Sh. Ne'mati; F. Sefidkon; M.R. Poorherave
Abstract
Thymus species are well known as medicinal plants because of having biological and pharmacological properties. Thymus daenensis is an endemic aromatic medicinal plant to Iran. Essential oil of Thymus daenensis is a rich source of thymol which gives high antimicrobial and antioxidant activity to this ...
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Thymus species are well known as medicinal plants because of having biological and pharmacological properties. Thymus daenensis is an endemic aromatic medicinal plant to Iran. Essential oil of Thymus daenensis is a rich source of thymol which gives high antimicrobial and antioxidant activity to this plant. In this research, the aerial parts of Thymus daenensis were collected at full flowering stage from Alborz Research Station in Karaj. For finding the effect of drying methods on essential oil yield and composition, the plant material were dried in four different conditions (oven 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and shade). After drying the samples, their essential oils were obtained by water distillation in three replications and were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Oil yield and percentage of main components were statistically compared by Duncan's test in SAS software. Oil yields (w/w) of the oven-dried 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and shade-dried samples were 1.42%, 1.12%, 1.24% and 1.29%, respectively. Thymol (75.3%, 75.7%, 72.0% and 67.2%), allo-aromadendrene (5.7%, 5.2%, 5.4% and 3.9%), γ-terpinene (2.9%, 2.8%, 5.9% and 10.2%), p-cymene (4.2%, 4.1%, 5.1% and 5.5%) and carvacrol (2.2%, 4.1%, 1.6% and 2.4%) were identified as the main components in oven-dried 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and shade-dried samples, respectively. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between oil yields of oven-dried 30°C sample with other samples. The highest percentage of thymol was obtained from oven-dried 30°C and 40°C that showed a significant difference with other drying methods.
A.R. Yavari; V. Nazeri; F. Sefidkon; M.E. Hassani
Abstract
In order to evaluate sثرثقشم ecological factors and morphological traits and also to determine ploidy levels and chemical composition of essential oil of Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak two natural habitats, Bostan-Abad and Yam habitats, were chosen in East Azerbaijan province. To ...
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In order to evaluate sثرثقشم ecological factors and morphological traits and also to determine ploidy levels and chemical composition of essential oil of Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak two natural habitats, Bostan-Abad and Yam habitats, were chosen in East Azerbaijan province. To study and evaluate quantitative morphological characters, five complete plants and flowering branches were collected from each locality at flowering stage for essential oil extraction. Seeds also were collected in seed production season to study seed characters and chromosome counting. Ecological data of both localities also were recorded. Vegetative and reproductive traits of each population were studied and essential oil of each locality was analyzed by combination of GC-FID and GC-MS. At least 10 mitotic cells of each population were studied to determine chromosome number and ploidy levels. Results revealed that specimens from “Yam” had the longest flowering stems, the largest leaves and flowers, and also the highest number of flowers per inflorescence. Chromosome count results showed that specimens from Bostan-Abad were hexaploid (2n = 6x = 90) and those of Yam were tetraploid (2n = 4x = 60). The total yield of oils based on dry weight was 1.3% and 2.2% (w/w) from Bostan-Abad and Yam, respectively. Thymol was the main valuable phenolic compound similar to most of the species of genus Thymus (Bostan-Abad: 57.6% and Yam: 44.9%).
H. Amiri; H. Lari Yazdi; B. Dosti; F. Samsamnia
Abstract
Oliveria genus belongs to Umbeliferae family and only has one species, Oliveria decumbens Vent endemic to Iran. On the other hand, essential oils are of secondary materials in plants widely used in the food, hygienic and pharmaceutical industry, and also as antimicrobial compounds. Oliveria decumbens ...
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Oliveria genus belongs to Umbeliferae family and only has one species, Oliveria decumbens Vent endemic to Iran. On the other hand, essential oils are of secondary materials in plants widely used in the food, hygienic and pharmaceutical industry, and also as antimicrobial compounds. Oliveria decumbens was collected from northwest mountains of Kuh-dasht in Lorestan province. Afterward, plant materials were dried in shade and hydro distillated using a Clevenger apparatus. The oil was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The anatomical studies were carried out using distaining method with Bismark brown and methyl green. GC and GC/MS analysis of the essential oil resulted in identification of 16 compounds representing 96.4% of the total oil. Anatomical studies showed that the surface of leaves was covered by non-glandular hairs while in cross section of the stems, the secretory canals were observed in cortex region.
