Volume 38, Issue 2 , June 2022
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
F. Askari; F. Sefidkon; M.A. Soltanipour; M. Mirza; S. Fekri Qomi
Abstract
The genus Pycnocyla belongs to the Apiaceae family and has eight perennial species in Iran. In this study, the essential oil content and chemical compounds of P. nodiflora Decne ex. Boiss. and P. flabellifolia Boiss. were investigated. The aerial parts of plants at seeding stage were collected from two ...
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The genus Pycnocyla belongs to the Apiaceae family and has eight perennial species in Iran. In this study, the essential oil content and chemical compounds of P. nodiflora Decne ex. Boiss. and P. flabellifolia Boiss. were investigated. The aerial parts of plants at seeding stage were collected from two habitats in Hormozgan province through two consecutive years and Kermanshah province in one year, respectively. Stem+leaf [SL] and seed [S] were separated and shade-dried. The essential oil was extracted by Clevenger apparatus and hydrodistillation method for three hours. Percentage and chemical composition of the essential oils were determined by GC and GC/MS. The essential oil content of P. nodiflora was obtained [SL]: 0.23 and 1.21% (two years) and [S]: 0.23% in Tangzagh habitat of Hormozgan and [SL]: 0.02 and 0.06% (two years) and [S]: 0.01% in Abmah habitat. Caryophyllene oxid (7.8-28.1%) and b-eudesmol (15.5-57.2%) were recognized as the main compounds of [SL] and [S] essentials oils of both habitats in this species. In P. flabellifolia, the essential oil content of [SL] and [S] was 0.66 and 0.76%, respectively. The main compounds in [SL] essential oil of this species were cis-β-ocimene (33.8%), trans-β-ocimene (39.6%), and terpinolene (12.9%) and in [S] essential oil were trans-β-ocimene (28%), cis-β-ocimene (31%), and terpinolene (12.6%). According to previous reports on the antimicrobial properties of trans-β-ocimene and cis-β-ocimene compounds on bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis and the predominance of these compounds in the essential oil of P. flabellifolia, studies on antimicrobial properties of this species essential oil is recommended.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Jafari Ghoshchi; B. Abbaszadeh; M. Ourei; R. Azimi; A. Faramarzi
Abstract
In this study, to investigate the effects of gamma ray to dry plant materials, conditions, and storage duration of the plants on the percentage and essential oil composition and some physiological traits of Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss., plant top shoots were collected at the flowering stage. Gamma ...
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In this study, to investigate the effects of gamma ray to dry plant materials, conditions, and storage duration of the plants on the percentage and essential oil composition and some physiological traits of Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss., plant top shoots were collected at the flowering stage. Gamma ray irradiation was performed in the Atomic Energy Organization at five levels of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 kGy (kilo gray). Storage was carried out under two refrigerator (4°C) and room air temperature conditions at three storage duration levels of 0, 120, and 240 hours. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Essential oil of flowering shoots was extracted by water distillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS quantitatively and qualitatively. According to the obtained results, gamma radiation affected the essential oil percentage and amount of p-cymene, thymol, carvacrol, phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity significantly at the level of 1%. Storage duration had a significant effect on the essential oil percentage and amount of p-cymene, thymol, and carvacrol. Storage conditions showed a significant effect on the total phenols and flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of S. spicigera. Means comparison of gamma radiation effects showed that the highest percentage of essential oil with 1.12% and 1.03% was obtained in the control and 5 kGy treatments, respectively. The highest amount of thymol (13.57%) and carvacrol (34.73%) was observed in the 10 kGy and control treatments, respectively. With 2.5 kGy gamma irradiation, the amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity respectively increased by 1.4 and 1.76 times compared to the control. Of course, by keeping the plant in the refrigerator, the amount of thymol was reduced. The highest percentage of essential oil was related to the storage for 120 hours. The use of high intensity gamma radiation is suitable to achieve high thymol essential oil. The use of low radiation can also be useful for drying S. spicigera to obtain extracts containing more phenolic compounds. However, gamma radiation is not appropriate for plant materials drying to obtain essential oils of this species.
