Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Fahimeh Gharaie; Monireh Cheniany; Ali Ganjeali
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Teucrium polium L. is a herbaceous plant from the mint family that has many uses in traditional medicine. In recent years, numerous medicinal effects such as anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, anti-spasm, and reducing fat and blood pressure have been reported. Therefore, cultivation ...
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Background and Objectives: Teucrium polium L. is a herbaceous plant from the mint family that has many uses in traditional medicine. In recent years, numerous medicinal effects such as anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, anti-spasm, and reducing fat and blood pressure have been reported. Therefore, cultivation of this plant under laboratory conditions is necessary to preserve its survival, reproduction, and increased secondary metabolites. Among the solutions, elicitors in the plant tissue culture technique are one of the most widely used methods to increase secondary-medicinal metabolites. Chitosan, as a biopolymer, induces defense responses, increases antioxidant enzyme activity, and accumulates phenolic compounds. In the present study, the effect of chitosan bio-elicitor was studied on some phenolic compounds of T. polium under in vitro culture to optimize secondary metabolites and increase antioxidant capacity.Methodology: Leaf explants were prepared from preserved T. polium in hydroponic conditions and fed with Hoagland's solution. After sterilization with sodium hypochlorite 5% (v/v) and ethanol 70% (v/v), middle slices were prepared from the leaf explant and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium containing separate and combined concentrations of benzyl amino purine (BAP)(1 and 1.5 mg.L-1) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)(0.5 mg.L-1). The samples were kept for four weeks in the dark at 25 degrees Celsius. With callogenesis, the samples were transferred to light conditions of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness. At the end of the sixth week, the induced calli were subcultured. The calli were treated with chitosan at different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg.L-1). After eight weeks, green calli were collected. Finally, to prepare the final extract for biochemical assays, extraction was done from green calli. The content of phenolic compounds (phenol, flavonoid, flavone, and phenolic acids), antioxidant activity, and phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) activity was measured.Results: According to the results, the application of different concentrations of chitosan (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg.L-1) and all hormonal treatments (BAP1, BAP1.5, and BAP1.5+NAA 0.5 mg.L-1) caused a significant increase in the content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and PAL activity compared to the control samples. So the application of the simultaneous and combined treatment of BAP at a concentration of 1.5 mg.L-1 with NAA at a concentration of 0.5 mg.L-1, along with the treatment of 100 mg.L-1 of chitosan induced green calli of T. polium in in vitro culture, results in the maximum content of phenolic derivatives (1884.95 for phenol, 936.65 for o-diphenol, 1462.28 for flavonoid, 631.07 for flavone, and 662.41 for phenolic acids). As compared to the control, the antioxidant capacities (measured by DPPH and FRAP assays) increased by 68.34 percent and 71.92 percent, respectively. A significant increase in PAL activity (65.81%) was observed in induced calli.Conclusion: Considering the importance of T. polium as a medicinal plant, chitosan, a successful elicitor, promotes the synthesis of phenolic secondary metabolites. As a result, the increase of antioxidant power and PAL activity in the callus of T. polium.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Fatemeh Mahdi-Navasi; B. Abaszadeh; Vahid Abdossi; Razieh Azimi; Marjan Dyanat
Abstract
Bachground and objective: Satureja mutica Fisch & C.A. Mey is a perennial plant that can be cultivated under irrigation conditions and in rainfed drylands. It has anti-flatulent, appetizing, sexual enhancement, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial effects. Drying increases product ...
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Bachground and objective: Satureja mutica Fisch & C.A. Mey is a perennial plant that can be cultivated under irrigation conditions and in rainfed drylands. It has anti-flatulent, appetizing, sexual enhancement, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial effects. Drying increases product shelf life by stopping enzymes, pathogens, and microorganisms. The factors that affect essential oils and their content are temperature, drying time, and the type of plant. Microwaves for drying are one of the newer methods. Their advantages include shortening drying time, maintaining quality, reducing energy consumption, preserving dried plants' color, and improving effective ingredients.Methodology: The flowering shoots were collected from the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands research farm in 2019. Plants in the insectarium were exposed to UV-B light treatment through UV-B lamps. The plants were turned over every half hour. Irradiation agents were selected based on the preliminary test, including durations of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 hours. After irradiation, the samples were stored in sealed bags under two conditions: refrigerator at 4°C and room temperature. The storage time was 0, 120, and 240 hours. Therefore, the sources of variation include irradiation duration in four levels (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 hours), storage conditions in two conditions (room temperature 25-27°C and fridge with a temperature of 4°C), and storage duration factor in three levels (0, 120 and 240 hours).202 grams of fresh samples (equivalent to 80 grams of dry matter) and 80 grams of dried samples in other treatments were extracted by water distillation in 3 repetitions for 2 hours. The obtained essential oils were stored in sealed bottles inside the refrigerator at 4 °C until injected into GC and GC/MS devices for quantitative and qualitative analysis. Carbohydrate, phenol, and free radical inhibition (by the DPPH method) were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18, and the means were compared with the LSD test at P ≥ 0.05.Results: Variance analysis of essential oil percentage showed that UV-B factor, storage condition (SC), storage time (ST) at the 1% level, and SC ST interaction at the 5% level had a significant effect. Due to the increase in irradiation duration, the percentage of essential oil extracted from the plant increased. This percentage increased to 0.42% in the control and 0.71% in the 10-hour treatment. Based on a mean comparison, the amount of essential oil in the shade increased from 0.48% to 0.54%. Mean comparison of the effect of storage conditions (SC) on storage time (ST) revealed that the highest percentage was related to the shade storage treatment for 240 hours with 0.61%. The mean comparison of the interaction effect of the three treatments showed that the percentage of thymol was the highest at 45% in the conditions without irradiation refrigerator×without storage. The results of the simple correlation of the traits demonstrated that thymol had a significant negative relationship with α-thujone, α-terpenine, and carvacrol. Carvacrol showed a significant negative correlation with major compounds, paracymene and thymol. It was observed that the highest antioxidant activity was obtained from 10 hours of UV-B radiation. A mean comparison of the effect of UV-B rays on the amount of phenol indicated that its amount increased in the 2.5-hour treatment compared to the other treatments. The highest antioxidant percentage could be achieved after 10 hours of irradiation in the refrigerator for 240 hours.Conclusion: The conversion of compounds occurs by irradiation of UV-B rays in the drying stages, and the amount of paracymene and thymol is reduced, and the amount of carvacrol is increased. Therefore, in S. mutica, which has thymol and carvacrol compounds, drying treatments aiming to increase the specific composition can be very effective. Also, the amount of thymol and carvacrol in dried plants may decrease compared to fresh plants. The increase in antioxidant activity in the treatment of 10 hours of UV-B radiation confirms the viability of plant cells and their efforts to prevent environmental stress through the increase of antioxidant enzymes.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Pooran Golkar; Golnaz Arab; Mohammad Reza Vahabi; Hamidrez Eshghizadeh
Abstract
Background and objectives: Ammi visnaga L. is a medicinal and aromatic plant in the Apiaceae family. The essential oils of this plant have highly valuable aromatic compounds with valuable therapeutic and nutritional properties. Environmental stresses affect the quantity and quality ...