A. Akbarinia; E. Sharifi Ashoorabadi; M. Mirza
Abstract
Thymus daenensis Celak. is distributed in some areas of Iran such as Qazvin province. In order to evaluate essential oil yield and composition of T. daenensis an experiment was conducted in research farm of Qazvin Research Station based on randomized complete block design with three replications during ...
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Thymus daenensis Celak. is distributed in some areas of Iran such as Qazvin province. In order to evaluate essential oil yield and composition of T. daenensis an experiment was conducted in research farm of Qazvin Research Station based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2006-2008. Aerial parts of the plants were dried in shadow and hydro distilled for obtaining their essential oils. Capillary GC and GC/MS analysis were used to determine the volatile profile of the essential oil samples. Fresh and dry herbage yields of T. daenensis were 9124-1568, 10250-2176 and 11337-2750 kg/ha in 2006, 2007 and 2008 respectively. Aerial parts yield were higher in the first cutting and showed decreased trend in latter cutting each year. The yields of fresh and dry biomass were 3498-800 kg/ha for the first cutting, 3015-720 kg/ha for the second cutting, 1947-508 kg/ha for the third cutting and 1976-504 kg/ha for the forth cutting. There was no difference in volatile oil percentage in different years, but there were significant difference between different cuttings. The oil yield was 2.83% at third cutting and 3.07% at first cutting. Thymol, γ-terpinene, ρ-cemene, metyl-eyther carvacrol and carvacrol were the main components of essential oil in all cuttings and years. Thymol percentage was varied from 69% (first cutting) to 76% (second cutting) in the essential oils of T. daenensis.
K. Babaee; M. Amini Dehaghi; S.A.M. Modares Sanavi; R. Jabbari
Abstract
Water deficit stress, permanent or temporary, limits the growth and the distribution of natural vegetation and the performance of cultivated plants more than any other environmental factors. Mechanism involved is still not clear. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is an important medicinal plant in perfume and ...
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Water deficit stress, permanent or temporary, limits the growth and the distribution of natural vegetation and the performance of cultivated plants more than any other environmental factors. Mechanism involved is still not clear. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is an important medicinal plant in perfume and medical industry. In this research, the effects of water deficit stress on growth, yield, metabolites compatible (prolin) and oil composition of thyme (thymol) were studied. Complete randomized block design with 4 treatments and 4 replications have been used in 2006. Water deficit levels included control (100% field capacity), mild stress (85% field capacity), medium stress (70% field capacity) and severe stress (55% field capacity). The statistical analysis showed that water deficit had significant effect on growth parameters, yield biomass, prolin and thymol. Water stress decreased plant height, number of secondary branches, dry and fresh weight growth and root mass, dry and fresh weight root and length root. In addition, thymol percentage and prolin content increased with severe stress (55% field capacity). Morphological yield with secondary metabolites prolin and thymol were obversed with water deficit changes.
A.R. Yavari; V. Nazeri; F. Sefidkon; M.E. Hassani
Abstract
Genus Thymus (Lamiaceae) consists of about 250 species. Fourteen species grow naturally in Iran of which four are endemic. Different species of Thymus are used as tonic, carminative, digestive, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, expectorant and for the cold treatment in Iranian traditional ...
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Genus Thymus (Lamiaceae) consists of about 250 species. Fourteen species grow naturally in Iran of which four are endemic. Different species of Thymus are used as tonic, carminative, digestive, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, expectorant and for the cold treatment in Iranian traditional medicine. Chemical composition of essential oil of T. migricus Klokov & Desj.-Shost., a species grows in northwest of Iran, has been investigated in this paper. The aerial parts were collected from Ghushchi, Nazloo and Band regions from West Azerbaijan province in the middle of May 2008. Then air-dried flowering stems of the plant were submitted to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus according to the method recommended in British Pharmacopoeia. The essential oil was analyzed by combination of GC-FID and GC-MS. The total yields of oils based on dry weight were 1.5%, 1.7% and 1.4% (w/w) from Ghushchi, Nazloo and Band, respectively. Twenty, Eighteen and Twenty-one compounds were identified from Ghushchi, Nazloo and Band, respectively among which thymol (46.6-70.5%), γ-terpinene (6.2-16.7%) and p-cymene (4.0-6.2%) have been the three major and common constituents and also had high concentrations. With respect to high yield of essential oil and valuable phenolic compound in Nazloo specimen, it is suggested for medicinal applications.