Agriculture and horticulture
M. Ahmadvand; A. Javanmard; M. Haghaninia; M.R. Morshedloo
Abstract
Intercropping systems and biofertilizers application play an important role in improving the quantity and quality of plant products. In this regard, to evaluate the effects of Myco-Root biofertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative traits of Thymus vulgaris L. in intercropping with Cicer arietinum ...
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Intercropping systems and biofertilizers application play an important role in improving the quantity and quality of plant products. In this regard, to evaluate the effects of Myco-Root biofertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative traits of Thymus vulgaris L. in intercropping with Cicer arietinum L., an experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at the faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh during 2020 growing season. Treatments included thyme sole culture, thyme sole culture inoculated with Myco-Root, chickpea sole culture, chickpea sole culture inoculated with Myco-Root, intercropping of one row chickpea+one row thyme (1:1), planting pattern of 1:1 inoculated with Myco-Root, intercropping of two rows chickpea+one row thyme (2:1), and planting pattern of 2:1 inoculated with Myco-Root. The results demonstrated that the highest seed (751.40 kg.ha-1) and biological (1645.6 kg.ha-1) yields of chickpea were obtained in the chickpea monoculture inoculated with Myco-Root, which was not significantly different from planting pattern of 2:1 inoculated with Myco-Root. Moreover, the highest dry matter yield of thyme (189.47 g.m-2) was achieved in the sole culture with application of mycorrhizal fungus. Also, the highest percentage (1.69) and essential oil yield (3.31 g.m-2) of thyme was obtained in planting pattern of 1:1 with application of mycorrhizal fungus in first harvest. Thymol, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene were recognized as the main essential oil compounds. The highest percentage of thymol and γ-terpinene was obtained in planting pattern of 1:1 inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus. Also, the highest agronomical (land equivalent ratio, area harvest equivalent ratio, area time equivalent ratio, and land use efficiency) and economic (intercropping advantage, monetary advantage index, and system productivity index) indices were achieved in the intercropping ratio of 2:1 and 1:1 with application of Myco-Root biofertilizer, respectively. In general, the results showed that the Myco-Root biofertilizer application in intercropping, especially the planting pattern of 1:1, could improve the quantity and quality of thyme essential oil.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
A. Talafi; F. Abdolahi; A. Yavari
Abstract
Mangifera indica L. belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. The various organs of this plant, especially the leaves, contain valuable flavonoid compounds that are used in the treatment of diabetes. In the present study, to evaluate the amounts of rutin and quercetin in the leaves of different M. indica ...
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Mangifera indica L. belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. The various organs of this plant, especially the leaves, contain valuable flavonoid compounds that are used in the treatment of diabetes. In the present study, to evaluate the amounts of rutin and quercetin in the leaves of different M. indica genotypes in the habitats of southern Iran, four major habitats including Manoojan and Roodan from Kerman province, Minab from Hormozgan province, and Bushehr port from Bushehr province were selected. From each habitat, 10 mature and healthy trees were selected and from each tree, three groups of leaf samples were taken from a height of two meters. Extraction of dried mango leaves was performed by methanol-acetic acid solvent and injected into HPLC for analysis. The amounts of rutin and quercetin in 40 samples of M. indica extracts were determined. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design using SPSS statistical software and cluster analysis was performed by Ward method to group the populations and genotypes. There was a statistically significant difference (P <0.05) between the four M. indica populations in terms of both rutin and quercetin. The highest levels of rutin and quercetin were obtained in Manoujan (124.03 ppm) and Bushehr (6.05 ppm) populations, respectively. Cluster analysis divided the four populations into three independent groups: populations Rudan and Minab in group 1, Bushehr in group 2, and Manoujan in group 3. Evaluation of phytochemical diversity can provide valuable information in the management of M. indica germplasm and be useful in identifying suitable populations for different breeding purposes in this species.
Improvement and breeding
Z. Aslani; A. Hedayati; A. Hassani; M. Barin
Abstract
Piriformospora indica is one of the growth-promoting microorganisms that can stimulate growth and increase plant tolerance in adverse environmental conditions. To evaluate the effects of P. indica inoculation on some vegetative, physiological, biochemical, and nutrient acquisition parameters and essential ...