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Background and objectives: Ammi visnaga L. is a medicinal and aromatic plant in the Apiaceae family. The essential oils of this plant have highly valuable aromatic compounds with valuable therapeutic and nutritional properties. Environmental stresses affect the quantity and quality of essential oils (EOs) in medicinal plants. This study was carried out to evaluate the independent and combined effects of salinity and drought stresses on EOs (%) and their chemical constituents in different organs of A. visnaga (seeds and head branches) under field conditions.Methodology: This study was carried out in the research farm of Isfahan University of Technology located in Lavark, Najafabad, using a split-plot design with three replications. Each replicate consisted of two rows (3 m long) of A. visnaga seeds. Different levels of salinity stress and drought stress were considered as main plots and subplots, respectively. Three levels of salinity stress [S1 (0 mM NaCl), S2 (80 mM NaCl), and S3 (80 mM NaCl)] and three drought stress levels based on soil depletion rate [D1: normal 50%, D2: moderate stress 60% and D3: severe stress 85%] were applied. Applying salt and drought stresses simultaneously started at the flowering stage (10%) and continued until the full maturity stage. After the full maturity stage of the plants, seed yield was measured. Then, the EOs extraction was done based on the Clevenger method in about 4 hours from head branches and seed samples for all studied treatments. The chemical constituents were identified using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques.Results: The independent and combined stresses of drought and salinity caused a significant increase in EOs (%) of A.visnaga. The highest EOs in the head branch (1.26%) were detected under non-drought and medium salinity stress conditions (D1S1). The lowest EOs (0.25%) were observed under non-drought and non-salinity conditions (D1S1). The highest EOs (0.25%) in seed samples were observed under D2S2 conditions (moderate drought and salinity stress), but the least amount (0.12%) was found under D1S2 conditions (moderate salinity stress) and D1S3 (severe salinity stress). The analysis of essential EOs identified 25 compounds in both seeds and head branch samples. These compounds belong to six main chemical groups. The most and lowest compounds belonged to the groups of hydrocarbon monoterpenes and oxygenated diterpenes in both branches and seeds, respectively. Cembrene was identified as the main chemical compound in seed and head branch EOs. The lowest values for cembrene were reported as 23.32 % and 26.16% in seed and head branch EOs, respectively. The highest values for cembrene were reported as 33.31% and 36.62% in seed and head branch EOs under treatment. The compound 2-methyl-2-methylbutyl ester was identified as the second most abundant compound in the head branches and seeds of A. visnaga. The highest amount of this compound was observed in seed EOs (9.38%) under mild drought and mild salinity stress (D2S2), and the highest amount of this compound was observed in head branch EOs (18.5%) under mild drought stress (D2S1) conditions.Conclusion: According to the study results, drought and salinity stress caused a quantitative and qualitative increase in A. visnaga EOs. Considering the climatic conditions of the arid and semi-arid regions of Iran and the consequent gradual salinization of soils, this plant can be considered a plant of choice in medicinal plant breeding programs, as well as goals related to the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Saeedeh Rafiei
Abstract
Background and objectives: Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) is one of the plant dyes used for dyeing textiles since ancient times. The active ingredient in this plant is Lawson, which causes its coloring and antibacterial properties. On the other hand, the surface of natural fiber textiles, including handwoven ...
