Agriculture and horticulture
A.A. Hatamnia
Abstract
Thymbra spicata L. (from Lamiaceae family) is distributed in large areas of Iran. In this study, the amount of total phenols and flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and percentage and essential oil composition in different ecotypes of this species from three different regions in Ilam province was evaluated. ...
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Thymbra spicata L. (from Lamiaceae family) is distributed in large areas of Iran. In this study, the amount of total phenols and flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and percentage and essential oil composition in different ecotypes of this species from three different regions in Ilam province was evaluated. The results showed that total phenols and flavonoids content was correlated with antioxidant activity positively and significantly, so that plant essential oil from Manesht Mountain with high phenols (8.6 mg gallic acid per g dry weight) and flavonoids (0.30 mg quercetin per g dry weight) content had the highest antioxidant activity, too. The main essential oil compound of the plant from regions with different ecological conditions was thymol (22.6-40.7%). Carvacrol, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene were the other main essential oil compounds of T. spicata from different regions. The results showed that the plant sample from Kaveran region and Manesht Mountain had the highest (2.4%) and lowest (1.4%) essential oil content, respectively. Overall, based on the results of the present study, it could be suggested that the essential oil percentage and composition of T. spicata depended not only to the genetic factors, but also to the ecological factors such as altitude, average annual temperature, and annual rainfall.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Jafari Ghoshchi; B. Abbaszadeh; M. Ourei; R. Azimi; A. Faramarzi
Abstract
In this study, to investigate the effects of gamma ray to dry plant materials, conditions, and storage duration of the plants on the percentage and essential oil composition and some physiological traits of Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss., plant top shoots were collected at the flowering stage. Gamma ...
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In this study, to investigate the effects of gamma ray to dry plant materials, conditions, and storage duration of the plants on the percentage and essential oil composition and some physiological traits of Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss., plant top shoots were collected at the flowering stage. Gamma ray irradiation was performed in the Atomic Energy Organization at five levels of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 kGy (kilo gray). Storage was carried out under two refrigerator (4°C) and room air temperature conditions at three storage duration levels of 0, 120, and 240 hours. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Essential oil of flowering shoots was extracted by water distillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS quantitatively and qualitatively. According to the obtained results, gamma radiation affected the essential oil percentage and amount of p-cymene, thymol, carvacrol, phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity significantly at the level of 1%. Storage duration had a significant effect on the essential oil percentage and amount of p-cymene, thymol, and carvacrol. Storage conditions showed a significant effect on the total phenols and flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of S. spicigera. Means comparison of gamma radiation effects showed that the highest percentage of essential oil with 1.12% and 1.03% was obtained in the control and 5 kGy treatments, respectively. The highest amount of thymol (13.57%) and carvacrol (34.73%) was observed in the 10 kGy and control treatments, respectively. With 2.5 kGy gamma irradiation, the amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity respectively increased by 1.4 and 1.76 times compared to the control. Of course, by keeping the plant in the refrigerator, the amount of thymol was reduced. The highest percentage of essential oil was related to the storage for 120 hours. The use of high intensity gamma radiation is suitable to achieve high thymol essential oil. The use of low radiation can also be useful for drying S. spicigera to obtain extracts containing more phenolic compounds. However, gamma radiation is not appropriate for plant materials drying to obtain essential oils of this species.
Agriculture and horticulture
M. Ahmadvand; A. Javanmard; M. Haghaninia; M.R. Morshedloo
Abstract
Intercropping systems and biofertilizers application play an important role in improving the quantity and quality of plant products. In this regard, to evaluate the effects of Myco-Root biofertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative traits of Thymus vulgaris L. in intercropping with Cicer arietinum ...
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Intercropping systems and biofertilizers application play an important role in improving the quantity and quality of plant products. In this regard, to evaluate the effects of Myco-Root biofertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative traits of Thymus vulgaris L. in intercropping with Cicer arietinum L., an experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at the faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh during 2020 growing season. Treatments included thyme sole culture, thyme sole culture inoculated with Myco-Root, chickpea sole culture, chickpea sole culture inoculated with Myco-Root, intercropping of one row chickpea+one row thyme (1:1), planting pattern of 1:1 inoculated with Myco-Root, intercropping of two rows chickpea+one row thyme (2:1), and planting pattern of 2:1 inoculated with Myco-Root. The results demonstrated that the highest seed (751.40 kg.ha-1) and biological (1645.6 kg.ha-1) yields of chickpea were obtained in the chickpea monoculture inoculated with Myco-Root, which was not significantly different from planting pattern of 2:1 inoculated with Myco-Root. Moreover, the highest dry matter yield of thyme (189.47 g.m-2) was achieved in the sole culture with application of mycorrhizal fungus. Also, the highest percentage (1.69) and essential oil yield (3.31 g.m-2) of thyme was obtained in planting pattern of 1:1 with application of mycorrhizal fungus in first harvest. Thymol, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene were recognized as the main essential oil compounds. The highest percentage of thymol and γ-terpinene was obtained in planting pattern of 1:1 inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus. Also, the highest agronomical (land equivalent ratio, area harvest equivalent ratio, area time equivalent ratio, and land use efficiency) and economic (intercropping advantage, monetary advantage index, and system productivity index) indices were achieved in the intercropping ratio of 2:1 and 1:1 with application of Myco-Root biofertilizer, respectively. In general, the results showed that the Myco-Root biofertilizer application in intercropping, especially the planting pattern of 1:1, could improve the quantity and quality of thyme essential oil.
Agriculture and horticulture
M. Yadegari
Abstract
Due to the valuable role of thyme in the pharmaceutical and food industries of Iran, an experiment was conducted to study the effects of NPK complete fertilizers, butamisol, and humic acid on the morphophysiological characteristics and essential oil of three species of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss, T. vulgaris ...
