Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
MOHAMMAD KARAMI; Bita Bakhshi; Mohammad-Taghi Ebadi; Mahdi Ayyari
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Nepeta crispa Willd., commonly known as Mofarrah, is an endemic plant of Iran belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Its distribution in Iran is limited to the western region, specifically Hamadan province. In this study, the plant was collected from three habitats in ...
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Background and Objectives: Nepeta crispa Willd., commonly known as Mofarrah, is an endemic plant of Iran belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Its distribution in Iran is limited to the western region, specifically Hamadan province. In this study, the plant was collected from three habitats in Hamadan province, Arzanfood (Hamedan city), Gashani (Tuyserkan city), and Piste Eski (Hamedan city) at elevations of 3021, 2783, and 2686 meters above sea level, respectively, during the flowering stage. The research aimed to investigate the essential oil content and water-soluble volatile compounds (hydrosol) of N. crispa and to compare these compounds across different habitats. The study also sought to identify variations in essential oil main components and hydrosol to evaluate the influence of ecological characteristics on the plant's chemical composition.Methodology: The plant samples were shade-dried, and essential oil was extracted using a Clevenger apparatus for 3 hours. Water-soluble volatile compounds (hydrosol) were collected by leaving the exit part of the Clevenger open to condense vapor into liquid. The hydrosol was then separated using ethyl acetate solvent in a separatory funnel. The essential oil and hydrosol were analyzed using GC-FID and GC/MS.Results: The essential oil yields from the Arzanfood, Gashani, and Piste Eski samples were 2.01%, 1.97%, and 1.82% (w/w), respectively. The concentration of water-soluble volatile compounds in the hydrosol were 0.15, 0.11, and 0.12 grams per 100 ml, respectively. The primary compounds identified in the essential oil were 1,8-cineole (49.4%, 48.5%, and 60%), 4aα,7β,7aα-nepetalactone (27%, 3.7%, and 8.3%), 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (0.1%, 23.5%, and 7.2%), and β-pinene (4.3%, 5.4%, and 6.1%) for Arzanfood, Gashani, and Piste Eski, respectively. In the hydrosol, the main components were 4aα,7β,7aα-nepetalactone (74.1%, 40.3%, and 57.1%) and α-pinene oxide (4.6%, 7.1%, and 5.2%).Conclusion: The variation in essential oil yield across different habitats highlights the impact of ecological factors on the quantity of essential oil. The highest essential oil yield (2.01%) was observed in the Arzanfood sample, which also has the highest elevation among the studied regions. A total of 22 compounds were identified in the essential oil, with 18, 20, and 17 compounds detected in the Arzanfood, Gashani, and Piste Eski samples, respectively. The dominant compound in the essential oil was 1,8-cineole, while 4aα,7β,7aα-nepetalactone was the most abundant compound in the hydrosol. This study marks the first report on the hydrosol analysis of N. crispa from different habitats.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Mehdi Heydari-Rahni; Yousef Filizadeh; Mohammad Nasri
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Valeriana, a genus in the Caprifoliaceae family, includes several species, notably Valeriana officinalis L. (valerian). Valerian root extract contains various bioactive compounds, including valerenic acid, valeranone, valepotriates, and gamma-aminobutyric ...
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Background and Objectives: Valeriana, a genus in the Caprifoliaceae family, includes several species, notably Valeriana officinalis L. (valerian). Valerian root extract contains various bioactive compounds, including valerenic acid, valeranone, valepotriates, and gamma-aminobutyric acid, which have been widely used as sedatives to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia. This study aimed to evaluate the induction of valerian hairy roots using three different strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (A13, R1601, and LBA9402) under four different growth media compositions: (1) MS full strength, (2) MS supplemented with KH2PO4, NH4NO3, and KNO3, (3) MS supplemented with KH2PO4, NH4NO3, KNO3, and CaCl2, and (4) a medium containing MgSO4, microelements, Na2EDTA, FeSO4, and vitamins.Methodology: This study was a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with eight replications under laboratory conditions. Seeds of V. officinalis were obtained from a commercial supplier (Pakan Seed Company, Isfahan, Iran) and germinated under greenhouse conditions. Before sowing, seeds were washed with tap water and distilled water. Seeds that settled at the bottom of the washing vessel were selected as they were expected to be the most viable. They were soaked overnight in water before being washed with a 10% detergent solution for 10 minutes, followed by surface disinfection with 70% ethanol for 30 seconds and 6% NaOCl for 5 minutes. After rinsing four times with sterile water, the seeds were germinated on solid Schulz medium, without growth regulators, at 25°C under a 16-hour light/8-hour dark photoperiod (45 µE m⁻² S⁻¹). Hairy root induction was performed using spray and leaf disc methods, and transformation was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for the presence of rolB and virD genes. Hairy root induction rate, lateral branches per centimeter, number of hairy roots per explant, and dry weight of hairy roots were measured after 60 days. Essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS).Results: The study confirmed that the tested A. rhizogenes strains could induce hairy roots in valerian. The fastest hairy root emergence was observed in explants inoculated with strain A13, occurring within 10 days. The highest induction rate (92%), hairy root dry weight (272 mg), and number of hairy roots per explant (19.2) were obtained in leaf explants inoculated with the A13 strain and cultured in MS medium supplemented with KH2PO4, NH4NO3, KNO3, and CaCl2. No significant differences were observed in the morphological traits of hairy roots induced by different A. rhizogenes strains.Conclusion: The findings indicate that growth media composition, appropriate A. rhizogenes strain, and optimized growth conditions enhanced hairy root biomass production. The A13 strain was the most effective in promoting mass hairy root production, particularly in MS medium supplemented with KH2PO4, NH4NO3, KNO3, and CaCl2. Given the complex physiological processes involved, valerian hairy root cultures can preserve valeric acid found in vegetative tissues. Future research should focus on identifying the optimal growth media conditions that maximize vegetative growth and secondary metabolite production in valerian.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Abdolvahed Safarzaei
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Extracts from various medicinal plants contain valuable bioactive and phytochemical compounds, including polyphenols and flavonoids, known for their potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. The caper plant (Capparis spinose L.), native to ...