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Background and objectives: Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) is one of the plant dyes used for dyeing textiles since ancient times. The active ingredient in this plant is Lawson, which causes its coloring and antibacterial properties. On the other hand, the surface of natural fiber textiles, including handwoven carpets, in the presence of moisture and heat, causes the growth and proliferation of bacteria. This leads to problems with the product's durability, appearance, and hygiene. In this research, in addition to evaluating the color characteristics of fibers dyed with dry henna and its aqueous and alcoholic extracts, the comparison of their antibacterial effect on two Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria has also been investigated.Methodology: The leaves of the native henna plant of Fars province were picked and dried in spring. Fibers of 4.5 metric meters and 63 deniers were used with Iranian wool and silk fibers. Considering that the extraction of the effective substance in plants depends on the type of solvent used, in addition to dry henna, three different solvents, water, ethanol, and methanol, were applied to prepare henna extracts. In this study, fibers were dyed with henna extracts, applying a simultaneous mordant method with Aluminum sulfate. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts were prepared by percolation and reflux methods in a Soxhlet extractor, respectively. For this purpose, a dyeing bath with L: R=1:50 containing natural fibers, 3% oxalic acid, 5% aluminum sulfate, and 30% dye was used. The dyeing process for both baths took 90 minutes in a bain marie. Color parameters (a*, b*, L*), color strength (K/S), reflective spectrum (R), light fastness, and antibacterial properties of each fiber dyed with dry henna and its extracts were evaluated. To measure the antibacterial properties, 0.03 grams of each dyed fiber was soaked in 1500 microliters of serum containing Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli for 24 hours. Then, by dilution method in plates, Nutrient agar was cultured, and colonies were counted. Quantification of Lawson in the extracts was done using HPLC analysis.Results: Reflective spectrophotometry showed that all wool and silk fibers dyed with henna and its extracts had positive a* and b* levels, which indicates the red and yellow undertones of the dyed samples. On the other hand, compared to silk fibers, wool fibers dyed with various types of henna dyes showed a higher degree of redness and yellowness and a lower percentage of brightness (L*). The numerical results were consistent with the qualitative and visual evaluations in the optical cabinet. In addition, natural fibers dyed with ethanol extract from henna had the lowest percentage of brightness and reflection and the highest color strength. The ethanol extract produced brilliant golden colors on silk fibers. Fibers dyed with all four types of henna dye had acceptable optical stability (7-8). Wool and silk samples dyed with alcoholic henna extracts, especially ethanol extract, showed a significant inhibition percentage for two types of bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This is due to secondary metabolites such as Lawson, which was detected using high-performance liquid chromatography. On the other hand, the antibacterial activity against the second type of bacteria was higher than the first type (76-90%), which is due to the difference in the cell wall structure between the two. The amount of Lawson measured in the ethanol extract of henna was higher than the other two extracts (16%), which confirms the color strength, high stability, and antibacterial properties of this extract on fibers.Conclusion: The findings of this study proved that the use of henna and its extracts in dyeing natural fibers can be a promising factor in preventing infectious diseases caused by E. coli and S. rause bacteria. On the other hand, it seems that the ethanol extract of henna is more effective than the rest of the tested solvents for color strength, brightness, light fastness, and antibacterial effects. In addition, the ethanol extract of henna created a very beautiful golden color on silk in the presence of aluminum mordant. This is a very popular and rare color in handwoven carpet natural dyeing.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Afshin; M. Sharifi-Rad; S. Saeidi
Abstract
Background and objectives: The amount of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants are changed during different stages of plant growth, so in order to determine the best time to harvest each medicinal herb, it is necessary to determine the amount of active substances and their biological activities in ...
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Background and objectives: The amount of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants are changed during different stages of plant growth, so in order to determine the best time to harvest each medicinal herb, it is necessary to determine the amount of active substances and their biological activities in different phenological stages. Tanacetum parthenium L. is one of the important species of chicory genus that has many medicinal properties. This study investigated the content of total phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and anthocyanins and the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Tanacetum parthenium L. aerial parts and root ethanolic extracts at different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and seeding).Methodology: For this purpose, total phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and anthocyanins were measured spectrophotometrically in the aerial parts and root ethanolic extracts of T. parthenium. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and antibacterial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods.Results: The maximum levels of total phenol (62.3 ± 1.2 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight), flavonoids (35.7 ± 0.9 mg quercetin equivalents (QE).g-1 dry weight), alkaloids (73.2 ± 0.6 mg atropine equivalent.g-1 dry weight) and total anthocyanin (4.2 ± 0.3 mg cyaniding-3glicoside equivalents.g-1 dry weight) were measured in the shoot extract of the studied species at the flowering stage. Results of the antioxidant activity evaluation showed that the shoot extract at the flowering stage had the highest antioxidant activity (75.3 ± 0.7 %). The lowest antioxidant activity (16.5 ± 0.9 %) was measured for the root extract at the vegetative stage. According to the antibacterial investigation, the maximum inhibition zone (21 ± 0.3 mm) was observed for the shoot extract at the flowering stage against Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (12.5 mg.mL-1) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (25 mg.mL-1) were recorded for shoot extracts at vegetative and flowering stages against the abovementioned bacteria. Based on the results, the studied species' extracts were more effective against gram-positive than gram-negative bacteria.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the flowering stage extract of T. parthenium had considerable phytochemical compounds with appropriate antioxidant and antibacterial properties. It can be used as a source of natural antioxidants and antibiotic agents.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
R. Mohtashami
Abstract
Water stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses limiting growth and plant yield under dryland conditions, which affects the morphological and physiological characteristics of plants. To evaluate morphological characteristics, yield, mucilage, and seed oil of Lallemantia iberica (M.B.) Fisch. ...
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Water stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses limiting growth and plant yield under dryland conditions, which affects the morphological and physiological characteristics of plants. To evaluate morphological characteristics, yield, mucilage, and seed oil of Lallemantia iberica (M.B.) Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ecotypes [Kerman (Kerman province), Naein (Isfahan province), Sanandaj (Kurdistan province), Mashhad (Razavi-Khorasan province), and Malekan (East-Azerbaijan province)] under dryland conditions, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications in the medicinal plants research farm of Yasouj Agricultural Research Center and Natural Resources in the 2016-2017 crop year. The results showed that ecotype significantly affected morphological traits, seed yield, mucilage yield, and oil yield. The highest seed yield was obtained from Kurdistan (529 kg ha-1) and Mashhad (515 kg ha-1) ecotypes. The highest and lowest oil yield was related to Kurdistan (211 kg ha-1) and Kerman (189 kg ha-1) ecotypes, respectively. Mashhad (22.7 kg ha-1) and Malekan (18.2 kg ha-1) ecotypes had the highest and lowest seed mucilage yield, respectively. Although there was no significant difference between the oil and seed mucilage percentage of the ecotypes, the highest (41.3%) and lowest (39.9%) oil content was found in Kerman and Kurdistan ecotypes and the highest (4.4%) and lowest (3.7%) mucilage percentage belonged to Mashhad and Kurdistan ones, respectively. Overall, the results showed that Kurdistan and Mashhad ecotypes are suitable for cultivation under dryland conditions of Yasouj due to higher yield of seeds, mucilage, and seed oil.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
L. Moradipour; V. Payam Noor
Abstract
In biotechnology processes, increasing the production of biomass and secondary metabolites is one of the economic factors of such projects. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of magnetic field as an abiotic elicitor on increase of biomass and secondary metabolites of Ganoderma ...