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Piriformospora indica is one of the growth-promoting microorganisms that can stimulate growth and increase plant tolerance in adverse environmental conditions. To evaluate the effects of P. indica inoculation on some vegetative, physiological, biochemical, and nutrient acquisition parameters and essential oil content of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. vulgare, a pot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments included control (without inoculation) and inoculation with P. indica. The results showed that inoculation with P. indica increased growth parameters, chlorophyll index, total phenols and total flavonoids content, essential oil content, and nutrients uptake of iron, potassium, and phosphorus singnificantly. The highest and lowest amounts for aerial parts fresh yield (3.92 and 3.06 g plant-1), aerial parts dry yield (1.12 and 0.78 g plant-1), chlorophyll index (47 and 42.23), total phenol (4.88 and 2.96 mg GAE g-1 FW), total flavonoids (0.52 and 0.23 mg QE g-1 FW), essential oil content (1.43 and 1.01%), phosphorus (0.41 and 0.35%), potassium (3.8 and 2.6%), and iron (219 and 180 mg kg-1) were obtained in the plants inoculated with fungus and non-inoculated plants, respectively. Inoculation with P. indica decreased the amount of major essential oil compounds such as carvacrol and thymol and increased the amount of ρ-cymene, carvacrol methyl ether, and γ-terpinene compared to the control. Overall, the findings of this study showed that inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms can improve the morphological and phytochemical traits of oregano by improving nutrients uptake.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Ramtin; F. Sharifnya; M. Larypoor; M. Mirpour; S. Zarrabi
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans are nosocomial pathogens that have made treatment difficult due to the antibiotic resistance. In the present study, the antimicrobial effect of Campsis radicans (L.) Seemann essential oil on Imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa containing IMP ...
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans are nosocomial pathogens that have made treatment difficult due to the antibiotic resistance. In the present study, the antimicrobial effect of Campsis radicans (L.) Seemann essential oil on Imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa containing IMP gene, Cefixime-resistant E. coli containing TEM gene, and fluconazole-resistant C. albicans containing ERG gene was investigated. According to the results, all the strains were sensitive to the essential oil and the diameter of growth inhibition zone varied from 10 to 20 mm, with the highest sensitivity being observed in C. albicans. After identifying 32 compounds in the essential oil by GC/MS, guaiacol as its active ingredient was selected and nanocapsulated by two-phase emulsion method. The mean MIC was 268.7-537.5 and 67.18-268.75 µg.mL-1 in the free and encapsulated forms of the active ingredient, respectively which indicates that the encapsulated form is more effective than the free one. Study on the release of both forms within 72 hours showed that the release of encapsulated form was more targeted over a longer period of time which indicates its less toxicity. Then, the effectiveness of both active ingredient forms was evaluated on the antibiotic resistance genes and it was found that this reduction was more in P. aeruginosa and C. albicans than E. coli. In general, both free and encapsulated forms significantly reduced gene expression compared to the control gene 16s rRNA, which was more noticeable in the encapsulated form than the free one. Also, study on the synergistic effect of both forms showed that the combined use of each ingredient with its nanocapsules had a greater antimicrobial effect than the single use. The results of this study proved the antimicrobial effect of C. radicans essential oil and also showed that both forms of the active ingredient contained compounds to inhibit antibiotic resistance genes and therefore can be used as therapeutic supplements.
Improvement and breeding
M. Rahghoshahi; Kh. Panahi Kord Laghari; M.M. Rahimi
Abstract
Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is one of the valuable medicinal plants cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, facing to drought stress. Accordingly, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of algae extract and humic acid on cumin under drought stress conditions as a factorial split ...