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Background and Objectives: Extracts from various medicinal plants contain valuable bioactive and phytochemical compounds, including polyphenols and flavonoids, known for their potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. The caper plant (Capparis spinose L.), native to Hirmand City, is a rich source of bioactive compounds such as saccharides, glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, fatty acids, vitamins, and steroids. Novel extraction methods, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, offer significant advantages over traditional techniques like Soxhlet and maceration. Ultrasound facilitates efficient extraction, reduces processing time, and preserves heat-sensitive bioactive compounds. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of ultrasound waves in extracting phenolic and antioxidant compounds from caper leaves.Methodology: Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Box–Behnken Design (BBD) were employed to optimize two extraction parameters for phenolic and antioxidant compounds from caper leaves using ethanolic and aqueous solvents: extraction time (15, 30, 45 min) and ultrasound power (100, 200, 300 watts). Design Expert software suggested 13 treatments for extraction. Dried plant leaves were ground and dissolved in 70% ethanol (for alcoholic extraction) or distilled water (for aqueous extraction) at 1:4 w/v. Ultrasonic bath treatment with a constant frequency of 40 kHz was applied. Alcoholic extracts were concentrated using a rotary evaporator under vacuum, while aqueous extracts were processed in a vacuum oven at 40°C. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method for total phenolic content (TPC) and the DPPH free radical inhibition method, determining the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) index. Mean comparisons between the antioxidant test results of aqueous and alcoholic extracts were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test in a completely randomized design at α = 5% with SAS software version 9.1.Results: Statistical analysis using the RSM model indicated that the quadratic model was the best fit for the measured parameters. The significant effects of time and ultrasound power on phenolic compound extraction and DPPH free radical inhibition ability in alcoholic extracts were determined with regression coefficients of 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. For aqueous extracts, the regression coefficients were 0.98 and 0.99, respectively. The TPC of caper leaf extracts obtained via ultrasound-assisted extraction with ethanol and distilled water solvents was 20.77±0.32 mg/g and 17.53±0.54 mg/g, respectively. The IC50 values of ethanol and distilled water extracts were 13.16±0.60 μg/ml and 20.42±0.81 μg/ml, respectively. The optimal extraction conditions were identified as an extraction time of 45 minutes and an ultrasound power of 300 watts. Under these conditions, the TPC values were 27.4 mg/g (ethanolic extract) and 23.8 mg/g (aqueous extract), while the IC50 values were 8.1 μg/ml and 10.8 μg/ml, respectively.Conclusion: Ultrasound-assisted extraction is highly efficient for both alcoholic and aqueous extraction of phenolic and antioxidant compounds from caper leaves. A direct correlation was observed between TPC levels and DPPH free radical inhibition ability. Alcoholic extracts contained higher phenolic compound concentrations and exhibited higher antioxidant activity than aqueous extracts.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Sadeghimanesh; Z. Jafarian; J. Ghorbani; R. Azimi
Abstract
Background and objectives: Thymus lancifolius Celak. is one of the exclusive species of thyme genus in Iran, possessing high economic and medicinal value due to its high phenolic compounds. Considering the indiscriminate harvesting from thyme habitats, low production and non-standard quantity and quality ...
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Background and objectives: Thymus lancifolius Celak. is one of the exclusive species of thyme genus in Iran, possessing high economic and medicinal value due to its high phenolic compounds. Considering the indiscriminate harvesting from thyme habitats, low production and non-standard quantity and quality of bioactive ingredients due to the high genetic diversity of thyme, the domestication of T. lancifolius Celak. species and its standardization is one of the goals of this study. In this regard, the quantity and quality of this species' essential oil (EO) were investigated and compared in habitat and field conditions.Methodology: In order to investigate the effects of environmental factors on the quantitative and qualitative production of T. lancifolius Celak. in the field and habitat conditions (five habitats of Rezen, Asadabad, Hamedan, Malayer, and Toyserkan), this species was planted in the Ekbatan station through seed propagation, in the form of a complete randomized block design with three replications. The EO of plants at the full flowering stage were extracted using the hydrodistillation method, and the chemical compounds of EO were measured and identified by GC and GC/MS devices.Results: The comparison of the EO percentage of T. lancifolius populations shows that there is a significant difference in the habitat, so the Asadabad habitat had the highest EO percentage (3.85%), and the Malayer habitat had the lowest EO (1.94%). The amount of EO of the populations in the field also has a significant difference, so the highest percentage of EO (4.18%) is related to the Asadabad population and the lowest is related to Malayer (1.78%). In the populations of Asadabad and Toyserkan, the percentage of EO from the field was more than that of the habitat, but in the populations of Razan, Hamedan, and Malayer, the higher EO belongs to the habitat. Compounds in all populations are almost similar in habitat and field conditions but differ in the type of dominant compounds and their amount. The result of the cluster analysis of the important bioactive constituents of the EO in the five studied populations indicates the existence of two types of chemical types (chemotypes), including thymol (chemotype 1) and geraniol/geranyl acetate (chemotype 2) in both field and habitat conditions. In the EO of four populations of T. lancifolius related to chemotype 1, the main compounds include thymol (habitat: 52.2-71.4%, field: 49.4-68.1%), carvacrol (habitat: 4.5-23.5%, field: 3.9-25.5%), p-cemen (habitat: 4.3-6.1%, field: 4.6-6.6%), and γ-terpinene (habitat: 3.9-9.3%, field: 5.7-8.9%). In this chemotype, the highest amount of thymol (71.4%) was observed in the Hamedan habitat, and the highest amount of phenolic compounds (80%) was found in the Malayer habitat. In the Razan population related to chemotype 2, bioactive constituents including geraniol (habitat: 52.1%, field35.8%), geranyl acetate (habitat: 22%, field: 16%), linalool (habitat: 6.3%, field: 14.7%), and thymol (habitat: 7%, farm: 12%) formed the main compounds of the EO.Conclusion: According to the results of examining the quantity and quality of EO of different populations of T. lancifolius Celak., two main chemotypes, including the thymol chemotype and the geraniol/geranyl acetate chemotype, can be introduced for the domestication and cultivation of this species in Hamadan province to prevent the destruction of thyme plants while using them in the pharmaceutical industry.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Fatemeh Nejad-Alimoradi; Mansoureh Khodashenas; Farkhondeh Rezanejad
Abstract
Background and objectives: Nepeta, with 300 species, is one of the largest genera in the Lamiaceae family. Seventy-five species of this genus are distributed in Iran, many of which are endemic. Due to the medicinal importance and traditional uses of its various species, much research has been conducted ...