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Due to the valuable role of thyme in the pharmaceutical and food industries of Iran, an experiment was conducted to study the effects of NPK complete fertilizers, butamisol, and humic acid on the morphophysiological characteristics and essential oil of three species of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss, T. vulgaris L., and T. daenensis Celark under drought stress conditions. This research was performed in three separate factorial experiments as a randomized complete block design with four replications in Islamic Azad University, Branch of Shahrekord in the 2021-2022 crop year. Foliar application was done twice with an interval of three weeks after the 10-leaf stage of the plant. Twenty-four experimental treatments included the non-use (A1) and use (A2) of NPK, non-use (B1) and use (B2) of humic acid, non-use (C1) and use (C2) of botamisol under drought stress conditions at three levels of field capacity (D1), 50% (D2), and 75% (D3) loss of gravitational water. The highest amounts of plant height (44.5±1.1 cm), number of main branches (26.4±1.5), plant dry weight (40.5±0.99 g.m-2), total chlorophyll (1.55±0.1 mg.g-1 fresh weight (FW)), and essential oil content (1.88±0.03%) were obtained in the A2B2C2D1 treatment in T. kotschyanus. The A2B2C2D3 treatment resulted in the highest proline content (13.9±0.2 µg.g-1 FW) and lowest essential oil content (0.79±0.1 %) in T. daenensis. Thymol and carvacrol in T. kotschyanus, thymol, ɣ-terpinene, p-cymene, and linalool in T. vulgaris, and thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, β-caryophylene, α-pinene, and myrcene in T. daenensis were identified as the major essential oil compounds. More nutrient utilization and stress in the least possible along with the temperate climate of the study area led to the introduction of T. kotschyanus as an indicator species in this field.
Agriculture and horticulture
B. Yoosefi; F. Sefidkon; M. Mirza; M.H. Lebaschy
Abstract
Satureja mutica Fisch. & C. A. Mey. is one of the native savory species of Iran that has received much attention due to its high essential oil content and phenolic compound of thymol. Determination the most suitable and best planting density as well as soil fertility is very important in increasing ...
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Satureja mutica Fisch. & C. A. Mey. is one of the native savory species of Iran that has received much attention due to its high essential oil content and phenolic compound of thymol. Determination the most suitable and best planting density as well as soil fertility is very important in increasing the quantitative and qualitative yield of medicinal plants. In this study, to investigate the effects of plant density and feeding with organic fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of essential oils in Satureja mutica Fisch. & C. A. Mey. under rainfed conditions, an experiment was conducted as split plots in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Research and Education Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Kermanshah province in 3 crop years (2018-2020). The main factor included 3 fertilizer treatments and the sub-factor was 3 densities (2.66, 4, and 8 plants per square meter) in rows with a distance of 50 cm and with 3 planting distances (25, 50, and 75 cm). Plant aerial parts were harvested at full flowering stage and their essential oil (EO) was extracted by hydrodistillation method. EO yield was calculated according to the plant dry weight and its chemical compounds were identified using GC and GC/MS. The results showed that percentage and EO chemical composition did not show any difference between the years. There was a significant difference between the fertilizer treatments for the percentage and EO yield and thymol, carvacrol, and other EO chemical compounds at the level of 1%. There was a significant difference between the planting densities only for EO yield. Thymol had a positive relationship with the treatments of enriched straw and then rotten cow manure and the highest amount (53.2%) was observed in the enriched straw treatment. Carvacrol with the highest amount of 9.2%, showed a positive relationship with the rotten cow manure treatment.
Agriculture and horticulture
H. Shabkhiz; A. Javanmard; A. Ostadi; M.R. Morshedloo
Abstract
To determine the effects of Myco-Root biofertilizer and different irrigation levels on the content and essential oil compounds of thyme (Thymus daenensis Celak.), a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with eight treatments and three replications in the greenhouse of Plant ...
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To determine the effects of Myco-Root biofertilizer and different irrigation levels on the content and essential oil compounds of thyme (Thymus daenensis Celak.), a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with eight treatments and three replications in the greenhouse of Plant Production and Genetics department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Iran, in 2020. The factors included drought stress at four levels of without stress (irrigation at field capacity (FC) as a control), mild (irrigation at 75% FC), moderate (irrigation at 55% FC), and severe (irrigation at 35% FC) stresses and biofertilizer at two levels of inoculation and non-inoculation with Myco-Root. The results demonstrated that the fresh and dry weight of leaves, stem dry weight, total dry weight, leaf relative water content, chlorophylls a and b and total chlorophyll content, and root colonization percentage decreased significantly with increasing the water deficit level. However, the carotenoid content and essential oil percentage showed an increasing trend with increasing drought stress. The highest carotenoid content and essential oil percentage was obtained by using Myco-Root under moderate drought stress. Thymol, carvacrol, p < /em>-cymene, 1,8-cineole, (E)-caryophyllene, borneol, γ-terpinene, and α-pinene were identified as the major constituents of essential oil in the all treatments. The highest content of thymol was obtained under mild drought stress with the Myco-Root application. Furthermore, the highest content of carvacrol was recorded under mild, moderate, and severe drought stresses, respectively with the Myco-Root application. On average, the application of Myco-Root biofertilizer increased the content of thymol, carvacrol, 1,8-cineole, E-caryophyllene, borneol, and α-pinene by 4.19, 48.28, 15.93, 16.33, 14.15, and 3.78%, respectively compared to not using this biofertilizer. Overall, the results showed that some morphological and physiological traits of thyme decreased significantly with increasing the water deficit levels, but the application of Myco-Root biofertilizer could amend drought stress and improve the growth, percentage and essential oil quality of the plant. Thus, the use of Myco-Root biofertilizer instead of chemical fertilizers could be recommended to achieve the sustainable agriculture in the thyme cultivation.