S. Davazdahemami; F. Sefidkon; M.R. Jahansooz; D. Mazaheri
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effects of water salinity on ajowan (Carum copticum L.), a completely randomized design was conducted in Esfahan province in 2007. Eight water salinity treatments (0.3-21 dS/m) with 3 replications were applied in the field. The seeds (at ripening) and foliage (initial flowering) ...
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In order to evaluate the effects of water salinity on ajowan (Carum copticum L.), a completely randomized design was conducted in Esfahan province in 2007. Eight water salinity treatments (0.3-21 dS/m) with 3 replications were applied in the field. The seeds (at ripening) and foliage (initial flowering) of ajowan were harvested. After drying the plant materials in shade, their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. The oils were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography, using flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. According to results seed and foliage oils percentage were 3.5-4.4 and 0.25-0.35 cc/100 g, respectively. Maximum seed and foliage oils yield were 8.3 and 2.4 cc/m2 and minimum were 3.5 and 1.5 cc/m2 in control and in 21 dS/m, respectively. Maximum biological and seed yields were 202.7 and 1367.6 and minimum were 96.7 and 739.5 gr/m2 in control and 21dS/m, respectively. The most important constituents of essential oil were: thymol (55.5% and 56.2%), γ-terpinene (22.5% and 26.9%), ρ-cymene (14.2% and 11.2%), limonene (1.9% and 0.5%) and carvacrol (0.3% and 1.4%), respectively.
F. Nikkhah; F. Sefidkon; E. Sharifi Ashoorabadi
Abstract
The aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris were collected in three stages of plant growth (before flowering, at the beginning and full flowering stage) from Research Field of Shahid Beheshti University (Tehran) at spring. The plant materials were dried in shade and their essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation ...
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The aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris were collected in three stages of plant growth (before flowering, at the beginning and full flowering stage) from Research Field of Shahid Beheshti University (Tehran) at spring. The plant materials were dried in shade and their essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation in three replications. In addition, the essential oils of plant materials at full flowering stage were obtained by water-steam distillation and direct steam distillation. The oil yields were calculated based on dried weigh and compared by statistic analysis. The oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Statistic analysis showed different stages of plant growth and different distillation methods had significant effect on oil yield. The highest oil yield was obtained at the beginning of flowering (1.18% w/w). Among distillation methods, the highest oil yield was obtained by direct steam distillation (1.20%). Analysis and identification of components showed thymol, P-cymene and g-terpinene as main compounds in all samples. The percentage of thymol at the beginning and full flowering stage was the same, but at the beginning of flowering was lower. There was no remarkable difference between different distillation methods for producing thymol, but by hydro-distillation the thymol amount was little higher. Based on the results of this investigation it can be concluded that the beginning of flowering and hydro-distillation are the best for obtaining the higher oil content and thymol percentage.
A. Akbarinia; F. Sefikon; S.R. Razaz Hashemi
Abstract
Satureja sahendica Bornm.is an endemic aromatic species in Iran. It isused very extensively in folk medicine of southern parts ofIran. In this study, chemicalcomposition of cultivated S. sahendica was investigated for the first time. Three accessions of S. sahendica collected from natural sites in Qazvin ...