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Background and objectives: Nepeta, with 300 species, is one of the largest genera in the Lamiaceae family. Seventy-five species of this genus are distributed in Iran, many of which are endemic. Due to the medicinal importance and traditional uses of its various species, much research has been conducted to identify their secondary metabolites. Nepetalactone, cineole, and phenolic compounds have been reported as their main compounds, and most have medicinal, antimicrobial, and industrial properties. The amount of these compounds varies in different parts of the plant and different species and populations. Nepeta bornmulleriHausskn. ex Bornm. is endemic to Iran and is a type specimen from Kerman province. Although secondary metabolites have been studied in many species of this genus, more research is needed on N. bornmulleri. Therefore, the morphology, quantity, and quality of antioxidant compounds and essential oils were investigated in the plant's two vegetative and generative parts.Methodology: Vegetative (stem and leaf) and generative (flower and fruit) parts of N. bornmulleri were collected in May 2023 from Rayen city (Kerman province) at an altitude of 2450 meters. The used generative parts were 80% flowers and 20% unripe fruits. The size of the plant, its vegetative form, and the structure of the inflorescence and flower were examined and photographed with the naked eye or stereomicroscope so that researchers could identify them quickly. Biochemical compounds, including phenolic compounds and essential oil, were studied in vegetative and generative parts. Total phenolic compounds, including total phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins from fresh samples, were studied by spectrophotometric method. The phenolic compounds and anthocyanins profile were investigated using dried samples with HPLC. The analysis of essential oil was done using dry samples with gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Essential oil extraction was done by distillation with water using Clevenger. The experiment was conducted in a completely random design, including two types of vegetative (stem and leaf) and generative (flower and fruit) organs with three replications.Results: Morphological studies of N. bornmulleri showed that in the studied area, the height of the species is about 10-25 cm with hairy basal (rosette) leaves, apical and dense head-like inflorescence, purple-blue synpetal corolla with bilobate apex, synsepal calyx. The Androecium comprises four purple stamens of equal length (didynamous stamens) and an upper pistil with tetra-achene schizocarp fruit surrounded by persistent sepals. The total content of phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins in flowering branches (generative) was significantly higher than in leaves and stems (vegetative parts). The profile of phenolic and anthocyanin compounds by HPLC showed that ten phenolic compounds and three anthocyanin compounds were identified in the generative part, and six phenolic compounds and two anthocyanin compounds were identified in the vegetative part. The most phenolic compound observed in both vegetative and generative parts was luteolin, while malvidin-glucoside was recorded as the most anthocyanin compound. The amount of malvidin-glucoside in the generative part was twice that of the vegetative part. The percentage of essential oil in vegetative and generative parts was observed at 0.2 and 0.1, respectively. In the essential oils of vegetative and reproductive parts, respectively, 10 (69.41%) and 16 (89.29%) identified compounds and 9 (14.59%) and 4 (6.21%) unidentified compounds were reported, which in total 84% and 95.5% constituted the essential oil.The main components of the essential oil of the vegetative part include spatholenol (31.2%), 1,8-cineole (14.5%), hexadecanoic acid (10.6%), myrtenol (9.7%), caryophyllene oxide (6.4%). ) and trans-pinocarveol (4.4%). In the generative part, 1,8-cineole (31.7%), spatholenol (16.2%), myrtenol (14.14%), dihydro nepetalactone (6.92%), trans-pinocarveol (6.7%), pinocarovone (5.2%) and caryophyllene oxide (4.5%) were the main components of the essential oil.Conclusion: Based on the results, the quantity and quality of phenolic compounds, anthocyanin, and essential oil in the generative part were higher than in the vegetative part of the studied species. So, it is suggested that the generative parts of the plant be used to obtain antioxidant compounds. The amount of nepetalactone, which is significant in most species of Nepeta, was relatively low in this species, while spatholenol and 1, 8-cineole were the main compounds. Considering the numerous medicinal and industrial applications of the two dominant species combinations on the one hand and the exclusivity and limited distribution of the species on the other hand, it is essential to preserve its different populations.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Fahimeh Gharaie; Monireh Cheniany; Ali Ganjeali
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Teucrium polium L. is a herbaceous plant from the mint family that has many uses in traditional medicine. In recent years, numerous medicinal effects such as anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, anti-spasm, and reducing fat and blood pressure have been reported. Therefore, cultivation ...
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Background and Objectives: Teucrium polium L. is a herbaceous plant from the mint family that has many uses in traditional medicine. In recent years, numerous medicinal effects such as anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, anti-spasm, and reducing fat and blood pressure have been reported. Therefore, cultivation of this plant under laboratory conditions is necessary to preserve its survival, reproduction, and increased secondary metabolites. Among the solutions, elicitors in the plant tissue culture technique are one of the most widely used methods to increase secondary-medicinal metabolites. Chitosan, as a biopolymer, induces defense responses, increases antioxidant enzyme activity, and accumulates phenolic compounds. In the present study, the effect of chitosan bio-elicitor was studied on some phenolic compounds of T. polium under in vitro culture to optimize secondary metabolites and increase antioxidant capacity.Methodology: Leaf explants were prepared from preserved T. polium in hydroponic conditions and fed with Hoagland's solution. After sterilization with sodium hypochlorite 5% (v/v) and ethanol 70% (v/v), middle slices were prepared from the leaf explant and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium containing separate and combined concentrations of benzyl amino purine (BAP)(1 and 1.5 mg.L-1) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)(0.5 mg.L-1). The samples were kept for four weeks in the dark at 25 degrees Celsius. With callogenesis, the samples were transferred to light conditions of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness. At the end of the sixth week, the induced calli were subcultured. The calli were treated with chitosan at different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg.L-1). After eight weeks, green calli were collected. Finally, to prepare the final extract for biochemical assays, extraction was done from green calli. The content of phenolic compounds (phenol, flavonoid, flavone, and phenolic acids), antioxidant activity, and phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) activity was measured.Results: According to the results, the application of different concentrations of chitosan (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg.L-1) and all hormonal treatments (BAP1, BAP1.5, and BAP1.5+NAA 0.5 mg.L-1) caused a significant increase in the content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and PAL activity compared to the control samples. So the application of the simultaneous and combined treatment of BAP at a concentration of 1.5 mg.L-1 with NAA at a concentration of 0.5 mg.L-1, along with the treatment of 100 mg.L-1 of chitosan induced green calli of T. polium in in vitro culture, results in the maximum content of phenolic derivatives (1884.95 for phenol, 936.65 for o-diphenol, 1462.28 for flavonoid, 631.07 for flavone, and 662.41 for phenolic acids). As compared to the control, the antioxidant capacities (measured by DPPH and FRAP assays) increased by 68.34 percent and 71.92 percent, respectively. A significant increase in PAL activity (65.81%) was observed in induced calli.Conclusion: Considering the importance of T. polium as a medicinal plant, chitosan, a successful elicitor, promotes the synthesis of phenolic secondary metabolites. As a result, the increase of antioxidant power and PAL activity in the callus of T. polium.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Fatemeh Mahdi-Navasi; Bohloul Abaszadeh; Vahid Abdossi; Razieh Azimi; Marjan Diyanat
Abstract
Bachground and objective: Satureja mutica Fisch & C.A. Mey is a perennial plant that can be cultivated under irrigation conditions and in rainfed drylands. It has anti-flatulent, appetizing, sexual enhancement, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial effects. Drying increases product ...