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In biotechnology processes, increasing the production of biomass and secondary metabolites is one of the economic factors of such projects. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of magnetic field as an abiotic elicitor on increase of biomass and secondary metabolites of Ganoderma lucidum. Mycelium with a diameter of 1 cm of pured fungi was exposed to magnetism at four levels including 0, 20, 40, and 60 mT for 0, 30, 60, and 90 min with three replications. The best treatment was selected based on growth rate and antioxidant activity. The amounts of secondary compounds in mycelium under selected magnetic field (60 mT for 90 min) including betulin, betulinic acid, ascorbic acid, astaxanthin, total polysaccharide, and antioxidants were measured and compared with control and natural fungi. The results showed that magnetization increased betulin (a potent anticancer triterpene) more than 2.5 times compared to natural fungi and 3.7 times compared to control mycelium. Polysaccharides concentration in the treated mycelium and control media was obtained 5.05 and 5.17 times more than natural fungi, respectively. Ganoderic acid content was measured in the treated mycelium (intracellular) and PDB medium (extracellular). The highest amount of ganoderic acid (1.9 mg.ml-1) was obtained in the treated mycelium. Natural fungi and PBD medium had almost the same amount of this compound (1.87 and 1.86 mg.ml-1). The amount of betulinic acid (an anticancer compound derived from betulin), ascorbic acid, and astaxanthin was obtained high in natural fungus followed by 90 min magnetization at 60mT level treatment and control, respectively. Antioxidants percentage was about 85% in control and about 75% in natural fungi and treated mycelium. According to the results, there seems to be a good prospect to use in vitro cultures of Ganoderma instead of using natural fungi and also constructing costly farms.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
P. Arvin; R. Firouzeh
Abstract
To evaluate the biological potential and medicinal properties, the biochemical compounds and quantity and essential oil quality of Chenopodium botrys L. grown in the natural habitat located in Raz and Jargalan city, North Khorasan province was investigated. Leaves or flowering branches sampling was done ...
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To evaluate the biological potential and medicinal properties, the biochemical compounds and quantity and essential oil quality of Chenopodium botrys L. grown in the natural habitat located in Raz and Jargalan city, North Khorasan province was investigated. Leaves or flowering branches sampling was done at full flowering stage. The content of biochemical compounds, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity, was measured. The essential oil of flowering branches and leaves together was extracted by water distillation method and Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results showed that the content of phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity of leaves or flowering branches methanol extracts was obtained 83.2 and 91.4 (mg GA.g-1 DW), 14 and 17 (mg QUE.g-1 DW), and 91 and 77 (μg.ml-1), respectively. Twenty-six compounds were identified in the essential oil. Elemol (17.2%), juniper camphor (7.9%), and bulnesol (6.9%) were the main compounds of essential oil. Also, the essential oil content was obtained 0.36% (w/w). Also, the leaves extract had significantly higher content of anthocyanin (3.1 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside.g-1 DW) compared to the flowering branches one. Overall, based on the results it can be concluded that Ch. botrys is a promising source of antioxidant compounds and is expected to be used in the food, medicine, and health products.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Tavakoli; S. Soltani; M. Tarkesh Esfahani; R. Karamian
Abstract
The Salvia species are of great importance in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries for their secondary metabolites. Although the production of secondary metabolites is encoded by the plant genetic, however, environmental factors have a great influence on their production and composition in plants. ...
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The Salvia species are of great importance in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries for their secondary metabolites. Although the production of secondary metabolites is encoded by the plant genetic, however, environmental factors have a great influence on their production and composition in plants. In this study, to investigate the effects of some climatic factors, topography, and soil parameters on Salvia multicaulis essential oil composition, the plant samples were collected from nine different habitats in Hamadan province during the flowering season. The soil samples were also taken for each plant in the sampling sites. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation (Clevenger apparatus) and its composition was identified by GC and GC/MS. The soil factors were measured according to the relevant protocols and the climatic records were collected from the meteorological stations of Hamadan province. The RDA analysis was used to investigate the effects of different environmental factors on the essential oil composition. Clustering of the studied habitats was performed based on the major compounds of essential oils using the Wards method. The essential oil composition was different in different habitats. The compounds α-pinene (1.3-32.1%), α-phellandrene (1.1-7%), 1,8-cineole (1-17.2%), bornyl acetate (7-16.2%), and β-caryophyllene (9.1-40.6%) were the major ones of this plant essential oil. The RDA results showed that the essential oil content and oxygenated terpenoids percentage increased with increasing altitude, but the hydrocarbon terpenes percentage had an inverse correlation with altitude. The monoterpenes had a positive correlation with the relative humidity, rainfall, and soil organic carbon, but the sesquiterpenes had an inverse relationship with these factors and showed a positive correlation with phosphorus and to some extent with calcium of the soil. The studied habitats clustered into two distinct groups with predominance of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in the essential oil. These findings could be important for commercial exploitation of sage with the aim of extracting specific secondary metabolites in its essential oil.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Mahmood Barati; Majid Sharifi-Rad; Saeede saeedi
Abstract
Due to the importance of rangeland medicinal plants, the present study was conducted to assess the chemical profile and antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of rangeland-medicinal plant Artemisia absinthium L. root and aerial parts extracts at different phenological stages (vegetative, ...
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Due to the importance of rangeland medicinal plants, the present study was conducted to assess the chemical profile and antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of rangeland-medicinal plant Artemisia absinthium L. root and aerial parts extracts at different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and seeding). Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods were used for determination of total phenol and flavonoids contents, respectively. The ethanol extract biological activities were investigated at different phenological stages: the antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods; the antibacterial activity by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods; and the anti-inflammatory activity using human red blood cell stabilization. The results showed that the highest amount of total phenol (86.4 ± 2 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight) and total flavonoids (36.2 ± 1.3 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g dry weight) was recorded for the root at flowering stage. Also, the root extract at flowering stage had the highest antioxidant (IC50 = 15.4 μg.mL-1) and antibacterial activities. The largest inhibition zone (22 mm) was observed for this extract against Staphylococcus aureus. This extract MIC and MBC were recorded 18.7 mg.mL-1 and 37.5 mg.mL-1 against S. aureus and Bacillus cereus, respectively. The bacteria Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli showed less sensitivity to the mentioned extract. Also, the results showed that the flowering stage had the highest anti-inflammatory activity compared to the other phenological stages. The root extract at the all phenological stages showed higher anti-inflammatory activity than the aerial parts. Overall, it could be concluded that A. absinthium, particularly at flowering stage, can be considered as a suitable alternative source for synthetic antioxidants, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory agents.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
F. Babakhani; J. khorshidi; M.R. Morshedloo
Abstract
Postharvest conditions have a noticeable effect on the quantity and quality of secondary metabolites of medicinal plants. Accordingly, in the present study, the effects of different storage durations (0, 2, 4, and 6 months) and packaging types (kraft, polyethylene, polypropylene, and without packaging) ...
