the economic value of oil in one hectare with total area of the grazed and ungrazed rangelands showed that garzing caused a reduction in economic efficiency of oil.
S. Shahriari; M. Azizi; H. Aroiee; H. Ansari
Abstract
In order to study the effects of different irrigation regimes and mulch types on growth parameters and essential oil content of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), this experiment was performed in research field of Agricultural College of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2010. The experimental design ...
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In order to study the effects of different irrigation regimes and mulch types on growth parameters and essential oil content of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), this experiment was performed in research field of Agricultural College of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2010. The experimental design was factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Treatments included three irrigation levels (100, 80 and 60 percent of water requirements calculated by evaporation pan class A) and two mulch types (black plastic and wood chips) in comparison to control. Results showed that the effect of irrigation on fresh weight, dry weight, leaf relative water content, leaf area and essential oil yield was significant (p< 0.05). The effect of mulch on fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area, inter-node distance, number of branch and essential oil yield was significant (p< 0.05). Interaction between irrigation and mulch on inter-node distance, fresh weight, dry weight and leaf area was significant (p< 0.05). This study showed the highest dry weight yield per plant (38.35 g) and the highest essential oil yield (82.83 L.ha-1) on the first level of irrigation with the use of wood chips mulch. Also, there was no significant difference between the first level of irrigation and mulch wood chips with the third level of irrigation and mulch wood chips. The lowest dry matter yield (14.87 g) and the lowest essential oil yield (29.57 L.ha-1) were obtained at third level of irrigation and without mulch. In addition, wood chips was identified as the best treatment to reduce the stress caused by deficit irrigation. In conclusion, results showed that the use of wood chips as mulch and 60 % of irrigation water requirement resulted to the highest water productivity in Peppermint production.
E. Modiri; F. Sefidkon; Z. Jamzad; A. Tavasoli
Abstract
The genus Ziziphora (Lamiaceae) consists of four species (Z. clinopodioides L., Z. capitata L., Z. persica Bunge. and Z. tenuior L.), wildly distributed in Iran. Ziziphora clinopodioides with the common Persian name of “kakuti-e kuhi” is a rich source of essential oils. In this study, aerial ...
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The genus Ziziphora (Lamiaceae) consists of four species (Z. clinopodioides L., Z. capitata L., Z. persica Bunge. and Z. tenuior L.), wildly distributed in Iran. Ziziphora clinopodioides with the common Persian name of “kakuti-e kuhi” is a rich source of essential oils. In this study, aerial parts of five subspecies of Z. clinopodioides were collected. After drying the plants, the essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. The composition of the essential oils was analyzed and identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/Mass (GC/MS). The essential oils of different subspecies were different qualitatively and quantitatively. In the essential oil of subsp. Rigida, collected from Urmia and Fars, 15 and 19 compounds were identified, respectively. In both, the main compound was pulegone (46.8%) and (36.1%), respectively. In the essential oil of subsp. filicaulis from Arasbaran, subsp. bungeana from Tabriz and subsp. ronnigeri from Urmia, 15, 18 and 19 compounds were identified, respectively. The main compound was pulegone (46%), (23%) and (52%), respectively. In the essential oil of subsp. pseudodasyantha, collected from Qazvin (before to Zoshk) and Qazvin, 14 and 16 compounds were identified, respectively. Pulegone (49.8%) and Limonene (29%) were identified as the main compounds, respectively. In the essential oil of the mentioned subspecies, collected from Garmabdareh and Shahrestanak, 18 and 16 compounds were identified, respectively. The main compounds were g-terpinene (16.1%) and 1,8-cineol (32.4%), respectively.
M. Dadashpour; I. Rasooli; F. Sefidkon; M. Taghizadeh; S. Darvish Alipour Astaneh
Abstract
Essential oils with good antioxidant properties could be used for therapeutic, nutritional and food preservation purposes. With the increasing use of medicinal plant products, different aspects need to be considered in terms of useful applications and their potential harm to human health. In the present ...
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Essential oils with good antioxidant properties could be used for therapeutic, nutritional and food preservation purposes. With the increasing use of medicinal plant products, different aspects need to be considered in terms of useful applications and their potential harm to human health. In the present study, antimicrobial, antioxidative and cytotoxic properties of fresh and commercial essential oils of Anethum graveolens L. were studied. The bacterial strains sensitive to Anethum graveolens oils were in the following order: Candida albicans> S. aureus> E. coli> P. aeruginosa. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of the oils were determined. The essential oils had good bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antioxidative properties of the oils were studied using DPPH free radical scavenging and beta-carotene bleaching tests and the results were compared with standard synthetic antioxidants. Lipid peroxidation inhibitions were comparable to the synthetic antioxidants of BHT and BHA. The oil concentration required for 50% free radical scavenging (IC50) was 6.7 μg/ml with total phenol contents of 174.91 μg GAE/mg for fresh oil of A. graveolens, while they were 10.53 μg/ml and 4.34 GAE/mg respectively for the commercial oil. The volatile oils from fresh and commercial A. graveolens displayed cytotoxic effects on human peripheral blood cells (lymphocytes) with IC50 of 7 and 3042μg/ml and on human tumor cell line (HeLa cells) with IC50 of 8.51 μg/ml and 205.65 μg/ml respectively. The results show that essential oils of A. graveolens could be used with caution and after determining the dose.