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Bachground and objective: Satureja mutica Fisch & C.A. Mey is a perennial plant that can be cultivated under irrigation conditions and in rainfed drylands. It has anti-flatulent, appetizing, sexual enhancement, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial effects. Drying increases product shelf life by stopping enzymes, pathogens, and microorganisms. The factors that affect essential oils and their content are temperature, drying time, and the type of plant. Microwaves for drying are one of the newer methods. Their advantages include shortening drying time, maintaining quality, reducing energy consumption, preserving dried plants' color, and improving effective ingredients.Methodology: The flowering shoots were collected from the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands research farm in 2019. Plants in the insectarium were exposed to UV-B light treatment through UV-B lamps. The plants were turned over every half hour. Irradiation agents were selected based on the preliminary test, including durations of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 hours. After irradiation, the samples were stored in sealed bags under two conditions: refrigerator at 4°C and room temperature. The storage time was 0, 120, and 240 hours. Therefore, the sources of variation include irradiation duration in four levels (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 hours), storage conditions in two conditions (room temperature 25-27°C and fridge with a temperature of 4°C), and storage duration factor in three levels (0, 120 and 240 hours).202 grams of fresh samples (equivalent to 80 grams of dry matter) and 80 grams of dried samples in other treatments were extracted by water distillation in 3 repetitions for 2 hours. The obtained essential oils were stored in sealed bottles inside the refrigerator at 4 °C until injected into GC and GC/MS devices for quantitative and qualitative analysis. Carbohydrate, phenol, and free radical inhibition (by the DPPH method) were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18, and the means were compared with the LSD test at P ≥ 0.05.Results: Variance analysis of essential oil percentage showed that UV-B factor, storage condition (SC), storage time (ST) at the 1% level, and SC ST interaction at the 5% level had a significant effect. Due to the increase in irradiation duration, the percentage of essential oil extracted from the plant increased. This percentage increased to 0.42% in the control and 0.71% in the 10-hour treatment. Based on a mean comparison, the amount of essential oil in the shade increased from 0.48% to 0.54%. Mean comparison of the effect of storage conditions (SC) on storage time (ST) revealed that the highest percentage was related to the shade storage treatment for 240 hours with 0.61%. The mean comparison of the interaction effect of the three treatments showed that the percentage of thymol was the highest at 45% in the conditions without irradiation refrigerator×without storage. The results of the simple correlation of the traits demonstrated that thymol had a significant negative relationship with α-thujone, α-terpenine, and carvacrol. Carvacrol showed a significant negative correlation with major compounds, paracymene and thymol. It was observed that the highest antioxidant activity was obtained from 10 hours of UV-B radiation. A mean comparison of the effect of UV-B rays on the amount of phenol indicated that its amount increased in the 2.5-hour treatment compared to the other treatments. The highest antioxidant percentage could be achieved after 10 hours of irradiation in the refrigerator for 240 hours.Conclusion: The conversion of compounds occurs by irradiation of UV-B rays in the drying stages, and the amount of paracymene and thymol is reduced, and the amount of carvacrol is increased. Therefore, in S. mutica, which has thymol and carvacrol compounds, drying treatments aiming to increase the specific composition can be very effective. Also, the amount of thymol and carvacrol in dried plants may decrease compared to fresh plants. The increase in antioxidant activity in the treatment of 10 hours of UV-B radiation confirms the viability of plant cells and their efforts to prevent environmental stress through the increase of antioxidant enzymes.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Pooran Golkar; Golnaz Arab; Mohammad Reza Vahabi; Hamidrez Eshghizadeh
Abstract
Background and objectives: Ammi visnaga L. is a medicinal and aromatic plant in the Apiaceae family. The essential oils of this plant have highly valuable aromatic compounds with valuable therapeutic and nutritional properties. Environmental stresses affect the quantity and quality ...
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Background and objectives: Ammi visnaga L. is a medicinal and aromatic plant in the Apiaceae family. The essential oils of this plant have highly valuable aromatic compounds with valuable therapeutic and nutritional properties. Environmental stresses affect the quantity and quality of essential oils (EOs) in medicinal plants. This study was carried out to evaluate the independent and combined effects of salinity and drought stresses on EOs (%) and their chemical constituents in different organs of A. visnaga (seeds and head branches) under field conditions.Methodology: This study was carried out in the research farm of Isfahan University of Technology located in Lavark, Najafabad, using a split-plot design with three replications. Each replicate consisted of two rows (3 m long) of A. visnaga seeds. Different levels of salinity stress and drought stress were considered as main plots and subplots, respectively. Three levels of salinity stress [S1 (0 mM NaCl), S2 (80 mM NaCl), and S3 (80 mM NaCl)] and three drought stress levels based on soil depletion rate [D1: normal 50%, D2: moderate stress 60% and D3: severe stress 85%] were applied. Applying salt and drought stresses simultaneously started at the flowering stage (10%) and continued until the full maturity stage. After the full maturity stage of the plants, seed yield was measured. Then, the EOs extraction was done based on the Clevenger method in about 4 hours from head branches and seed samples for all studied treatments. The chemical constituents were identified using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques.Results: The independent and combined stresses of drought and salinity caused a significant increase in EOs (%) of A.visnaga. The highest EOs in the head branch (1.26%) were detected under non-drought and medium salinity stress conditions (D1S1). The lowest EOs (0.25%) were observed under non-drought and non-salinity conditions (D1S1). The highest EOs (0.25%) in seed samples were observed under D2S2 conditions (moderate drought and salinity stress), but the least amount (0.12%) was found under D1S2 conditions (moderate salinity stress) and D1S3 (severe salinity stress). The analysis of essential EOs identified 25 compounds in both seeds and head branch samples. These compounds belong to six main chemical groups. The most and lowest compounds belonged to the groups of hydrocarbon monoterpenes and oxygenated diterpenes in both branches and seeds, respectively. Cembrene was identified as the main chemical compound in seed and head branch EOs. The lowest values for cembrene were reported as 23.32 % and 26.16% in seed and head branch EOs, respectively. The highest values for cembrene were reported as 33.31% and 36.62% in seed and head branch EOs under treatment. The compound 2-methyl-2-methylbutyl ester was identified as the second most abundant compound in the head branches and seeds of A. visnaga. The highest amount of this compound was observed in seed EOs (9.38%) under mild drought and mild salinity stress (D2S2), and the highest amount of this compound was observed in head branch EOs (18.5%) under mild drought stress (D2S1) conditions.Conclusion: According to the study results, drought and salinity stress caused a quantitative and qualitative increase in A. visnaga EOs. Considering the climatic conditions of the arid and semi-arid regions of Iran and the consequent gradual salinization of soils, this plant can be considered a plant of choice in medicinal plant breeding programs, as well as goals related to the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Saeedeh Rafiei
Abstract
Background and objectives: Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) is one of the plant dyes used for dyeing textiles since ancient times. The active ingredient in this plant is Lawson, which causes its coloring and antibacterial properties. On the other hand, the surface of natural fiber textiles, including handwoven ...
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Background and objectives: Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) is one of the plant dyes used for dyeing textiles since ancient times. The active ingredient in this plant is Lawson, which causes its coloring and antibacterial properties. On the other hand, the surface of natural fiber textiles, including handwoven carpets, in the presence of moisture and heat, causes the growth and proliferation of bacteria. This leads to problems with the product's durability, appearance, and hygiene. In this research, in addition to evaluating the color characteristics of fibers dyed with dry henna and its aqueous and alcoholic extracts, the comparison of their antibacterial effect on two Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria has also been investigated.Methodology: The leaves of the native henna plant of Fars province were picked and dried in spring. Fibers of 4.5 metric meters and 63 deniers were used with Iranian wool and silk fibers. Considering that the extraction of the effective substance in plants depends on the type of solvent used, in addition to dry henna, three different solvents, water, ethanol, and methanol, were applied to prepare henna extracts. In this study, fibers were dyed with henna extracts, applying a simultaneous mordant method with Aluminum sulfate. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts were prepared by percolation and reflux methods in a Soxhlet extractor, respectively. For this purpose, a dyeing bath with L: R=1:50 containing natural fibers, 3% oxalic acid, 5% aluminum sulfate, and 30% dye was used. The dyeing process for both baths took 90 minutes in a bain marie. Color parameters (a*, b*, L*), color strength (K/S), reflective spectrum (R), light fastness, and antibacterial properties of each fiber dyed with dry henna and its extracts were evaluated. To measure the antibacterial properties, 0.03 grams of each dyed fiber was soaked in 1500 microliters of serum containing Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli for 24 hours. Then, by dilution method in plates, Nutrient agar was cultured, and colonies were counted. Quantification of Lawson in the extracts was done using HPLC analysis.Results: Reflective spectrophotometry showed that all wool and silk fibers dyed with henna and its extracts had positive a* and b* levels, which indicates the red and yellow undertones of the dyed samples. On the other hand, compared to silk fibers, wool fibers dyed with various types of henna dyes showed a higher degree of redness and yellowness and a lower percentage of brightness (L*). The numerical results were consistent with the qualitative and visual evaluations in the optical cabinet. In addition, natural fibers dyed with ethanol extract from henna had the lowest percentage of brightness and reflection and the highest color strength. The ethanol extract produced brilliant golden colors on silk fibers. Fibers dyed with all four types of henna dye had acceptable optical stability (7-8). Wool and silk samples dyed with alcoholic henna extracts, especially ethanol extract, showed a significant inhibition percentage for two types of bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This is due to secondary metabolites such as Lawson, which was detected using high-performance liquid chromatography. On the other hand, the antibacterial activity against the second type of bacteria was higher than the first type (76-90%), which is due to the difference in the cell wall structure between the two. The amount of Lawson measured in the ethanol extract of henna was higher than the other two extracts (16%), which confirms the color strength, high stability, and antibacterial properties of this extract on fibers.Conclusion: The findings of this study proved that the use of henna and its extracts in dyeing natural fibers can be a promising factor in preventing infectious diseases caused by E. coli and S. rause bacteria. On the other hand, it seems that the ethanol extract of henna is more effective than the rest of the tested solvents for color strength, brightness, light fastness, and antibacterial effects. In addition, the ethanol extract of henna created a very beautiful golden color on silk in the presence of aluminum mordant. This is a very popular and rare color in handwoven carpet natural dyeing.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Afshin; M. Sharifi-Rad; S. Saeidi
Abstract
Background and objectives: The amount of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants are changed during different stages of plant growth, so in order to determine the best time to harvest each medicinal herb, it is necessary to determine the amount of active substances and their biological activities in ...