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Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is one of the valuable medicinal plants cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, facing to drought stress. Accordingly, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of algae extract and humic acid on cumin under drought stress conditions as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in a farm located in Boyer-Ahmad city, 35 km from Yasouj, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province in 2019 and 2020 years. The experimental factors included drought stress as the main factor at three levels of irrigation after consumption of 35 (control), 70, and 90% of soil moisture and humic acid at two levels of 0 and 300 mg.L-1 and algae at two levels of 0 and 2 L.ha-1 as the sub-factors. The results showed that foliar application of humic acid and algae extract had a significant effect on essential oil yield, number of branches, biological yield, grain yield, 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per umbrella, number of umbrellas per plant, plant height, and essential oil percentage and improved the negative effects of drought stress. The highest grain yield, 1000-grain weight, essential oil yield, and number of grains per umbrella were obtained by foliar application of humic acid and algae extract. The application of humic acid was more effective than algae extract on traits except yield and essential oil percentage which were more affected by algae extract. In general, the results showed that foliar application of humic acid and algae extract could moderate the adverse stress conditions and increase cumin yield by 41.4%.
Agriculture and horticulture
M. Yadegari
Abstract
Due to the valuable role of thyme in the pharmaceutical and food industries of Iran, an experiment was conducted to study the effects of NPK complete fertilizers, butamisol, and humic acid on the morphophysiological characteristics and essential oil of three species of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss, T. vulgaris ...
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Due to the valuable role of thyme in the pharmaceutical and food industries of Iran, an experiment was conducted to study the effects of NPK complete fertilizers, butamisol, and humic acid on the morphophysiological characteristics and essential oil of three species of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss, T. vulgaris L., and T. daenensis Celark under drought stress conditions. This research was performed in three separate factorial experiments as a randomized complete block design with four replications in Islamic Azad University, Branch of Shahrekord in the 2021-2022 crop year. Foliar application was done twice with an interval of three weeks after the 10-leaf stage of the plant. Twenty-four experimental treatments included the non-use (A1) and use (A2) of NPK, non-use (B1) and use (B2) of humic acid, non-use (C1) and use (C2) of botamisol under drought stress conditions at three levels of field capacity (D1), 50% (D2), and 75% (D3) loss of gravitational water. The highest amounts of plant height (44.5±1.1 cm), number of main branches (26.4±1.5), plant dry weight (40.5±0.99 g.m-2), total chlorophyll (1.55±0.1 mg.g-1 fresh weight (FW)), and essential oil content (1.88±0.03%) were obtained in the A2B2C2D1 treatment in T. kotschyanus. The A2B2C2D3 treatment resulted in the highest proline content (13.9±0.2 µg.g-1 FW) and lowest essential oil content (0.79±0.1 %) in T. daenensis. Thymol and carvacrol in T. kotschyanus, thymol, ɣ-terpinene, p-cymene, and linalool in T. vulgaris, and thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, β-caryophylene, α-pinene, and myrcene in T. daenensis were identified as the major essential oil compounds. More nutrient utilization and stress in the least possible along with the temperate climate of the study area led to the introduction of T. kotschyanus as an indicator species in this field.
Biological effects of essential oils and extracts
M. Mohammadalizadeh; A. Asgharzadeh; M. Tatari
Abstract
Plants polyphenolics play an important role in reducing the effects of the diseases on the body. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is one of the natural sources of polyphenols. Chicory leaves contain minerals and glucosides called chicory (sicorin) and its roots contain sugars, inulin, pectin and essential ...
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Plants polyphenolics play an important role in reducing the effects of the diseases on the body. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is one of the natural sources of polyphenols. Chicory leaves contain minerals and glucosides called chicory (sicorin) and its roots contain sugars, inulin, pectin and essential oil. The liver is an essential organ of the body that performs over 500 vital functions. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of consumption on liver enzymes concentration, fertility, and masculinity in rats. Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups. Chicory extract was prepared using Soxhlet method and methanol solvent. The treatment groups received the chicory extract in different amounts and concentrations for 28 days. One group was also considered as the control group. On the 29th day, blood samples were taken from the ventricular area of the heart. To determine the effects of chicory consumption on fertility and masculinity, fertilization was performed naturally in each group and the number of offspring and their gender were determined and compared. The results showed that chicory methanol extract consumption made significant differences between the different treatments compared to the control on LH (in 100 (P<0.01) and 200 (P<0.001) mg.kg-1) and FSH (in 100 (P<0.001) and 200 (P<0.001) mg.kg-1) hormones, number of births (in 100 (P<0.01) and 200 (P<0.01) mg.kg-1) and male offspring (in 100 (P<0.05) and 200 (P<0.01) mg.kg-1), but there was no significant difference in the liver enzymes concentration in different treatments compared to the control.