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Satureja sahendica Bornm.is an endemic aromatic species in Iran. It isused very extensively in folk medicine of southern parts ofIran. In this study, chemicalcomposition of cultivated S. sahendica was investigated for the first time. Three accessions of S. sahendica collected from natural sites in Qazvin province and cultivated in research farm of Qazvin Research Station in 2005. An experiment was undertaken to determine the oil production of S. sahendica in complete randomized block design with three replications. Accessions consisted of Arochan, Abgarm and Shenein. Aerial parts of wild and cultivated plants harvested at flowering stage in 2007. Essential oils of dried aerial parts were distilled with water for 3 hours. Statistical analysis showed significant difference between cultivated and wild plants of accessions. In natural site, Shenien had the highest essential oil content (3.3%) and then Abgarm (3.0%) and Arochan with 2.21% was the least. In cultivated plants accessions had not similar trend in different harvests. Abgarm samples at first and second cuttings and Arochan samples in third cutting showed the highest essential oil contents. There was high difference between cultivated and wild accessions of Shenien. Thymol was 35 to 36% at cultivated and wild samples, while among cultivated plants, Abgarm sample in third cutting showed the highest amount of thymol (49.6%). Second cutting of Arochan sample and first harvest of Shenien sample had 38.8 and 38.1 % thymol respectively. Carvacrol in wild plants was nearly 1% and was higher than cultivated plants.
Sh. Ahmadi; F. Sefidkon; P. Babakhanlo; F. Asgari; K. Khademi; N. Valizadeh; M.A. Karimifar
Abstract
The genus of Satureja consist of 30 species in world. Satureja bachtiarica Bunge is one of the endemic species of this genus in Iran. In order to identify the quality changes of essential oil of Satureja bachtiarica, we planted the specimen in 1382 in Khorram Abad on the 36 plot, using the split factorial ...
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The genus of Satureja consist of 30 species in world. Satureja bachtiarica Bunge is one of the endemic species of this genus in Iran. In order to identify the quality changes of essential oil of Satureja bachtiarica, we planted the specimen in 1382 in Khorram Abad on the 36 plot, using the split factorial design in randomized complete block with 3 replications. Aerial parts of plants were collected in two stages (before and full flowering) from field and provenance in the second year. The plant materials were dried and hydro-distilled in order to obtain their essential oils. The oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The main component of essential oil before flowering stage were carvacrol (20٪), P-cymene (36.5٪) and thymol (19.2.(٪ In the flowering stage 21 compounds were characterized in the oil with carvacrol (25.5٪), p-cymene (23.2٪), thymol (0.5(٪ and mentone (18.5 (٪as the main constituents. Fifteen compounds were characterized in the oil of field sample (Khorram Abad). The main constituents of the oil were carvacrol (48.6٪) and p-cymene (28.6٪) before flowering stage. In the flowering stage 13 compounds were characterized in the oil with carvacrol (62.3٪) and p-cymene (21.2٪) as the main constituents. The oil yields of cultivated and wild S. bachtiarica samples were 1.1, 2.08% and 1.8, 1.1% before and full flowering stages, respectively. The amount of carvacrol in Satureja bachtiarica oils were 48.6%, 62.3% and 20%, 25.8%before and full flowering stages, in field and provenance, respectively. These results showed that variation of ecological characters like altitude, temperature, humidity and climate had effect on percentage of carvacrol.
M. Mahboubi; M.M. Feizabadi; Gh. Haghi; H. Hosseini
Volume 24, Issue 1 , May 2008, , Pages 56-65
Abstract
Oliveria decumbens Vent. (Umbelliferae) is a shrub commonly found in the South East of Iran. Its aerial part is extensively used in herbal medicine. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of O. decumbens essential oil extracted from aerial parts of plant against a panel of microorganisms including ...
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Oliveria decumbens Vent. (Umbelliferae) is a shrub commonly found in the South East of Iran. Its aerial part is extensively used in herbal medicine. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of O. decumbens essential oil extracted from aerial parts of plant against a panel of microorganisms including gram positive, gram negative bacteria, yeast and fungi were assessed by disc diffusion method and micro broth dilution assay. The chemical constitutes of this oil was analyzed by GC. The main components of essential oil are thymol (26.9%), carvacrol (0.25%), p-cymene (13.3%) and γ-terpinene (11%). This oil exhibited strong antifungal activity against filamentous fungi and yeast with average of inhibition zone (AIZ) 34.86 and MIC≤0.25µl ml -1. The effect of 2 µl of essential oil (IZ≥27.3 mm) is larger than Amphotricin B (IZ≤17) against fungi. The gram positive bacteria are more sensitive than gram-negative bacteria (21.9 Vs 18.4). Spore forming bacteria (Bacillus sp.) are resistant to essential oil and the effect of oil against Bacillus sp. had inhibitory effect (MIC>2 µl ml-1). Pseudomonas aeruginosa were more resistant than others (IZO. decumbens oil, i.e. bacteria are more resistant than fungi and gram negative bacteria are more resistant than gram positive bacteria. These effects are more concerned to phenol components especially thymol. Therefore, further studies are required to evaluate in vivo efficacy.