Agriculture and horticulture
M. Amani Machiani; A. Javanmard; A. Ostadi; M.R. Morshedloo; J. Chabokpour
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae application and harvest time on the quantity and quality of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil in the different irrigation regimes, a field experiment was carried out as a split-split plot in a randomized complete blocks design ...
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To evaluate the effects of mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae application and harvest time on the quantity and quality of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil in the different irrigation regimes, a field experiment was carried out as a split-split plot in a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with 12 treatments and three replications at the Agriculture Faculty, University of Maragheh, Iran, in 2019. The factors and their levels included 1- the main factor: irrigation regime at three levels of irrigation after 20% (W20 as control), 50% (W50 as moderate stress), and 80% (W80 as severe stress) of maximum allowable depletion, 2- the subfactor: application and non-application of mycorrhiza, and 3- sub-sub factor: harvest time at two levels of June harvest (first harvest) and September harvest (second harvest). The results demonstrated that the highest amounts of plant height, canopy diameter, and dry matter yield of thyme were obtained in the W20 (control)+ application of mycorrhiza fungus+ first harvest treatment. In addition, the highest essential oil content was recorded in W50 followed by W80, which were 38.2 and 23.7% higher than W20 (control), respectively. Also, the application of mycorrhiza fungus increased the essential oil of thyme by 8.5% compared to the non-application of fungus. The highest and lowest content of thymol, γ-terpinene, and p < /em>-cymene were obtained in W50 and W20, respectively. Also, the application of mycorrhiza fungus increased the amount of mentioned compounds, respectively by 3.8%, 3.9%, and 7.1% compared to the non-application of fungus. Overall, it can be concluded that W50 (moderate stress) along with the application of mycorrhizal fungus F. mosseae improved the essential oil quality and quantity of thyme.
Z. Asle Mohammadi; N. Mohammadkhani; M. Servati
Abstract
The deficiency of nutrients such as nitrogen disrupts growth and changes the quantity and quality of essential oil. Foliar application of micronutrients improves plant growth. Therefore, due to this issue and its importance, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of iron and zinc foliar spray ...
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The deficiency of nutrients such as nitrogen disrupts growth and changes the quantity and quality of essential oil. Foliar application of micronutrients improves plant growth. Therefore, due to this issue and its importance, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of iron and zinc foliar spray on growth factors, percentage and essential oil components of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) under soil nitrogen deficiency. This study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental treatments consisted of nitrogen levels (control and deficiency) and iron and zinc foliar spray (1% and 2%). The results showed that the essential oil yield of thyme decreased under nitrogen deficiency; however, the foliar application of micronutrients, especially zinc, significantly increased the essential oil yield. Also, thymol, γ-terpinene and p-cymene formed the most components of the essential oil. Thymol content increased in control plants (full strength Hoagland) with foliar spray and its highest amount (54.4%) was obtained with foliar spray at zinc-2%. The p-cymene content increased from 17% at nitrogen control level to 24.6% under nitrogen deficiency. In control plants (full strength Hoagland), foliar spray increased shoot length, and iron-2% increased shoot dry weight. The foliar application of micronutrients caused changes in the content of essential oil compounds and the synthesis of some new compounds such as 1,8-cineole in the essential oil. The foliar application also improved some growth factors such as shoot length and dry weight in the control plants.
M.H. Lebaschi; E. Sharifi Ashoorabadi; M. Makizadeh Tafti; S. Asadi-Sanam; Kh. Karimzadeh Asl
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of plant density on quantitative and qualitative yieldof three species of Thymus under dry farming conditions in Tehran (Damavand), Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces, an experiment was conducted in a randomized block design based on split plot with three replications ...
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In order to evaluate the effect of plant density on quantitative and qualitative yieldof three species of Thymus under dry farming conditions in Tehran (Damavand), Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces, an experiment was conducted in a randomized block design based on split plot with three replications during three years (2009-2011). The treatments were included three species (T. vulgaris L., T. daenensis Celak.and T. kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen.) and three planting densities (4, 6 and 8 plant/m2), which were considered as main and sup-plots, respectively. Shoot dry matter yield, essential oil content, yield and essential oil components were determined. Results showed that the four-interaction effect (density, species, year and province) was significant on dry matter content, calculated to be from 75 to 5172 kg/h in different treatments. The maximum dry matter yield was observed at a density of 6 plant/m2 for T. daenensis in Kermanshah in the third year of experiment. The highest essential oil yield was obtained at a density of 8 plant/m2 for T. daenensis in Kermanshah in the second year of experiment. The maximum thymol content (80.33%) was related to T. daenensis inDamavand at a density of 6 plant/m2 in the third year of experiment. Overall, high production capacity of T. daenensis in the study provinces indicates the adaptation and economic yield of this native and valuable species.
A. Zarezadeh; F. Sefidkon; S.R. Tabaei Aghdaei; A. Mirhosseini; M.R. Arabzadeh; M.R. Mirjalili
Abstract
Essential oils of Satureja spp. contain valuable components, such as thymol and carvacrol. This research was carried due to evaluate essential oil quality and quantity of different accessions of Satureja species in cultivated condition., Seeds of 35 accessions of 10 Satureja species were collected from ...