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Postharvest conditions have a noticeable effect on the quantity and quality of secondary metabolites of medicinal plants. Accordingly, in the present study, the effects of different storage durations (0, 2, 4, and 6 months) and packaging types (kraft, polyethylene, polypropylene, and without packaging) on the quantity and quality of essential oil and phenol and antioxidant activity of methanol extract in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) fruit were evaluated. Essential oils and methanol extracts were prepared using hydrodistillation (Clevenger, for 3 hours) and Soxhlet extraction methods, respectively. Essential oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. In general, increasing the storage duration reduced the essential oil content of fennel (with the exception of kraft packaging) and the rate of this reduction varied depending on the packaging type. The polyethylene-packed fruitsstored for 2 months and unpacked fruits stored for 6 months had the highest (3.25% v/w) and lowest (1.8% v/w) essential oil content, respectively. The number, type, and amount of essential oil compounds were affected by storage duration and packaging type. The highest (75.8%) and lowest (49.46%) amounts of E-anethole were obtained from the essential oil of unpacked fruits stored for 6 months and unstored fruits, respectively. The amount of phenol and antioxidant activity decreased with increasing storage duration, but the effect of packaging type varied at different storage durations. Overall, based on the essential oil content, phenol, and antioxidant activity, storage of fennel could not be recommended, but based on the type of target compound in the essential oil, different storage durations could be suggested. If the storage of fennel is necessary, the polyethylene and kraft packaging could be recommended based on the total characteristics measured in this research.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
F. Askari; F. Sefidkon; M.A. Soltanipour; M. Mirza; S. Fekri Qomi
Abstract
The genus Pycnocyla belongs to the Apiaceae family and has eight perennial species in Iran. In this study, the essential oil content and chemical compounds of P. nodiflora Decne ex. Boiss. and P. flabellifolia Boiss. were investigated. The aerial parts of plants at seeding stage were collected from two ...
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The genus Pycnocyla belongs to the Apiaceae family and has eight perennial species in Iran. In this study, the essential oil content and chemical compounds of P. nodiflora Decne ex. Boiss. and P. flabellifolia Boiss. were investigated. The aerial parts of plants at seeding stage were collected from two habitats in Hormozgan province through two consecutive years and Kermanshah province in one year, respectively. Stem+leaf [SL] and seed [S] were separated and shade-dried. The essential oil was extracted by Clevenger apparatus and hydrodistillation method for three hours. Percentage and chemical composition of the essential oils were determined by GC and GC/MS. The essential oil content of P. nodiflora was obtained [SL]: 0.23 and 1.21% (two years) and [S]: 0.23% in Tangzagh habitat of Hormozgan and [SL]: 0.02 and 0.06% (two years) and [S]: 0.01% in Abmah habitat. Caryophyllene oxid (7.8-28.1%) and b-eudesmol (15.5-57.2%) were recognized as the main compounds of [SL] and [S] essentials oils of both habitats in this species. In P. flabellifolia, the essential oil content of [SL] and [S] was 0.66 and 0.76%, respectively. The main compounds in [SL] essential oil of this species were cis-β-ocimene (33.8%), trans-β-ocimene (39.6%), and terpinolene (12.9%) and in [S] essential oil were trans-β-ocimene (28%), cis-β-ocimene (31%), and terpinolene (12.6%). According to previous reports on the antimicrobial properties of trans-β-ocimene and cis-β-ocimene compounds on bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis and the predominance of these compounds in the essential oil of P. flabellifolia, studies on antimicrobial properties of this species essential oil is recommended.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Jafari Ghoshchi; B. Abbaszadeh; M. Ourei; R. Azimi; A. Faramarzi
Abstract
In this study, to investigate the effects of gamma ray to dry plant materials, conditions, and storage duration of the plants on the percentage and essential oil composition and some physiological traits of Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss., plant top shoots were collected at the flowering stage. Gamma ...
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In this study, to investigate the effects of gamma ray to dry plant materials, conditions, and storage duration of the plants on the percentage and essential oil composition and some physiological traits of Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss., plant top shoots were collected at the flowering stage. Gamma ray irradiation was performed in the Atomic Energy Organization at five levels of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 kGy (kilo gray). Storage was carried out under two refrigerator (4°C) and room air temperature conditions at three storage duration levels of 0, 120, and 240 hours. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Essential oil of flowering shoots was extracted by water distillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS quantitatively and qualitatively. According to the obtained results, gamma radiation affected the essential oil percentage and amount of p-cymene, thymol, carvacrol, phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity significantly at the level of 1%. Storage duration had a significant effect on the essential oil percentage and amount of p-cymene, thymol, and carvacrol. Storage conditions showed a significant effect on the total phenols and flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of S. spicigera. Means comparison of gamma radiation effects showed that the highest percentage of essential oil with 1.12% and 1.03% was obtained in the control and 5 kGy treatments, respectively. The highest amount of thymol (13.57%) and carvacrol (34.73%) was observed in the 10 kGy and control treatments, respectively. With 2.5 kGy gamma irradiation, the amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity respectively increased by 1.4 and 1.76 times compared to the control. Of course, by keeping the plant in the refrigerator, the amount of thymol was reduced. The highest percentage of essential oil was related to the storage for 120 hours. The use of high intensity gamma radiation is suitable to achieve high thymol essential oil. The use of low radiation can also be useful for drying S. spicigera to obtain extracts containing more phenolic compounds. However, gamma radiation is not appropriate for plant materials drying to obtain essential oils of this species.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
A. Talafi; F. Abdolahi; A. Yavari
Abstract
Mangifera indica L. belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. The various organs of this plant, especially the leaves, contain valuable flavonoid compounds that are used in the treatment of diabetes. In the present study, to evaluate the amounts of rutin and quercetin in the leaves of different M. indica ...