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Background and objectives: The amount of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants are changed during different stages of plant growth, so in order to determine the best time to harvest each medicinal herb, it is necessary to determine the amount of active substances and their biological activities in different phenological stages. Tanacetum parthenium L. is one of the important species of chicory genus that has many medicinal properties. This study investigated the content of total phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and anthocyanins and the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Tanacetum parthenium L. aerial parts and root ethanolic extracts at different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and seeding).Methodology: For this purpose, total phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and anthocyanins were measured spectrophotometrically in the aerial parts and root ethanolic extracts of T. parthenium. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and antibacterial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods.Results: The maximum levels of total phenol (62.3 ± 1.2 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight), flavonoids (35.7 ± 0.9 mg quercetin equivalents (QE).g-1 dry weight), alkaloids (73.2 ± 0.6 mg atropine equivalent.g-1 dry weight) and total anthocyanin (4.2 ± 0.3 mg cyaniding-3glicoside equivalents.g-1 dry weight) were measured in the shoot extract of the studied species at the flowering stage. Results of the antioxidant activity evaluation showed that the shoot extract at the flowering stage had the highest antioxidant activity (75.3 ± 0.7 %). The lowest antioxidant activity (16.5 ± 0.9 %) was measured for the root extract at the vegetative stage. According to the antibacterial investigation, the maximum inhibition zone (21 ± 0.3 mm) was observed for the shoot extract at the flowering stage against Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (12.5 mg.mL-1) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (25 mg.mL-1) were recorded for shoot extracts at vegetative and flowering stages against the abovementioned bacteria. Based on the results, the studied species' extracts were more effective against gram-positive than gram-negative bacteria.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the flowering stage extract of T. parthenium had considerable phytochemical compounds with appropriate antioxidant and antibacterial properties. It can be used as a source of natural antioxidants and antibiotic agents.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
R. Mohtashami
Abstract
Water stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses limiting growth and plant yield under dryland conditions, which affects the morphological and physiological characteristics of plants. To evaluate morphological characteristics, yield, mucilage, and seed oil of Lallemantia iberica (M.B.) Fisch. ...
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Water stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses limiting growth and plant yield under dryland conditions, which affects the morphological and physiological characteristics of plants. To evaluate morphological characteristics, yield, mucilage, and seed oil of Lallemantia iberica (M.B.) Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ecotypes [Kerman (Kerman province), Naein (Isfahan province), Sanandaj (Kurdistan province), Mashhad (Razavi-Khorasan province), and Malekan (East-Azerbaijan province)] under dryland conditions, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications in the medicinal plants research farm of Yasouj Agricultural Research Center and Natural Resources in the 2016-2017 crop year. The results showed that ecotype significantly affected morphological traits, seed yield, mucilage yield, and oil yield. The highest seed yield was obtained from Kurdistan (529 kg ha-1) and Mashhad (515 kg ha-1) ecotypes. The highest and lowest oil yield was related to Kurdistan (211 kg ha-1) and Kerman (189 kg ha-1) ecotypes, respectively. Mashhad (22.7 kg ha-1) and Malekan (18.2 kg ha-1) ecotypes had the highest and lowest seed mucilage yield, respectively. Although there was no significant difference between the oil and seed mucilage percentage of the ecotypes, the highest (41.3%) and lowest (39.9%) oil content was found in Kerman and Kurdistan ecotypes and the highest (4.4%) and lowest (3.7%) mucilage percentage belonged to Mashhad and Kurdistan ones, respectively. Overall, the results showed that Kurdistan and Mashhad ecotypes are suitable for cultivation under dryland conditions of Yasouj due to higher yield of seeds, mucilage, and seed oil.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
L. Moradipour; V. Payam Noor
Abstract
In biotechnology processes, increasing the production of biomass and secondary metabolites is one of the economic factors of such projects. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of magnetic field as an abiotic elicitor on increase of biomass and secondary metabolites of Ganoderma ...
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In biotechnology processes, increasing the production of biomass and secondary metabolites is one of the economic factors of such projects. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of magnetic field as an abiotic elicitor on increase of biomass and secondary metabolites of Ganoderma lucidum. Mycelium with a diameter of 1 cm of pured fungi was exposed to magnetism at four levels including 0, 20, 40, and 60 mT for 0, 30, 60, and 90 min with three replications. The best treatment was selected based on growth rate and antioxidant activity. The amounts of secondary compounds in mycelium under selected magnetic field (60 mT for 90 min) including betulin, betulinic acid, ascorbic acid, astaxanthin, total polysaccharide, and antioxidants were measured and compared with control and natural fungi. The results showed that magnetization increased betulin (a potent anticancer triterpene) more than 2.5 times compared to natural fungi and 3.7 times compared to control mycelium. Polysaccharides concentration in the treated mycelium and control media was obtained 5.05 and 5.17 times more than natural fungi, respectively. Ganoderic acid content was measured in the treated mycelium (intracellular) and PDB medium (extracellular). The highest amount of ganoderic acid (1.9 mg.ml-1) was obtained in the treated mycelium. Natural fungi and PBD medium had almost the same amount of this compound (1.87 and 1.86 mg.ml-1). The amount of betulinic acid (an anticancer compound derived from betulin), ascorbic acid, and astaxanthin was obtained high in natural fungus followed by 90 min magnetization at 60mT level treatment and control, respectively. Antioxidants percentage was about 85% in control and about 75% in natural fungi and treated mycelium. According to the results, there seems to be a good prospect to use in vitro cultures of Ganoderma instead of using natural fungi and also constructing costly farms.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
P. Arvin; R. Firouzeh
Abstract
To evaluate the biological potential and medicinal properties, the biochemical compounds and quantity and essential oil quality of Chenopodium botrys L. grown in the natural habitat located in Raz and Jargalan city, North Khorasan province was investigated. Leaves or flowering branches sampling was done ...