Sh. Mehrpur; F. Sefidkon; H. Mirzaie-Nodoushan; A. Majd
Volume 20, Issue 2 , July 2004, , Pages 159-169
Abstract
To investigate quality and quantity of essential oil of Thymus kotschyanus in greenhouse and field cultivation, seeds of four populations of this species from Azarbayejan, Sirachal, Mianeh and Tabriz were collected and cultivated in greenhouse and field condititions. Kelevenger method was ...
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To investigate quality and quantity of essential oil of Thymus kotschyanus in greenhouse and field cultivation, seeds of four populations of this species from Azarbayejan, Sirachal, Mianeh and Tabriz were collected and cultivated in greenhouse and field condititions. Kelevenger method was used to extract the essential oils from the plants foliage. Essential oil components were analysed and recognised by GC and GC/MS. The components included Thymol, Carvacrol and r-cymene.The highest main percentage of Thymol(65.94%), and r-cymene(20.40%), were found in Azarbayejan population and Carvacrol (53.14%), in Sirachal population. The oil yeilds of Thymus kotschyanus in field were higher than greenhouse conditions, but Thymol and Carvacrol were decreased and other monoterpenes were the major components of the essential oils in greenhouse conditions. In field conditions, the percentage of r-cymene was high, comparing to greenhouse condition, but g- terpinene was trace.This problem can be related to temprature and other conditions in field and greenhouse conditions. On the other hand, these differences between the oil composition of the greenhouse, and field grown populations, may reveal a common route of formation the components in the species.
F. Askari; F. Sefidkon
Volume 20, Issue 2 , July 2004, , Pages 229-237
Abstract
Melissa officinalis L. is a very easily grown plant that habitats in south and Eastern of Europe, Spain and Asia. The plant of Melissa collected from three fields in Fars, Tehran and Semnan provinces. Essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation. The yields of Essential oils of Fars sample (Shiraz), ...
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Melissa officinalis L. is a very easily grown plant that habitats in south and Eastern of Europe, Spain and Asia. The plant of Melissa collected from three fields in Fars, Tehran and Semnan provinces. Essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation. The yields of Essential oils of Fars sample (Shiraz), Tehran sample (Karaj) and Semnan sample were 0.14%, 0.25% and 0.26% (w/w) respectively. The oils were analyzed by GC (9A-Shimadzu) and GC/MS (Varian 3400). Seventeen constituents at Fars sample oil, seventeen constituents at Tehran sample oil and fourteen constituents at Semnan sample oil were identified respectively. Major constituents of Fars sample were citronellal (25.4%), b-caryophyllene (11.3%), thymol (10.5%), globolol (6.1%), caryophyllene oxide (6.5%) and geraniol (5.7%). Major constituents of Karaj sample oil were citronellal (9.3%), carvacrol (31.8 %), Humulene epoxide (25.4 %) and a-humulene (10.2%). Major constituents of Semnan samples oil were citronellal (43.8%), b-caryophyllene (13.5%), thymol (7.9%), globolol (6.8%), neral (5.3%) and geranial (5.0%). Fourteen constituents were common at all sample oil. Major constituent at all samples oil was citronellal. Four major constituents were common at Fars and Semnan samples oil.
F. Askari; F. Sefidkon; M. Mirza
Volume 19, Issue 2 , August 2003, , Pages 125-136
Abstract
One of the more distributed of The genus of Thymus is T. pubescens that is widespread in Tehran provinces up to 1800 m height and often widespread on flat and rocky surface. The aerial parts of Thymus pubescens were collected at four various localities in the Tehran province: Lar valley and Damavand ...