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Mangifera indica L. belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. The various organs of this plant, especially the leaves, contain valuable flavonoid compounds that are used in the treatment of diabetes. In the present study, to evaluate the amounts of rutin and quercetin in the leaves of different M. indica genotypes in the habitats of southern Iran, four major habitats including Manoojan and Roodan from Kerman province, Minab from Hormozgan province, and Bushehr port from Bushehr province were selected. From each habitat, 10 mature and healthy trees were selected and from each tree, three groups of leaf samples were taken from a height of two meters. Extraction of dried mango leaves was performed by methanol-acetic acid solvent and injected into HPLC for analysis. The amounts of rutin and quercetin in 40 samples of M. indica extracts were determined. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design using SPSS statistical software and cluster analysis was performed by Ward method to group the populations and genotypes. There was a statistically significant difference (P <0.05) between the four M. indica populations in terms of both rutin and quercetin. The highest levels of rutin and quercetin were obtained in Manoujan (124.03 ppm) and Bushehr (6.05 ppm) populations, respectively. Cluster analysis divided the four populations into three independent groups: populations Rudan and Minab in group 1, Bushehr in group 2, and Manoujan in group 3. Evaluation of phytochemical diversity can provide valuable information in the management of M. indica germplasm and be useful in identifying suitable populations for different breeding purposes in this species.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Ramtin; F. Sharifnya; M. Larypoor; M. Mirpour; S. Zarrabi
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans are nosocomial pathogens that have made treatment difficult due to the antibiotic resistance. In the present study, the antimicrobial effect of Campsis radicans (L.) Seemann essential oil on Imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa containing IMP ...
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans are nosocomial pathogens that have made treatment difficult due to the antibiotic resistance. In the present study, the antimicrobial effect of Campsis radicans (L.) Seemann essential oil on Imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa containing IMP gene, Cefixime-resistant E. coli containing TEM gene, and fluconazole-resistant C. albicans containing ERG gene was investigated. According to the results, all the strains were sensitive to the essential oil and the diameter of growth inhibition zone varied from 10 to 20 mm, with the highest sensitivity being observed in C. albicans. After identifying 32 compounds in the essential oil by GC/MS, guaiacol as its active ingredient was selected and nanocapsulated by two-phase emulsion method. The mean MIC was 268.7-537.5 and 67.18-268.75 µg.mL-1 in the free and encapsulated forms of the active ingredient, respectively which indicates that the encapsulated form is more effective than the free one. Study on the release of both forms within 72 hours showed that the release of encapsulated form was more targeted over a longer period of time which indicates its less toxicity. Then, the effectiveness of both active ingredient forms was evaluated on the antibiotic resistance genes and it was found that this reduction was more in P. aeruginosa and C. albicans than E. coli. In general, both free and encapsulated forms significantly reduced gene expression compared to the control gene 16s rRNA, which was more noticeable in the encapsulated form than the free one. Also, study on the synergistic effect of both forms showed that the combined use of each ingredient with its nanocapsules had a greater antimicrobial effect than the single use. The results of this study proved the antimicrobial effect of C. radicans essential oil and also showed that both forms of the active ingredient contained compounds to inhibit antibiotic resistance genes and therefore can be used as therapeutic supplements.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
S. Mafakheri; R. Hallaj; B. Asghari
Abstract
Dragonhead with the scientific name of Dracocephalum moldavica L., is an annual medicinal and aromatic herbaceous plant from Lamiaceae family. In this research, D. moldavica seed oil, aqueous, and ethanol extracts were prepared and quantity and quality of fatty acids, phytosterols amount, phenolic and ...
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Dragonhead with the scientific name of Dracocephalum moldavica L., is an annual medicinal and aromatic herbaceous plant from Lamiaceae family. In this research, D. moldavica seed oil, aqueous, and ethanol extracts were prepared and quantity and quality of fatty acids, phytosterols amount, phenolic and flavonoid compounds contents, and DPPH radicals scavenging activity were measured. The seed oil was extracted by cold press method. The results showed that the highest amount of palmitic and stearic acids (9.4 and 3.55%, respectively) was obtained in the ethanol extract. While, the highest amount of oleic (9.7%), linoleic (19.53%), and α-linolenic (59.01%) acids were found in the oil. The ethanol extract exhibited the highest amount of total phytosterol (833.86 mg.100 g-1 DW), γ-tocopherol (38.72 mg.100 g-1 DW), and total tocopherol (39.21 mg.100 g-1 DW). The highest total phenolic (17.4 mg GAE.g-1 DW) and flavonoid (112.12 mg QE.g-1 DW) contents were found in the ethanol extract of seeds and lowest of them (near to zero) was found in the seed oil. Also, the ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH radicals scavenging activity. Overall, ethanol is recommended as the best solvent for extracting dragonhead seed extract to maintain more qualitative properties.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
S.M. Ghodsi Maab; H. Makarian; Z. Ghasimi Hagh; M. Gholipoor
Abstract
Seed pretreatment with the cold plasma and salicylic acid is one of the methods to improve the seed germination and quantitative and qualitative growth of plants. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of seed pretreatment with the cold plasma (0 and 100 W for 4 min) and seed ...
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Seed pretreatment with the cold plasma and salicylic acid is one of the methods to improve the seed germination and quantitative and qualitative growth of plants. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of seed pretreatment with the cold plasma (0 and 100 W for 4 min) and seed pretreatment and foliar application of salicylic acid in the micro and nano forms (0 and 1.5 mM salicylic acid) to improve the growth and production of secondary metabolites in Salvia leriifolia Benth. The results showed that the use of salicylic acid as seed pretreatment and foliar application increased the plant height, chlorophylls a and b, total phenol, and caffeic acid of the leaves significantly. Also, the seed pretreatment with nano salicylic acid form and foliar application of micro salicylic acid form and cold plasma increased the seedlings fresh and dry weight and phenylalanine ammonialyase and tyrosine ammonialyase enzymes by 3.48, 13.3, 227.7, and 277%, respectively compared to the control. The seed pretreatment and application of salicylic acid did not have a positive effect on increasing the amount of rosmarinic and salvianolic acids of the leaves compared to the control. According to the results, increasing the enzymes activity involved in the biosynthesis of phenolic acids could affect the amount of caffeic acid positively. Overall, the findings of the present study showed that the seed pretreatment with salicylic acid and foliar application of nano salicylic acid could improve the growth traits and activity of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in S. leriifolia more than other treatments.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Sharifi-Rad
Abstract
Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. is one of the medicinal plants belonging to the fam. apiaceae that has been recommended as a treatment for the neurological disorders. The present study was aimed at investigating the changes in the phytochemicals content and the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory ...