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To evaluate the biological potential and medicinal properties, the biochemical compounds and quantity and essential oil quality of Chenopodium botrys L. grown in the natural habitat located in Raz and Jargalan city, North Khorasan province was investigated. Leaves or flowering branches sampling was done at full flowering stage. The content of biochemical compounds, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity, was measured. The essential oil of flowering branches and leaves together was extracted by water distillation method and Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results showed that the content of phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity of leaves or flowering branches methanol extracts was obtained 83.2 and 91.4 (mg GA.g-1 DW), 14 and 17 (mg QUE.g-1 DW), and 91 and 77 (μg.ml-1), respectively. Twenty-six compounds were identified in the essential oil. Elemol (17.2%), juniper camphor (7.9%), and bulnesol (6.9%) were the main compounds of essential oil. Also, the essential oil content was obtained 0.36% (w/w). Also, the leaves extract had significantly higher content of anthocyanin (3.1 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside.g-1 DW) compared to the flowering branches one. Overall, based on the results it can be concluded that Ch. botrys is a promising source of antioxidant compounds and is expected to be used in the food, medicine, and health products.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Tavakoli; S. Soltani; M. Tarkesh Esfahani; R. Karamian
Abstract
The Salvia species are of great importance in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries for their secondary metabolites. Although the production of secondary metabolites is encoded by the plant genetic, however, environmental factors have a great influence on their production and composition in plants. ...
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The Salvia species are of great importance in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries for their secondary metabolites. Although the production of secondary metabolites is encoded by the plant genetic, however, environmental factors have a great influence on their production and composition in plants. In this study, to investigate the effects of some climatic factors, topography, and soil parameters on Salvia multicaulis essential oil composition, the plant samples were collected from nine different habitats in Hamadan province during the flowering season. The soil samples were also taken for each plant in the sampling sites. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation (Clevenger apparatus) and its composition was identified by GC and GC/MS. The soil factors were measured according to the relevant protocols and the climatic records were collected from the meteorological stations of Hamadan province. The RDA analysis was used to investigate the effects of different environmental factors on the essential oil composition. Clustering of the studied habitats was performed based on the major compounds of essential oils using the Wards method. The essential oil composition was different in different habitats. The compounds α-pinene (1.3-32.1%), α-phellandrene (1.1-7%), 1,8-cineole (1-17.2%), bornyl acetate (7-16.2%), and β-caryophyllene (9.1-40.6%) were the major ones of this plant essential oil. The RDA results showed that the essential oil content and oxygenated terpenoids percentage increased with increasing altitude, but the hydrocarbon terpenes percentage had an inverse correlation with altitude. The monoterpenes had a positive correlation with the relative humidity, rainfall, and soil organic carbon, but the sesquiterpenes had an inverse relationship with these factors and showed a positive correlation with phosphorus and to some extent with calcium of the soil. The studied habitats clustered into two distinct groups with predominance of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in the essential oil. These findings could be important for commercial exploitation of sage with the aim of extracting specific secondary metabolites in its essential oil.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Mahmood Barati; Majid Sharifi-Rad; Saeede saeedi
Abstract
Due to the importance of rangeland medicinal plants, the present study was conducted to assess the chemical profile and antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of rangeland-medicinal plant Artemisia absinthium L. root and aerial parts extracts at different phenological stages (vegetative, ...
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Due to the importance of rangeland medicinal plants, the present study was conducted to assess the chemical profile and antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of rangeland-medicinal plant Artemisia absinthium L. root and aerial parts extracts at different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and seeding). Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods were used for determination of total phenol and flavonoids contents, respectively. The ethanol extract biological activities were investigated at different phenological stages: the antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods; the antibacterial activity by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods; and the anti-inflammatory activity using human red blood cell stabilization. The results showed that the highest amount of total phenol (86.4 ± 2 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight) and total flavonoids (36.2 ± 1.3 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g dry weight) was recorded for the root at flowering stage. Also, the root extract at flowering stage had the highest antioxidant (IC50 = 15.4 μg.mL-1) and antibacterial activities. The largest inhibition zone (22 mm) was observed for this extract against Staphylococcus aureus. This extract MIC and MBC were recorded 18.7 mg.mL-1 and 37.5 mg.mL-1 against S. aureus and Bacillus cereus, respectively. The bacteria Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli showed less sensitivity to the mentioned extract. Also, the results showed that the flowering stage had the highest anti-inflammatory activity compared to the other phenological stages. The root extract at the all phenological stages showed higher anti-inflammatory activity than the aerial parts. Overall, it could be concluded that A. absinthium, particularly at flowering stage, can be considered as a suitable alternative source for synthetic antioxidants, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory agents.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
F. Babakhani; J. khorshidi; M.R. Morshedloo
Abstract
Postharvest conditions have a noticeable effect on the quantity and quality of secondary metabolites of medicinal plants. Accordingly, in the present study, the effects of different storage durations (0, 2, 4, and 6 months) and packaging types (kraft, polyethylene, polypropylene, and without packaging) ...
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Postharvest conditions have a noticeable effect on the quantity and quality of secondary metabolites of medicinal plants. Accordingly, in the present study, the effects of different storage durations (0, 2, 4, and 6 months) and packaging types (kraft, polyethylene, polypropylene, and without packaging) on the quantity and quality of essential oil and phenol and antioxidant activity of methanol extract in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) fruit were evaluated. Essential oils and methanol extracts were prepared using hydrodistillation (Clevenger, for 3 hours) and Soxhlet extraction methods, respectively. Essential oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. In general, increasing the storage duration reduced the essential oil content of fennel (with the exception of kraft packaging) and the rate of this reduction varied depending on the packaging type. The polyethylene-packed fruitsstored for 2 months and unpacked fruits stored for 6 months had the highest (3.25% v/w) and lowest (1.8% v/w) essential oil content, respectively. The number, type, and amount of essential oil compounds were affected by storage duration and packaging type. The highest (75.8%) and lowest (49.46%) amounts of E-anethole were obtained from the essential oil of unpacked fruits stored for 6 months and unstored fruits, respectively. The amount of phenol and antioxidant activity decreased with increasing storage duration, but the effect of packaging type varied at different storage durations. Overall, based on the essential oil content, phenol, and antioxidant activity, storage of fennel could not be recommended, but based on the type of target compound in the essential oil, different storage durations could be suggested. If the storage of fennel is necessary, the polyethylene and kraft packaging could be recommended based on the total characteristics measured in this research.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
F. Askari; F. Sefidkon; M.A. Soltanipour; M. Mirza; S. Fekri Qomi
Abstract
The genus Pycnocyla belongs to the Apiaceae family and has eight perennial species in Iran. In this study, the essential oil content and chemical compounds of P. nodiflora Decne ex. Boiss. and P. flabellifolia Boiss. were investigated. The aerial parts of plants at seeding stage were collected from two ...