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One of the more distributed of The genus of Thymus is T. pubescens that is widespread in Tehran provinces up to 1800 m height and often widespread on flat and rocky surface. The aerial parts of Thymus pubescens were collected at four various localities in the Tehran province: Lar valley and Damavand (East of Tehran province), Sirachal and Fasham (Northwest of Tehran province). Essential oils were isolated by steam distillation from the plant material at two stages, before flowering (BF) and at full flowering (FF). The yields arranged between 0.34% and 0.86% at BF stage and between 0.40% and 2.03% at FF stage. In most sites of collection the oil content at BF stage was less than FF stage and the oil percentage of plant material from Lar valley and Damavand was more than of Sirachal and Fasham. At BF stage 25 compounds and at FF stage 26 compounds were characterized by means of GC and GC/MS. Major constituents were: carvacrol, thymol, g-terpinene, r-cymene, borneol, methy carvacrol, b-caryophyllene, 1,8-cineol + limonene and Geraniol. Twenty-three constituents were common at two stages. Geranyl acetate and thymyl acetate were found just at BF stage and geranial, nerol, and thymodihydroquinone were found just at FF stage.
F. Sefidkon; A. Rahimi-Bidgoly
Volume 15, Issue 1 , January 2003, , Pages 1-22
Abstract
The aerial parts of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss & Hohen were collected in three stages of plant growth (before, at the beginning and complete flowering) from research station of Sirachal. The essential oils of plant materials were isolated by steam-, hydro- and water-steam distillation from the aerial ...
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The aerial parts of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss & Hohen were collected in three stages of plant growth (before, at the beginning and complete flowering) from research station of Sirachal. The essential oils of plant materials were isolated by steam-, hydro- and water-steam distillation from the aerial parts. The oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. So, the effect of distillation methods and stages of plant growth on oil content and composition of Thymus kotschyanus was investigated. The oil yield, related to distillation method and stage of plant growth, was 0.28-1.80% w/w (the highest for complete flowering stage by hydrodistillation method). The main constituents in all of the oils were carvacrol (46.74-61.23%), thymol (7.51- 26.92 %), g-terpinene, p-cymene and borneol.
M. Mirza; M. Najafpour navaei
Volume 15, Issue 1 , January 2003, , Pages 23-31
Abstract
The essential oil isolated by steam distillation from flowers of Oliveria decumbens Vent. and was analyzed By GC and GC/MS. Among the 14 Compounds identified, the major components were carvacrol (29.7%), Thymol (15.11%), γ-terpinene (20.46%) and P- cymene (15.40%).
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The essential oil isolated by steam distillation from flowers of Oliveria decumbens Vent. and was analyzed By GC and GC/MS. Among the 14 Compounds identified, the major components were carvacrol (29.7%), Thymol (15.11%), γ-terpinene (20.46%) and P- cymene (15.40%).
M. Mirza; Z. Baher Nik
Volume 13, Issue 1 , July 2002, , Pages 69-79
Abstract
The seeds of cultivated Trachyspermum copticum L. Link collected in autumn from Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands field and extracted by water distillation. The average of humidity was 3.8%. Analyses of essential oil was done by GC/MS which were resulted to identify 9 compounds which contains ...
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The seeds of cultivated Trachyspermum copticum L. Link collected in autumn from Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands field and extracted by water distillation. The average of humidity was 3.8%. Analyses of essential oil was done by GC/MS which were resulted to identify 9 compounds which contains 100% of oil. Among the identified constituentes, p- cymene (32.4%), γ- terpinene (27.8%) and β- Pinene (1%) were the major constituents. The contents of phenolic compounds were less than those were reported by other scientists in different countries. It considers the soil ingredients, conditions and the methods of extraction were important on the essential oil contents.
F. Sefidkon; F. Askari
Volume 12, Issue 1 , May 2002, , Pages 29-51
Abstract
The genus of Thymus presents 14 species in Iran, some of them are endemic (1). In this project some of the endemic and non-endemic Thymus species, named: T. pubescens Boiss. et Kotschy ex Celak, T. carnosus Boiss, T. kotschyanus Boiss and Hohen, T. persicus (Ronniger ex Rech. F.) Jalas and T. serpyllum ...
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The genus of Thymus presents 14 species in Iran, some of them are endemic (1). In this project some of the endemic and non-endemic Thymus species, named: T. pubescens Boiss. et Kotschy ex Celak, T. carnosus Boiss, T. kotschyanus Boiss and Hohen, T. persicus (Ronniger ex Rech. F.) Jalas and T. serpyllum L. were collected from different regions at before flowering and full flowering stage. The air-dried aerial parts of these species were steam distilled for obtaning their essential oils. The oil yields are as follow respectively: at before flowering (0.66%, 0.28%, 0.26%, 0.55% and 0.57%) and at full flowering stage (0.86%, 2.1%, 0.43%, 1.45% and 0.90%).