Economic and social position of medicinal and aromatic plants
R. Saadati; A. Sattarian; A. Daneshvar; E. Amini; F. Nasrollahi
Abstract
Plants are part of the natural resources of any country. This section has been one of the most important sources of human food and medicine for generations. Golestan province is very rich in vegetation due to its suitable geographical location. The people of this region with different ethnicities have ...
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Plants are part of the natural resources of any country. This section has been one of the most important sources of human food and medicine for generations. Golestan province is very rich in vegetation due to its suitable geographical location. The people of this region with different ethnicities have had a close relationship with their surroundings, especially plants, from the distant past. Since in Iran, perfumeries are the most important centers in the supply of medicinal plants, in this study, by referring to perfumeries in four cities of eastern Golestan province, including Gonbad Kavous, Galikesh, Minoodasht, and Kalaleh, information about people working in perfumeries, clients, and reasons for referring to perfumeries were recorded. It was found that 56% of perfumeries in these cities are between 10 and 30 years old. The average age of people working in perfumeries was estimated to be 20 to 50 years old, 86% of whom were male and 41% of whom were employed without any relevant education and only through family experience or taking courses related to medicinal plants. The most common reason for people to refer to perfumeries was related to liver and gastrointestinal diseases; this may be due to the wrong lifestyle or diet of the people of the region. Despite the rich flora and suitable geography of Golestan province, as well as the tendency of the people of the region to use herbal medicines, the results showed that only 21% of the plants were prepared from within the province and the rest are imported from neighboring provinces. Therefore, it seems that with proper information science and education of local people, this capacity of the province could be optimized to provide the used plants and also create employment.
Biological effects of essential oils and extracts
D. Yazdani; M. Ebrahimi; A. Moodi; F. Nabati; M. Pouyan; S. Alvani; F. Jokar Shourijeh
Abstract
South Khorasan province is considered as the largest producer of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) in Iran and the lives of a significant part of the locals depend on this product. The spread of jujube pest Monosteira alticarinata Ghauri in recent years, in addition to reducing the crop production, has ...
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South Khorasan province is considered as the largest producer of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) in Iran and the lives of a significant part of the locals depend on this product. The spread of jujube pest Monosteira alticarinata Ghauri in recent years, in addition to reducing the crop production, has threatened the health of jujube consumers due to the widespread use of chemical pesticides to control this insect at harvest time. Therefore, the possibility of controlling this pest with formulations of some medicinal plants extracts and essential oils was investigated for the first time in this study. In the laboratory phase, the formulations included Capsicum annuum L. extract (30%)+Allium sativum L. oil (10%), Mentha piperita L. essential oil (10%)+Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. essential oil (10%), Syzygium aromaticum L. essential oil (30%), Azadirachta indica A. Juss. oil (5%)+Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil (5%), and A. indica oil (5%)+ Th. vulgaris essential oil (5%)+potassium soap (50%) with deltamethrin (0.1%) and water as positive and negative controls, respectively were assayed in bioassay test. The results showed the high efficiency of the 5thformulation, which after four hours with a concentration of 2% caused 100% death of the pest and placed in the same statistical group with deltamethrin (92.5% efficiency in killing the pest). The results of Polo Plus software showed LC50 at a concentration of 0.91% of 5thformulation. The results of field data analysis showed the relative controlling potential of the formulation used in the field surveys, so that after 24, 48, and 72 hours, the insect control percentage at a concentration of 2% of this formulation was 27.43, 43.99, and 56.24%, respectively. These results showed that the fifth herbal formulation (2%) had a good ability to control M. alticarinata and could be used as an alternative to common chemical pesticides after official registration.