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Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. is one of the medicinal plants belonging to the fam. apiaceae that has been recommended as a treatment for the neurological disorders. The present study was aimed at investigating the changes in the phytochemicals content and the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties of D. anethifolia ethanolic extract at the different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and seeding). The plant shoots were collected at each stage randomly. The total phenols and flavonoids contents of the ethanolic extracts were measured using the spectrophotometry method and the antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH free radical scavenging method. The disk diffusion method was used to investigate the antibacterial activity of the plant extract against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Also, the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extract was assessed using the human red blood cell stabilization method. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the different phenological stages in terms of the total phenols and flavonoids contents and the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties (P <0.05). The highest amount of total phenols and flavonoids (148 ± 1.7 mg Gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight and 97 ± 1.5 mg Quercetin equivalents (QE)/g dry weight, respectively) and antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities was observed at the flowering stage. The results also showed that the plant extract studied had a greater inhibitory effect on the Gram-positive bacteria than the Gram-negative ones. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract of D. anethifolia could be used as a promising agent with the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties to treat many diseases. Also, the flowering stage could be introduced as the best harvest time for the medicinal use of this species.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
A.A. Minaeifar; K. Ireji; F. Rasekh; N. Tanideh; A. Ireji; M. Ramezanian
Abstract
Due to the similarity of many medicinal plants and the perfumers ignorance about the science of botany, many unintended frauds are occurring in the supply of medicinal plants, like the presentation of different types of medicinal plants called lemon balm. This study was aimed at identifying the species ...
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Due to the similarity of many medicinal plants and the perfumers ignorance about the science of botany, many unintended frauds are occurring in the supply of medicinal plants, like the presentation of different types of medicinal plants called lemon balm. This study was aimed at identifying the species offered under the name of lemon balm as well as comparing the antioxidant activity and phenolics content of these species. In this study, the species that are offered as lemon balm in the perfumeries of Yazd and Shiraz cities were collected and then scientifically identified using the valid botanical keys. In this study, the anti-radical activity was evaluated by the DPPH test. In addition, the total phenols content was measured by the Folin Ciocalteu method. Based on the results of species identification, it was proved that three species of Asperugo procumbens L., Hymenocrater elegans Bunge, and Melissa officinalis L. are sold in Yazd city under the name of lemon balm and H. elegans had the highest percentage of supply. Two species, M. officinalis and Stachys inflata Benth., also are sold under the name of lemon balm in Shiraz city, where the largest supply belonged to S. inflata. Also, M. officinalis and A. procumbens had respectively the highest and lowest amounts for the traits including total phenols and antioxidant activity.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
S. Parsafar; Gh. Eghlima; M.H. Mirjalili; S. Nejad Ebrahimi; J. Hadian
Abstract
The morphological, yield, and phytochemical characteristics of Solidago virgaurea L. were studied at the full flowering stage in two habitats of Pol Sefid and Sang Deh in Mazandaran province in 2019. The traits including plant height, plant diameter, inflorescence length, number of stems, length and ...
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The morphological, yield, and phytochemical characteristics of Solidago virgaurea L. were studied at the full flowering stage in two habitats of Pol Sefid and Sang Deh in Mazandaran province in 2019. The traits including plant height, plant diameter, inflorescence length, number of stems, length and leaf width, length and ray floret width, tubular floret length, flower diameter, receptacle diameter, stem diameter, fresh and plant dry weight, fresh and leaf dry weight, fresh and stem dry weight, fresh and leaf+flower dry weight, and total phenols (by Folin-Ciocalteu method), flavonoids (by aluminum chloride method), and leiocarposide (by HPLC) contents were measured. The results showed that the highest amounts of inflorescence length (40 cm), flower diameter (21.1 mm), plant dry weight (9.44 g plant-1), flower dry weight (6.06 g plant-1), flower+leaf dry weight (7.22 g plant-1), and stem dry weight (2.22 g plant-1) were obtained in the population "Pol Sefid". A positive and significant correlation was observed between the plant dry weight and traits including the plant height, number of stems, stem diameter, flower diameter, plant fresh weight, fresh and leaf dry weight, fresh and stem dry weight, fresh and leaf+flower dry weight, and total flavonoids. The content of total phenols (26.95 mg Gallic acid/g DW), total flavonoids (8.82 mg Rutin/g DW), and leiocarposide (2.08 mg/g DW) was higher in the population "Sang Deh" than "Pol Sefid".
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
A.R. Yavari
Abstract
Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. belongs to the fam. lamiaceae. In this study, the different plant organs (leaves, flowers, and stalks) of this species were collected from NikShahr region of Sistan & Balouchestan province and examined for the content and essential oil composition variability. The samples ...
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Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. belongs to the fam. lamiaceae. In this study, the different plant organs (leaves, flowers, and stalks) of this species were collected from NikShahr region of Sistan & Balouchestan province and examined for the content and essential oil composition variability. The samples essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The average essential oil content of flowers, leaves, and stalks was obtained 0.68, 0.42, and 0.13% (w/w), respectively. Also, 33, 35, and 32 compounds were identified in the flowers, leaves, and stalks essential oil, respectively. The α-pinene (8.6-23%), β-pinene (4.9-10%), δ-cadinene (4.3-24.6%), caryophyllene oxide (1.4-8.6%), and viridiflorol + guaiol (6.1-7.6%) were the major essential oil compounds. The flowers and leaves essential oil was rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons (35.6 and 50.3%, respectively), whereas the stalks essential oil was characterized with the high content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (42.3%). The findings of this study showed that the T. stocksianum flowers had the potential to produce more essential oil than the leaves and stems.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Falavand; F. Hadi; F. Azarbani; S. Bahramikia
Abstract
The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) function is to hydrolyze the acetylcholine (ACh). This enzyme is irreversibly inhibited by the organophosphate compounds of insecticides and nerve gases. This inhibition by the ACh accumulation in the cholinergic synapses leads to the overstimulation and cholinergic crisis ...