Totally the oil yields were lower for theses Thymus species before flowering. The highest oil yields were obtained from T. kotschyanus and T. pubescens.
Analysis and identification of chemical composition of the oils were performed by GC and GC/MS.
Thirty-seven components (representing 93.1%-98.3% of the oils) at before flowering stage and thirty-nine components (representing 88.2%-99.3% of the oils) at full flowering stage were identified.
The main components of the oils were as follow, before and full flowering stage, respectively:
T. carnosus, thymol (27.2% and 36.1%), g-terpinene (19.6% and 19.1%), p-cymene (26.2% and 21.3%), b-caryophyllene (2.5% and 2.8%), carvacrol (2.2% and 2.5%) and borneol (1.6% and 1.6%).
T. kotschyanus carvacrol (40.7% and 41.4%), thymol (26.9% and 19.5%), g-terpinene (7.3% and 10.3%), p-cymene (3.9% and 5.3%), b-caryophyllene (1.8% and 2.5%) and borneol (1.3% and 2.4%)
T. persicus (39.0% and 27.1%), thymol (6.5% and 11.9%), g-terpinene (6.1% and 6.5%), p-cymene (7.5% and 10.2%), b-caryophyllene (2.0% and 3.0%) and borneol (1.6% and 2.9%).
T. pubescens carvacrol (64.8% and 48.8%), thymol (11.9% and 13.9%), g-terpinene (6.1% and trace), p-cymene (2.9% and 12.7%), b-caryophyllene (1.5% and 1.3%) and borneol (0.7% and 3.8%).
T. serpyllum, thymol (18.7% and 18.7%), g-terpinene (21.9% and 22.7%), p-cymene (21.1% and 20.7%), b-caryophyllene (7.1% and 0.1%) and borneol (3.9% and 3.1%)
Geraniol (15.7% and 9.4%), Geranyl acetate (5.3% and 5.3%) and a-terpineol (0 and 9.5%) were found just in T. persicus oil before and full flowering stage, respectively. Germacrene D was also found in T. serpyllum oil (6.0% and 5.1%).
F. Askari; F. Sefidkon; M.B. Rezaee
Volume 12, Issue 1 , May 2002, , Pages 87-127
Abstract
The genus of Thymus Presents 14 species, which are found wild in different regions of Iran (1). One of the more distributed of these species is Thymus pubescens (2).
The aerial parts of Thymus pubescens were collected from three various localities of Lar valley (in East of Tehran province). Essential ...
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The genus of Thymus Presents 14 species, which are found wild in different regions of Iran (1). One of the more distributed of these species is Thymus pubescens (2).
The aerial parts of Thymus pubescens were collected from three various localities of Lar valley (in East of Tehran province). Essential oils isolated by steam distillation from the plant material at two stages, before flowering (BF) and full flowering (FF). Yields of essential oils were 0.53% to 0.93% (at BF stage) and 1.23% to 2.03% (at FF stage). Therefore the oil content at BF stage was less than FF stage.
At BF stage 26 compounds (representing 98% to 99.3% of the oils) and at FF stae 32 compounds (representing 97.7% to 98.5% of the oils) were characterized. Major constituents at BF stage were: carvacrol (52.6% - 77.9%), thymol (2.7%-21.8%), g-terpinene (3.3%-7.4%), p-cymene (2.2%-4.4%), and b-caryophyllene (1.7%-2.5%). Major constituents at FF stage were: carvacrol (54.7% - 69.2%), p-cymene (6.7%-9.7%), borneol (1.7%-5.1%), methyl carvacrol (0.6%-6.6%) and 1,8-cineol +limonene (1.7%-3.2%).
Twenty-three constituents were common at two stages. d-cadinene, thymyl acetate and g-muurolene (E)-b-ocimene were found just at BF stage and a-phellandrene, a-terpineole, terpinen-4-ol, spathunelol, camphor, linalool, methyl linalo, methyl thymol, thymoquinone and thymodihydroquinone were found just at FF stage.