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Essential oils of Satureja spp. contain valuable components, such as thymol and carvacrol. This research was carried due to evaluate essential oil quality and quantity of different accessions of Satureja species in cultivated condition., Seeds of 35 accessions of 10 Satureja species were collected from natural habitats and the seedlings were planted, using a randomized complete block design with for three replications at Medicinal Plants Research Station, Yazd, Iran. Aerial parts of plants were collected during four consecutive years, air dried in shadow and essential oils were extracted with hydrodistillation clevenger method. Essential oil compounds were identified by Gas chromatography (GC) and chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Analysis of variance showed significant differences at 1% between accessions for percentage of essential oil and essential oil yield per hectare. According to the results, accessions 15 (Satureja rechingeri) from Ilam province with 5.8% and 113.9 kg/ha essential oils, and 64% carvacrol and 12.2% thymol; accession 107 (S. spicigera) from Gillan province with 2.4% and 75.5 kg/ha essential oils, and 9.2% carvacrol and 43.4% thymol; accession 24 (S. rechingeri) from Ilam province with 4.2% and 63.8 kg/ha essential oils, and 75.4% carvacrol and 6.2% thymol; and SKM (S. bachtiarica ) from Yazd province with 2.6% and 51.5 kg/ha, essential oils, and 66% carvacrol and 0.5% thymol, respectively, showed the highest essential oil production in Yazd, Iran.
A. Zarezadeh; A. Mirhossaini; M. Mirza; Z. Jamzad; M. Arabzadeh
Abstract
Thymuskotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. is a perennial medicinal shrub growing wild in some regions of Iran including Yazd province. This research was carried out in order to analyze oil quantity and quality of cultivated Thymuskotschyanus in the Medicinal Plants Farm, Yazd, Iran. The seeds of 19 accessions ...
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Thymuskotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. is a perennial medicinal shrub growing wild in some regions of Iran including Yazd province. This research was carried out in order to analyze oil quantity and quality of cultivated Thymuskotschyanus in the Medicinal Plants Farm, Yazd, Iran. The seeds of 19 accessions collected from natural habitats were sown in a greenhouse and the seedlings were planted in the farm. Shoots were harvested at 50% flowering stage in the second year and dried under shadow. Essential oil was extracted with water distillation method and oil components were identified after determining oil content. The highest amounts of oil content respectively were related to accessions TK7 (3.42%), TK12 (3.22%), TK17 (2.66%) and the lowest amount was observed in accession TK6 (0.79%). The highest amounts of oil production respectively were recorded in accessions TK5 (38.3kg/ha), TK7 (36.4kg/ha) and TK12 (36.1 kg/ha) and the lowest amount was related to TK1 (1.3 kg/ha). Cluster analysis based on eleven oil components classified the accessions into three groups. The first group, (TK2, TK6, TK13, TK18, TK16, TK19), was rich for thymol-p-cymene, the scond group (TK1, TK3, TK4, TK5, TK7, TK11, TK14, TK15, TK17) for carvacrol-thymol and the 3rd group (TK8, TK9, TK10, TK12) was rich for Geraniol-linalool. In general, accessions TK7, with 3.42% oil content, 36.4 kg/ha oil production and 63.8% carvacrol; TK14, with 2.2% oil content 35.5 kg/ha oil production and 47.2% carvacrol and thymol, TK5 with 2.4% oil content, 38.3 kg/ha oil production and 57% thymol and carvacrol are proposed as superior accessions.
abbas zarezadeh; Fatemeh Sefidkon; S.R. Tabaei-Aghdaei; A. Mirhossaini; M.R. Arabzadeh; M.R. Mijalili
Abstract
Savory (Satureja) consists of 17 herbaceous annual and perennial species in Iran and Satureja rechingeri Jamzad is one of the endemic species in this country. This research was carried to study oil quantity and quality in S. rechingeri. Seeds of eight accessions, collected from natural habitats, were ...
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Savory (Satureja) consists of 17 herbaceous annual and perennial species in Iran and Satureja rechingeri Jamzad is one of the endemic species in this country. This research was carried to study oil quantity and quality in S. rechingeri. Seeds of eight accessions, collected from natural habitats, were sown in a greenhouse and the seedlings were planted in the Medicinal Plants Farm, Yazd, Iran. Essential oil was extracted from shadow dried flowering shoots with water distillation method and oil components were identified after determining oil content. Cluster analysis based on oil components classified the accessions into two groups, one of which was rich in carvacrol (SR1, SR2, SR3, SR5, SR7, SR8) and the other was rich in both carvacrol and thymol (SR6 and SR4). Based on the results of this study, SR4 with 5.85% essential oil, 113.9kg/ha oil yield, 64% carvacrol and 12.2% thymol , and SR6 with 4.22% essential oil, 63.8 8kg/ha oil yield, 75% carvacrol and 6.2% thymol are proposed as superior accessions.
A. Sepahvand; K. Khademi; H. Astereki; A. Mohammadian
Abstract
This research was aimed to study the effects of density on yield and yield components of thyme (Thymus lancifolius Celak.) under dry farming conditions of Lorestan province. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three sowing density treatments (4, 6, and 8 plants per ...
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This research was aimed to study the effects of density on yield and yield components of thyme (Thymus lancifolius Celak.) under dry farming conditions of Lorestan province. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three sowing density treatments (4, 6, and 8 plants per square meter) and three replications. The plant height, crown diameter, number of shoots, shoot dry yield, root length, and essential oil yield and content were measured. The results of combined analysis showed that the highest number of branches was obtained at a density of 8 plants per square meter as compared with 4 and 6 plants per square meter. According to the results, the dry matter yield and essential oil yield and content were calculated to be 3937.9 kg ha-1, 77.52 kg, and 1.973%, respectively. In addition, in the fourth year of study, the number of flowering branches, crown diameter and height were calculated to be 317.153, 42.87 cm and 15.3cm, respectively. The essential oil T. lancifolius contained more than 44% carvacrol and 31% thymol.
F. Sefidkon; A. Heydari; M. Kasyani; S.R. Tabayi Aghdayi; M. Naderi
Abstract
The genus Satureja belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Satureja macrantha C. A. Mey. is an aromatic plant growing wild in Zanjan, Kordestan, Hamedan, and Kermanshah provinces. In this research, to domesticate this species and study its essential oil content and composition, the seeds of four accessions ...