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The genus Pycnocyla belongs to the Apiaceae family and has eight perennial species in Iran. In this study, the essential oil content and chemical compounds of P. nodiflora Decne ex. Boiss. and P. flabellifolia Boiss. were investigated. The aerial parts of plants at seeding stage were collected from two habitats in Hormozgan province through two consecutive years and Kermanshah province in one year, respectively. Stem+leaf [SL] and seed [S] were separated and shade-dried. The essential oil was extracted by Clevenger apparatus and hydrodistillation method for three hours. Percentage and chemical composition of the essential oils were determined by GC and GC/MS. The essential oil content of P. nodiflora was obtained [SL]: 0.23 and 1.21% (two years) and [S]: 0.23% in Tangzagh habitat of Hormozgan and [SL]: 0.02 and 0.06% (two years) and [S]: 0.01% in Abmah habitat. Caryophyllene oxid (7.8-28.1%) and b-eudesmol (15.5-57.2%) were recognized as the main compounds of [SL] and [S] essentials oils of both habitats in this species. In P. flabellifolia, the essential oil content of [SL] and [S] was 0.66 and 0.76%, respectively. The main compounds in [SL] essential oil of this species were cis-β-ocimene (33.8%), trans-β-ocimene (39.6%), and terpinolene (12.9%) and in [S] essential oil were trans-β-ocimene (28%), cis-β-ocimene (31%), and terpinolene (12.6%). According to previous reports on the antimicrobial properties of trans-β-ocimene and cis-β-ocimene compounds on bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis and the predominance of these compounds in the essential oil of P. flabellifolia, studies on antimicrobial properties of this species essential oil is recommended.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Jafari Ghoshchi; B. Abbaszadeh; M. Ourei; R. Azimi; A. Faramarzi
Abstract
In this study, to investigate the effects of gamma ray to dry plant materials, conditions, and storage duration of the plants on the percentage and essential oil composition and some physiological traits of Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss., plant top shoots were collected at the flowering stage. Gamma ...
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In this study, to investigate the effects of gamma ray to dry plant materials, conditions, and storage duration of the plants on the percentage and essential oil composition and some physiological traits of Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss., plant top shoots were collected at the flowering stage. Gamma ray irradiation was performed in the Atomic Energy Organization at five levels of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 kGy (kilo gray). Storage was carried out under two refrigerator (4°C) and room air temperature conditions at three storage duration levels of 0, 120, and 240 hours. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Essential oil of flowering shoots was extracted by water distillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS quantitatively and qualitatively. According to the obtained results, gamma radiation affected the essential oil percentage and amount of p-cymene, thymol, carvacrol, phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity significantly at the level of 1%. Storage duration had a significant effect on the essential oil percentage and amount of p-cymene, thymol, and carvacrol. Storage conditions showed a significant effect on the total phenols and flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of S. spicigera. Means comparison of gamma radiation effects showed that the highest percentage of essential oil with 1.12% and 1.03% was obtained in the control and 5 kGy treatments, respectively. The highest amount of thymol (13.57%) and carvacrol (34.73%) was observed in the 10 kGy and control treatments, respectively. With 2.5 kGy gamma irradiation, the amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity respectively increased by 1.4 and 1.76 times compared to the control. Of course, by keeping the plant in the refrigerator, the amount of thymol was reduced. The highest percentage of essential oil was related to the storage for 120 hours. The use of high intensity gamma radiation is suitable to achieve high thymol essential oil. The use of low radiation can also be useful for drying S. spicigera to obtain extracts containing more phenolic compounds. However, gamma radiation is not appropriate for plant materials drying to obtain essential oils of this species.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
A. Talafi; F. Abdolahi; A. Yavari
Abstract
Mangifera indica L. belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. The various organs of this plant, especially the leaves, contain valuable flavonoid compounds that are used in the treatment of diabetes. In the present study, to evaluate the amounts of rutin and quercetin in the leaves of different M. indica ...
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Mangifera indica L. belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. The various organs of this plant, especially the leaves, contain valuable flavonoid compounds that are used in the treatment of diabetes. In the present study, to evaluate the amounts of rutin and quercetin in the leaves of different M. indica genotypes in the habitats of southern Iran, four major habitats including Manoojan and Roodan from Kerman province, Minab from Hormozgan province, and Bushehr port from Bushehr province were selected. From each habitat, 10 mature and healthy trees were selected and from each tree, three groups of leaf samples were taken from a height of two meters. Extraction of dried mango leaves was performed by methanol-acetic acid solvent and injected into HPLC for analysis. The amounts of rutin and quercetin in 40 samples of M. indica extracts were determined. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design using SPSS statistical software and cluster analysis was performed by Ward method to group the populations and genotypes. There was a statistically significant difference (P <0.05) between the four M. indica populations in terms of both rutin and quercetin. The highest levels of rutin and quercetin were obtained in Manoujan (124.03 ppm) and Bushehr (6.05 ppm) populations, respectively. Cluster analysis divided the four populations into three independent groups: populations Rudan and Minab in group 1, Bushehr in group 2, and Manoujan in group 3. Evaluation of phytochemical diversity can provide valuable information in the management of M. indica germplasm and be useful in identifying suitable populations for different breeding purposes in this species.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Ramtin; F. Sharifnya; M. Larypoor; M. Mirpour; S. Zarrabi
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans are nosocomial pathogens that have made treatment difficult due to the antibiotic resistance. In the present study, the antimicrobial effect of Campsis radicans (L.) Seemann essential oil on Imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa containing IMP ...
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans are nosocomial pathogens that have made treatment difficult due to the antibiotic resistance. In the present study, the antimicrobial effect of Campsis radicans (L.) Seemann essential oil on Imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa containing IMP gene, Cefixime-resistant E. coli containing TEM gene, and fluconazole-resistant C. albicans containing ERG gene was investigated. According to the results, all the strains were sensitive to the essential oil and the diameter of growth inhibition zone varied from 10 to 20 mm, with the highest sensitivity being observed in C. albicans. After identifying 32 compounds in the essential oil by GC/MS, guaiacol as its active ingredient was selected and nanocapsulated by two-phase emulsion method. The mean MIC was 268.7-537.5 and 67.18-268.75 µg.mL-1 in the free and encapsulated forms of the active ingredient, respectively which indicates that the encapsulated form is more effective than the free one. Study on the release of both forms within 72 hours showed that the release of encapsulated form was more targeted over a longer period of time which indicates its less toxicity. Then, the effectiveness of both active ingredient forms was evaluated on the antibiotic resistance genes and it was found that this reduction was more in P. aeruginosa and C. albicans than E. coli. In general, both free and encapsulated forms significantly reduced gene expression compared to the control gene 16s rRNA, which was more noticeable in the encapsulated form than the free one. Also, study on the synergistic effect of both forms showed that the combined use of each ingredient with its nanocapsules had a greater antimicrobial effect than the single use. The results of this study proved the antimicrobial effect of C. radicans essential oil and also showed that both forms of the active ingredient contained compounds to inhibit antibiotic resistance genes and therefore can be used as therapeutic supplements.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
S. Mafakheri; R. Hallaj; B. Asghari
Abstract
Dragonhead with the scientific name of Dracocephalum moldavica L., is an annual medicinal and aromatic herbaceous plant from Lamiaceae family. In this research, D. moldavica seed oil, aqueous, and ethanol extracts were prepared and quantity and quality of fatty acids, phytosterols amount, phenolic and ...