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The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) function is to hydrolyze the acetylcholine (ACh). This enzyme is irreversibly inhibited by the organophosphate compounds of insecticides and nerve gases. This inhibition by the ACh accumulation in the cholinergic synapses leads to the overstimulation and cholinergic crisis in the synaptic cleft. This study was aimed at reactivating the inhibited cholinesterase (ChE) by the Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. hydroalcoholic extract. The effects of Ch. morifolium hydroalcoholic extract were evaluated on the activity and ChE reactivation by the Elman staining method. The erythrocyte AChE and plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were the enzyme sources in this study. The antioxidant activity, identification of functional groups, and determination of compounds in the extract were determined by DPPH, FTIR, and GC/MS methods, respectively. The results showed that the reactivation rate of inhibited BChE (the amount of losing activity in the enzyme inhibited = up to 91.95% ± 0.17) was obtained 49.16% ± 0.24 in the 1 mg.ml-1 of chrysanthemum extract treatment. In this experiment, the AChE enzyme was inhibited up to 30.77% ± 0.45 by paraoxon, which the 1 mg.ml-1 of chrysanthemum extract restored it and eliminated the paraoxon toxicity. The IC50 in the chrysanthemum hydroalcoholic extract for scavenging the DPPH free radicals was calculated 483.67 ± 3 μg.ml-1. The results of FTIR and GC/MS also showed that the extract of this plant is rich in the phenolic compounds containing the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, which probably play a key role in the antioxidant activity of this plant extract. The findings of this study showed that the chrysanthemum hydroalcoholic extract had very high antioxidant properties due to its phenolic compounds and could be recommended as an antidote to the organophosphate toxins such as paraoxon.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Z. Cheraghi; M. Yousefi; Z. Habibi; S. Ghasemi
Abstract
Nepeta is one of the most important genus from the fam. lamiaceae with more than 280 species. In this study, N. haussknechtii Bornm. was collected at the flowering stage from Ardabil province, Iran and its chloroform extract was prepared. The chloroform crude extract was subjected to the successive column ...
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Nepeta is one of the most important genus from the fam. lamiaceae with more than 280 species. In this study, N. haussknechtii Bornm. was collected at the flowering stage from Ardabil province, Iran and its chloroform extract was prepared. The chloroform crude extract was subjected to the successive column chromatography on the silica gel using n-hexane–ethyl acetate solvent gradient to yield 29 fractions. Further purification of the fraction No.5 resulted in the isolation of one known steroid namely β-sitosterol (1). In addition, the known triterpenoid oleanolic acid (2) was identified from the purification of the more polar fraction No.9. The compounds were assigned by the mass spectrometry, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, and 1H1H COSY. Finally, the structures of compounds were confirmed by comparison of the spectral data with those described in the literature.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
S.M.R. Habibian; P. Sorbi Akbari; V. Rowshan
Abstract
Teucrium polium L. belongs to the fam. Lamiaceae and grows mostly in the barren, rocky, and sandy areas of various parts of Europe, the Mediterranean, North Africa, and southwest Asia including Iran. It has various therapeutic properties such as analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant, and antihypertensive. ...
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Teucrium polium L. belongs to the fam. Lamiaceae and grows mostly in the barren, rocky, and sandy areas of various parts of Europe, the Mediterranean, North Africa, and southwest Asia including Iran. It has various therapeutic properties such as analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant, and antihypertensive. These healing properties are due to the presence of various chemical compounds in the essential oil. Plant harvest at the different phenological stages has a great impact on the amount of essential oil compounds of this species. This study was conducted to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative changes of T. polium essential oil (EO) during the growing season in Cheshmeh-e-Anjir rangelands of Fars province and at three phenological stages (vegetative peak, beginning of flowering, and flowering peak) in a completely randomized block design in 2017. The EOs were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results of this study showed that the main EO constituents were caryophyllene oxide (12.1%), α-pinene (11.8%), germacrene D (9.1%), myrcene (8.5%), limonene (7.2%), β-pinene (6.7%), bicyclogermacrene (6.6%), E-caryophyllene (4.6%), and α-bisabolol oxide B (3.4%) at the vegetative peak stage with the EO percentage of 0.9%, germacrene A (26.6%), bicyclogermacrene (18.3%), (E)-β-ocimene (8.9%), myrcene (7.8%), spathulenol (6.0%), limonene (5.3%), α-pinene (3.6%), and β-pinene (2.6%) at the begining of flowering with the EO percentage of 0.3%, and α-pinene (25.8%), myrcene (12.5%), germacrene D (11.8%), β-pinene (11.7%), limonene (8.5%), spathulenol (4.6%), and bicyclogermacrene (7.2%) at the flowering peak with the EO percentage of 0.2%.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
P. Hanachi; A. Aghababaie; M. Noroozi
Abstract
The production of secondary metabolites varies under the different environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pH and temperature on the content of antioxidant compounds in a species of microscopic algae. First, the microalgal strain Monoraphidium sp. was cultured ...
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The production of secondary metabolites varies under the different environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pH and temperature on the content of antioxidant compounds in a species of microscopic algae. First, the microalgal strain Monoraphidium sp. was cultured under the different temperature and pH treatments. The biochemical assays were then performed on the compounds such as photosynthetic pigments, phenolic compounds, and total flavonoids. The total antioxidant activity was evaluated by FRAP and DPPH methods. The results of this study showed that the microalgae Monoraphidium sp. had the maximum growth and high content of antioxidant compounds at the acidic pH and temperature 28°C. The results indicated that the optimal conditions can be achieved for the high production of antioxidant compounds in microalgae by changing the environmental factors, which can be used in the pharmaceutical, medical, and production of nutritional supplements industries.