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The genus Satureja belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Satureja macrantha C. A. Mey. is an aromatic plant growing wild in Zanjan, Kordestan, Hamedan, and Kermanshah provinces. In this research, to domesticate this species and study its essential oil content and composition, the seeds of four accessions were collected from natural habitats and cultivated in the research farm of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. To compare the essential oil yields and constituents, the aerial parts of each accession were collected in full flowering stage in three consecutive years. After drying in room temperature, the plant materials were subjected to hydro-distillation. The oil yields were calculated and the oil compositions were identified by GC and GC/MS analysis and retention indices. Results showed that the major compounds in all oils were recorded to be thymol, p-cymene and g-terpinene with different percentages. However, carvacrol was also detected in the oils whose value was not considerable. In addition, the oil yields increased gradually with plant growth in all accessions. The quality of oils was also improved with plant aging, except for one accession, so that three- year old plants contained more oil and more phenolic compounds, thymol and carvacrol as compared to one-year old plants. The elimination and appearance of some minor components in the oils with plant aging showed that oil analysis at the first year of cultivation of an aromatic plant did not produce acceptable results. Therefore, to obtain reliable results, the oils should be studied in a few consecutive years.
F. Askari; E. Sharifi Ashorabadi; M. Mirza; M. Teimouri; E. Ehsani
Abstract
This research was aimed to investigate the effect of collection locality and essential oil concentration of Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak on antimicrobial activity against some microorganisms. The statistical design used in this study was a factorial experiment in a completely randomized ...
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This research was aimed to investigate the effect of collection locality and essential oil concentration of Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak on antimicrobial activity against some microorganisms. The statistical design used in this study was a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications. In this experiment, collection locality at six levels including the habitats of West Azarbaijan, Tehran, Zanjan, Qazvin, Kurdistan and Guilan, essential oil dilution at three levels including one fifth (1:5), one twenty-fifth (1:25), one fiftieth (1:50) and comparison with the antibiotics of ciprofloxacin and ceftizoxime, and studied microorganisms at five levels including Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Candida albicans were investigated. The seeds were collected from different habitats and cultivated in the field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. The essential oil was isolated from shoots by hydro-distillation. Chemical compositions of the oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The essential oil yield obtained from different localities varied between 0.39% to 0.83% (w/w). The major constituents of the essential oil obtained from the samples collected from West Azarbaijan, Tehran, Zanjan, Qazvin, Kurdistan and Guilan were as follows: West Azarbaijan: E-caryophyllene (26.0%) and camphor (24.2%); Tehran: geranial (30.9%) and geranyl acetate (23.9%); Zanjan: linalool (23.5%) and 1,8-cineol (22.2%); Qazvin: thymol (30.3%) and carvacrol (30.1%); Kurdistan: linalool (17.2%) and geranyl acetate (12.7%), and Guilan: α–terpineol (31.2%) and geraniol (11.2%). Analysis of variance of inhibition zone diameter of T. pubescence essential oil showed significant difference (p<0.05) among collection locality, microorganism type, essential oil dilution and their interaction. Mean comparisons of the collection locality, microorganism type and essential oil dilution showed that the highest inhibition zone diameter (35.5mm) was recorded for the essential oil obtained from West Azarbaijan, ciprofloxacin against Bacillus subtilis. The lowest inhibition zone diameter (8.0 mm) was observed in the essential oil obtained from West Azerbaijan with essential oil dilution of 1:50 against P. aeruginosa. According to the MIC and MBC results, the most and the least antimicrobial activity was recorded for the essential oils obtained from the seeds collected from Tehran and Kurdistan, respectively.
A. Zarezadeh; A. Mirhossaini; M. Mirza; M.R. Arabzadeh
Abstract
The essential oil of Thymus spp has valuable components such as thymol and carvacrol. The aerial parts of different thymus accessions, cultivated in Shahedied research station of medicinal plants, were collected at flowering stage and then dried in shadow and hydro-distilled for obtaining their essential ...
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The essential oil of Thymus spp has valuable components such as thymol and carvacrol. The aerial parts of different thymus accessions, cultivated in Shahedied research station of medicinal plants, were collected at flowering stage and then dried in shadow and hydro-distilled for obtaining their essential oils. Analysis and identification of chemical composition of the oil were performed by GC and GC/MS. Among 74 cultivated accessions in 2011, the highest amount of oil yield was related to the accessions CFTNJI (4.17%), ZELP (4%), Q (3.72%), NJICFT (3.71%), XDRMKO (3.54%), respectively and the lowest was related to BHUZSE (0.66%). The highest amount of oil production per hectare was related to the accesstions XDRVGY (87.5kg/ha), NJICFT(45.42kg/ha), ZSECFT(40.86kg/ha), BHUMKO (38.31kg/ha), respectively and the lowest was related to CFTMKO (0.9kg/ha). Para-cymene, 1,8-cineol, gamma terpinene, borneol, thymol, carvacrol, geraniol, limonene, acetate geranil, terpineol, linalool, caryophyllene, respectively with values of 28.41%, 31.66%, 20.44%, 29.35%, 71.1%, 81.45%, 76.99%, 43%, 28%, 38.6%, 55.56%, 81%, 20%, were related to the accessions VGYCFT, NJIBHU, MKOMKO, CFTCFT, ZSEQ, NJICFT, CFTQ, MKOQ, CFTZSE, NJIBHU, ZSEQ, NJICFT, CFTQ, MKOQ, CFTZSE, NJIBHU, ZSELP, VGYMKO. In (2012), the highest amount of oil yield was recorded for the accessions Q (4.07%), CFTVGY (3.7%), MKOVGY (3.63%), ZSEQ (3.45%), ZSELP (%3.43), respectively and the lowest was found in VGYMKO (62.0%). The highest amount of oil production per hectare was related to the accessions BHUVGY (74.9kg/ha), XDRVGY (60.9kg/ha), XDRLP (51.78kg/ha), CFT (49.21kg/ha), Q (46.11kg/ha), respectively and the lowest was found in BHUZSE(2.36kg/ha). Generally, in terms of oil yield , oil production and main composition of essential oil, three accessions including NJICFT (Thymus Transcaspicus) with 3.71% essential oil and 45.42kg per hectare oil production and 81.5 % carvacrol, ZSEQ (T. daenensis) with 3.45% essential oil and 37.15 kg/h oil production and 73% thymol, and XDRVGY (T. vulgaris) with 2.75% essential oil and 78.5kg/h oil production and 45.8% thymol were selected as superior accessions.