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Dragonhead with the scientific name of Dracocephalum moldavica L., is an annual medicinal and aromatic herbaceous plant from Lamiaceae family. In this research, D. moldavica seed oil, aqueous, and ethanol extracts were prepared and quantity and quality of fatty acids, phytosterols amount, phenolic and flavonoid compounds contents, and DPPH radicals scavenging activity were measured. The seed oil was extracted by cold press method. The results showed that the highest amount of palmitic and stearic acids (9.4 and 3.55%, respectively) was obtained in the ethanol extract. While, the highest amount of oleic (9.7%), linoleic (19.53%), and α-linolenic (59.01%) acids were found in the oil. The ethanol extract exhibited the highest amount of total phytosterol (833.86 mg.100 g-1 DW), γ-tocopherol (38.72 mg.100 g-1 DW), and total tocopherol (39.21 mg.100 g-1 DW). The highest total phenolic (17.4 mg GAE.g-1 DW) and flavonoid (112.12 mg QE.g-1 DW) contents were found in the ethanol extract of seeds and lowest of them (near to zero) was found in the seed oil. Also, the ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH radicals scavenging activity. Overall, ethanol is recommended as the best solvent for extracting dragonhead seed extract to maintain more qualitative properties.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
S.M. Ghodsi Maab; H. Makarian; Z. Ghasimi Hagh; M. Gholipoor
Abstract
Seed pretreatment with the cold plasma and salicylic acid is one of the methods to improve the seed germination and quantitative and qualitative growth of plants. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of seed pretreatment with the cold plasma (0 and 100 W for 4 min) and seed ...
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Seed pretreatment with the cold plasma and salicylic acid is one of the methods to improve the seed germination and quantitative and qualitative growth of plants. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of seed pretreatment with the cold plasma (0 and 100 W for 4 min) and seed pretreatment and foliar application of salicylic acid in the micro and nano forms (0 and 1.5 mM salicylic acid) to improve the growth and production of secondary metabolites in Salvia leriifolia Benth. The results showed that the use of salicylic acid as seed pretreatment and foliar application increased the plant height, chlorophylls a and b, total phenol, and caffeic acid of the leaves significantly. Also, the seed pretreatment with nano salicylic acid form and foliar application of micro salicylic acid form and cold plasma increased the seedlings fresh and dry weight and phenylalanine ammonialyase and tyrosine ammonialyase enzymes by 3.48, 13.3, 227.7, and 277%, respectively compared to the control. The seed pretreatment and application of salicylic acid did not have a positive effect on increasing the amount of rosmarinic and salvianolic acids of the leaves compared to the control. According to the results, increasing the enzymes activity involved in the biosynthesis of phenolic acids could affect the amount of caffeic acid positively. Overall, the findings of the present study showed that the seed pretreatment with salicylic acid and foliar application of nano salicylic acid could improve the growth traits and activity of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in S. leriifolia more than other treatments.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Sharifi-Rad
Abstract
Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. is one of the medicinal plants belonging to the fam. apiaceae that has been recommended as a treatment for the neurological disorders. The present study was aimed at investigating the changes in the phytochemicals content and the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory ...
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Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. is one of the medicinal plants belonging to the fam. apiaceae that has been recommended as a treatment for the neurological disorders. The present study was aimed at investigating the changes in the phytochemicals content and the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties of D. anethifolia ethanolic extract at the different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and seeding). The plant shoots were collected at each stage randomly. The total phenols and flavonoids contents of the ethanolic extracts were measured using the spectrophotometry method and the antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH free radical scavenging method. The disk diffusion method was used to investigate the antibacterial activity of the plant extract against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Also, the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extract was assessed using the human red blood cell stabilization method. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the different phenological stages in terms of the total phenols and flavonoids contents and the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties (P <0.05). The highest amount of total phenols and flavonoids (148 ± 1.7 mg Gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight and 97 ± 1.5 mg Quercetin equivalents (QE)/g dry weight, respectively) and antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities was observed at the flowering stage. The results also showed that the plant extract studied had a greater inhibitory effect on the Gram-positive bacteria than the Gram-negative ones. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract of D. anethifolia could be used as a promising agent with the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties to treat many diseases. Also, the flowering stage could be introduced as the best harvest time for the medicinal use of this species.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
A.A. Minaeifar; K. Ireji; F. Rasekh; N. Tanideh; A. Ireji; M. Ramezanian
Abstract
Due to the similarity of many medicinal plants and the perfumers ignorance about the science of botany, many unintended frauds are occurring in the supply of medicinal plants, like the presentation of different types of medicinal plants called lemon balm. This study was aimed at identifying the species ...
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Due to the similarity of many medicinal plants and the perfumers ignorance about the science of botany, many unintended frauds are occurring in the supply of medicinal plants, like the presentation of different types of medicinal plants called lemon balm. This study was aimed at identifying the species offered under the name of lemon balm as well as comparing the antioxidant activity and phenolics content of these species. In this study, the species that are offered as lemon balm in the perfumeries of Yazd and Shiraz cities were collected and then scientifically identified using the valid botanical keys. In this study, the anti-radical activity was evaluated by the DPPH test. In addition, the total phenols content was measured by the Folin Ciocalteu method. Based on the results of species identification, it was proved that three species of Asperugo procumbens L., Hymenocrater elegans Bunge, and Melissa officinalis L. are sold in Yazd city under the name of lemon balm and H. elegans had the highest percentage of supply. Two species, M. officinalis and Stachys inflata Benth., also are sold under the name of lemon balm in Shiraz city, where the largest supply belonged to S. inflata. Also, M. officinalis and A. procumbens had respectively the highest and lowest amounts for the traits including total phenols and antioxidant activity.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
S. Parsafar; Gh. Eghlima; M.H. Mirjalili; S. Nejad Ebrahimi; J. Hadian
Abstract
The morphological, yield, and phytochemical characteristics of Solidago virgaurea L. were studied at the full flowering stage in two habitats of Pol Sefid and Sang Deh in Mazandaran province in 2019. The traits including plant height, plant diameter, inflorescence length, number of stems, length and ...
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The morphological, yield, and phytochemical characteristics of Solidago virgaurea L. were studied at the full flowering stage in two habitats of Pol Sefid and Sang Deh in Mazandaran province in 2019. The traits including plant height, plant diameter, inflorescence length, number of stems, length and leaf width, length and ray floret width, tubular floret length, flower diameter, receptacle diameter, stem diameter, fresh and plant dry weight, fresh and leaf dry weight, fresh and stem dry weight, fresh and leaf+flower dry weight, and total phenols (by Folin-Ciocalteu method), flavonoids (by aluminum chloride method), and leiocarposide (by HPLC) contents were measured. The results showed that the highest amounts of inflorescence length (40 cm), flower diameter (21.1 mm), plant dry weight (9.44 g plant-1), flower dry weight (6.06 g plant-1), flower+leaf dry weight (7.22 g plant-1), and stem dry weight (2.22 g plant-1) were obtained in the population "Pol Sefid". A positive and significant correlation was observed between the plant dry weight and traits including the plant height, number of stems, stem diameter, flower diameter, plant fresh weight, fresh and leaf dry weight, fresh and stem dry weight, fresh and leaf+flower dry weight, and total flavonoids. The content of total phenols (26.95 mg Gallic acid/g DW), total flavonoids (8.82 mg Rutin/g DW), and leiocarposide (2.08 mg/g DW) was higher in the population "Sang Deh" than "Pol Sefid".