A. Nikoupour; K. Jaimand; M.T. Darzi; F. Rejali
Abstract
In order to evaluate the performance of biological phosphorus fertilizer and plant density on the quantity and quality of essential oils in Ajowan (Trachyspermum copticum L.), this research was performed as a two factors factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications ...
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In order to evaluate the performance of biological phosphorus fertilizer and plant density on the quantity and quality of essential oils in Ajowan (Trachyspermum copticum L.), this research was performed as a two factors factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field of the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands in spring 2010. The treatments consisted of four levels of the phosphorus bio-fertilizer (Control (non-inoculated) seed soaked with liquid fertilizer, soluble fertilizer to the plants and seed soaked with liquid fertilizer & soluble fertilizer to the plants) and three levels of density (250000, 125000, 83000 plants per hectare). The studied characteristics included essential oil percentage, oil yield, percentage of thymol, terpinolene and p-cymene were in volatil oils. Results showed that the effect of bio-fertilizer phosphorus on the studied characteristics were significant at 1% , so that the highest amounts of oil percentage (4.34%) and oil yield (143.12 kg per hectare) were obtained in double inoculation treatment (seed soaked with liquid fertilizer & soluble fertilizer to the plants). In addition, the highest percentages of thymol (33.9%), terpinolene (41.5%), and p-cymene (23.3%) were obtained in the treatments of seed soaked with liquid fertilizer, double inoculation treatment, and soluble fertilizer, respectively. The effect of plant density on the studied characteristics was significant at 1% level of significance, so that the highest amounts of oil percentage (4.1%), oil yield (104.07 kg ha-1), thymol (37.4%), terpinolene (44.5%) and p-cymene (23.9%) were obtained in plant density treatments of 83000, 250000, 125000, and 83000 plants per hectare, respectively. However, significant interaction effects were also observed on oil percentage (5.37%), oil yield (149.5 kg per hectare), percentage of thymol (40%), percentage of terpinolene (49.1%) and percentage of para-cymene (25.6%).
A. Kayhani; F. Sefidkon; A. Monfared
Abstract
Plant essential oils are used in a wide range of pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics and hygienic products. Satureja sahendica Bornm is an endemic aromatic plant in Iran. In traditional medicine, it has analgesic and anti-infection properties. Savory is used for treatment of chest discomfort, cough, wasting ...
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Plant essential oils are used in a wide range of pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics and hygienic products. Satureja sahendica Bornm is an endemic aromatic plant in Iran. In traditional medicine, it has analgesic and anti-infection properties. Savory is used for treatment of chest discomfort, cough, wasting and rheumatic pain. Previous researches showed that the main compounds of Satureja Sahendica essential oil were ρ-cymene, thymol, carvacrol and γ-terpinene. Since different drying and distillation methods affect oil yield and composition of aromatic plants, in this study, to investigate the effect of drying methods, the aerial parts of Satureja Sahendica were collected from Agricultural Research farm in Qazvin, at full flowering stage. The plant materials were dried by different methods (oven 30°C, oven 40°C, oven 50°C and shade). The essential oils of each treatment were obtained by hydro- distillation in three replicates. The oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Oil yield and the percentage of main components were compared statistically by Duncan's Multiple Range Test in SAS software. Results showed that oil yields, percentage of thymol and total phenolic compounds in essential oils were not different statistically in oven 30°C , oven 40°C and shade, but drying in oven 50°C produced lower oil yield. The percentage of thymol and total phenolic compounds was higher in oven 50°C. Statistical analysis showed that the oil yield obtained from hydro-distillation method (1/45%) was higher than that of the other two methods (at 1% level), while the highest values of thymol and carvacrol were obtained by steam distillation (at 5% level).
F. Askari; V. Mozaffarian; E. Parsa
Abstract
Centaurea zuvandica(Sosn.) Sosn.is a perennial species, distributed in North and North-West of Iran. The shoots of C. zuvandica were collected at flowering stage from Firoozkoh, Ghaemshahr and Chaloos Road, in late June 2011. The plant parts were dried at ambient temperature and milled to small ...
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Centaurea zuvandica(Sosn.) Sosn.is a perennial species, distributed in North and North-West of Iran. The shoots of C. zuvandica were collected at flowering stage from Firoozkoh, Ghaemshahr and Chaloos Road, in late June 2011. The plant parts were dried at ambient temperature and milled to small particles. The essential oils of stem as well as leaves and inflorescences were obtained by hydrodistillation and were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Essential oil yield of different organs varied (w/w dried weight) between 0.02% to 0.07%. The major constituents were: spathulenol (>28.8%), thymol (>21.7%), caryophyllene oxide (>20.9%), linalool (>19.5%), germacrene D (>16.3%) and carvacrol (>6.8%). According to the obtained results, a high variability was found for the major essential oil constituents among three studied localities and even among different organs of a locality. The major constituent in the stem and leaf oils, collected from Chaloos Road and Firoozkoh localities, was thymol (17.8% and 21.7%). Linalool (19.5% and 9.7%) was the major constituent in inflorescence oils, collected from Chaloos Road and Firoozkoh localities. For the samples collected from Ghaemshahr, caryophyllene oxide (20.9%) was identified as the major constituent in stem and leaf oil.
R. Kalvandi; M. Mirza; M. Atri; M. Hesamzadeh Hejazi; Z. Jamzad; K. Safikhani
Abstract
Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas belongs to the family Lamiaceae. Among different species of Thymus, distributed in the world, 18 species are growing in Iran, of which four species are endemic. To study the variation of essential oils among population individuals of this species in Iran D.S.S. (Determination ...
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Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas belongs to the family Lamiaceae. Among different species of Thymus, distributed in the world, 18 species are growing in Iran, of which four species are endemic. To study the variation of essential oils among population individuals of this species in Iran D.S.S. (Determination of special station) method was used. In this study, the aerial parts of 5 individuals of Thymus eriocalyx were collected from 10 special stations, at full flowering stage for chemical investigation and were dried at room temperature. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistilation method using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Results showed that the highest average yield of essential oil in three replications based on dry weight belonged to the first individual of Te2 population (4.09%), while the lowest was recorded for the second individual of Te10 population (0.21%). Totally, thirty one compounds were identified in the essential oil of 10 studied population individuals. In this study, it is noteworthy that the individuals of a population showed variation among themselves in terms of chemical compositions. Among existing chemical compounds in the essential oil of 50 individuals, the following compounds revealed the variation widely: p-cymene (0.1-20.1%), 1,8-cineole (0.4-29.4%), γ-terpinene (0.1-8.7%), linalool (0.1-82.3%), camphor (0.1-15%), borneol (1.6-22.7%), geraniol (0.1-74.6%), thymol (0.1-57.7%), geranyl acetate (0.1-49.6%), caryophyllene oxide (0.2-9.1%), limonene (0.2-24%) and α-terpineol (0.1-36.2%). The results of the analysis of chemical data using MVSP Software by UPGMA and PCO methods led to the identification of 9 chemotypes as follows of which 7 chemotypes were introduced as new chemotypes: 1-geraniol/geranyl acetate, 2-geraniol, 3- linalool/geraniol/geranyl acetate, 4-linalool,5-α-terpineol/1,8-cineole, 6-geranyl acetate, 7-geraniol/thymol/borneol/1,8-cineole, 8-thymol/limonene and 9-thymol/p-cymene/borneol.
L. Safaei; E Sharifi Ashoorabadi; H. Zeinali; D. Afiuni; M. Mirza
Abstract
In order to study the effects of harvesting stages on essential oil yield and composition of Thymus caramanicus Jalas, an experiment was conducted during 2007-2009 in Fozveh Research Station of Isfahan. collected seeds from natural habitat were cultivated in pots and then seedlings were transplanted ...
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In order to study the effects of harvesting stages on essential oil yield and composition of Thymus caramanicus Jalas, an experiment was conducted during 2007-2009 in Fozveh Research Station of Isfahan. collected seeds from natural habitat were cultivated in pots and then seedlings were transplanted at the main field in a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. Aerial parts of the species were harvested at 4 stages including: beginning of flowering, fifty percent flowering, full flowering and fruit set during two years. The plant materials were dried and their essential oils were obtained by water distillation. Capillary GC and GC/MS analysis were used to determine the volatile profile of essential oil samples. Results showed that harvesting stages had significant effects on thymol and carvacrol content and essential oil percentage. The highest amount of essential oil and thymol percentage were obtained at full flowering stage of the first year (1.56% and 3.59 kg/ha, respectively) and the maximum carvacrol percentage was obtained at fruit set stage of the first year (25.45 kg/ha). Six components consisted the highest amount of essential oil, among them carvacrol was dominant at all 4 harvesting stages. The highest amount of carvacrol was obtained at the beginning of flowering stage (88.45%) in the second year. Thymol was the second dominant component with a maximum percentage of 11.77%, obtained at full flowering stage. The highest content of ρ- cymene, 1,8-cineole and γ-terpinene were obtained at fruit set stage (2.35, 1.21 and 2.15%, respectively) and the highest content of borneol was recorded at full flowering stage (7.52%). Also, a positive correlation was observed between essential oil percentage and amounts of thymol and carvacrol. In conclusion, the best time for harvesting of T. caramanicus to achieve the maximum carvacrol percentage was fruit set stage, while full flowering stage was identified as the best time to achieve the maximum essential oil and thymol percentage.
F. Askari; M. Mirza
Abstract
Centaurea depressa M. Bieb. (wheat flower) is a medicinal plant that its extraction is used for eye irrigation and somewhat reduces gastrointestinal irritation. This research was aimed to investigate the essential oil of C. depressa. Different organs of C. depressa were collected from Damavand and Tehran ...
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Centaurea depressa M. Bieb. (wheat flower) is a medicinal plant that its extraction is used for eye irrigation and somewhat reduces gastrointestinal irritation. This research was aimed to investigate the essential oil of C. depressa. Different organs of C. depressa were collected from Damavand and Tehran at flowering stage. The plant organs including stem plus leaf, root and inflorescence were separated and dried at laboratory temperature and then were ground to small particles. Essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The yield of essential oil of stem plus leaf, root and inflorescence of Damavand samples were 0.18%, 0.13% and 0.07% w/w (dried weight), respectively and for Tehran samples the values of 0.10%, 0.13% and 0.08% were recorded, respectively. In Damavand, the major constituents of essential oil obtained from stem plus leaf, root and inflorescence were thymol (56.5%), spathulenol (12.7%) and germacrene D (9.9%); pentadecadiene-1-ol (32.2%) and Z-7-hexadecene (29.5%); and germacrene D (32.4%), germacrene B (9.4%) and thymol (8.7%), respectively. In Tehran, the major constituents of essential oil obtained from stem plus leaf, root and inflorescence were Spathulenol (25.4%), Eudesms-4(15)-7-diene-1-b-ol (14.5%) and germacrene D (13.7%); tetradecanal (30.7%), caryophyllene oxide (23.7%) and Z-7-hexadecene (22.3%); and tetradecanal (82.3%) and Z-7-hexadecene (15.5%), respectively. According to the results, it can be concluded that there is variability in essential oil compositions of the two sites and even in different plant's organs.
Sh. Kaveh; H. Zeinali; L. Safaei; H. Madah Arefi; S. Aflakian
Abstract
Thyme is an important medicinal plant of Iran that in order to have thymol and carvacrol using as antimicrobial, antibacterial and antiflatulence agent. In this study 22 genotypes of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. and Thymus vulgaris L. collected from different regions of Iran and cultivated ...
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Thyme is an important medicinal plant of Iran that in order to have thymol and carvacrol using as antimicrobial, antibacterial and antiflatulence agent. In this study 22 genotypes of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. and Thymus vulgaris L. collected from different regions of Iran and cultivated as a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in fozveh station of Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center of Isfahan. Length of flower and buds, spike weight, stem height, leave surface, leave length and width, maximum and minimum cover length, number of flower in spike, spike length, the beginning, 50% and 100% flowering stage, aerial dry and wet yield and essential oil percentage. Thymol and carvacrole percentages were measured with GC and GC/MS. The results showed a genetically variation for all traits in thyme genotypes. The highest production was in Thymus vulgaris with 2200 kg/ha. Thymus kotschyanus from western Azarbayejan had the highest production (1640 kg/ha) among the same population. Essential oil percentage in Thymus kotschyanus was from 0.42 to 2.17% and in Thymus vulgaris from 0.42 to 1.75%. Also Thymol percentage was from 4.63 to 74.52%, and carvacrol from 3 to 78.24% in Thymus kotschyanus and in Thymus vulgaris thymol was from 32.53% to 32.53% and carvacrol from 5.74 to 53.16%. Genotypes were classified into 4 groups. The first group had the highest vegetative period. The second had the maximum amount of Length of buds, spike weight and leave width. Number of spike, thymol percentage and leave width were relatively high in the third group. The forth group had the highest thymol percentage, aerial dry and wet yield and essential oil percentage. Based on the results there was suitable genetically potential for all thyme traits that can use in improvement programs.
S. Shahverdi; F. Sefidkon; Z. Jamzad; T. Nejhadsattari
Abstract
Origanum strobilaceum Mobayen & Ghahreman belongs to Lamiaceae. Thirty eight species of the genus were known so far which are categorized in 9 sections. The species is aromatic and its essential oil compositions are valuable. In this research, for the first time, the essential oil content and composition ...
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Origanum strobilaceum Mobayen & Ghahreman belongs to Lamiaceae. Thirty eight species of the genus were known so far which are categorized in 9 sections. The species is aromatic and its essential oil compositions are valuable. In this research, for the first time, the essential oil content and composition of O. strobilaceum was studied. The aerial parts of the plant were collected from janat rodbar in Mazandaran Province road at full flowering stage. After drying the plant materials, the essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation method. Identification of essential oil constituents was done by using GC and GC/MS. The results showed 29 constituents in this oil that presented 97.3% of total oil. The main components of the oil were P-cymen (25%), E-caryophyllen (14.4%), thymol (9.6%), carvacrol (5.3%) and cumin aldehyde (5.1%). This oil had some similarities and differences with O. vulgare oil with high content of phenols, thymol and carvacrol as well as germacrene D and caryophyllene.
L. Safaei; E. Sharifi ashoorabadi; H. Zeinali; M. Mirza
Abstract
In order to study the effect of different harvesting stages on aerial yield, essential oil percentage and essential oil components in Thymus daenensis Celak., an experiment was conducted in Esfahan as a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications during 2007- 2009 and the best harvest time ...
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In order to study the effect of different harvesting stages on aerial yield, essential oil percentage and essential oil components in Thymus daenensis Celak., an experiment was conducted in Esfahan as a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications during 2007- 2009 and the best harvest time for maximum aerial yield, essential oil yield and amount of thymol were investigated. Aerial parts of the plants were harvested at four stages including: beginning of flowering, 50% flowering, full flowering and fruit set and were dried in the shade. The results showed that different harvesting stages had significant effects on all evaluated traits. According to the results of mean comparisons, the highest aerial dry weight and essential oil yield occurred at full flowering stage and the highest essential oil percentage was recorded at 50% flowering. Interaction effect of year and different harvesting stages showed that the highest aerial dry weight and essential oil yield (3083 and 68.61 kg/ha respectively) were recorded at full flowering stage in the second year. In both years, the highest amount of essential oil percentage was observed at 50% flowering and the year had no significant effect on this trait. The essential oil was mainly consisted of six components, among them thymol was dominant at four harvesting stages. The highest amount of thymol was obtained from beginning of flowering stage (85.9%) which had significant difference compared to other stages. The second dominant component was carvacrol at fruit set which showed significant difference compared to other stages. The maximum amount of P-cymene, 1,8-cineole and δ-terpinene were recorded at 50% flowering stage (3.4, 1.4 and 1.8% respectively). Borneole was also dominant (2.53%) at fruit set. In conclusion, full flowering stage was identified as the best time for harvesting of T. daenensis to achieve the maximum aerial yield, essential oil and thymol yield.
