Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Sharifi-Rad
Abstract
Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. is one of the medicinal plants belonging to the fam. apiaceae that has been recommended as a treatment for the neurological disorders. The present study was aimed at investigating the changes in the phytochemicals content and the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory ...
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Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. is one of the medicinal plants belonging to the fam. apiaceae that has been recommended as a treatment for the neurological disorders. The present study was aimed at investigating the changes in the phytochemicals content and the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties of D. anethifolia ethanolic extract at the different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and seeding). The plant shoots were collected at each stage randomly. The total phenols and flavonoids contents of the ethanolic extracts were measured using the spectrophotometry method and the antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH free radical scavenging method. The disk diffusion method was used to investigate the antibacterial activity of the plant extract against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Also, the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extract was assessed using the human red blood cell stabilization method. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the different phenological stages in terms of the total phenols and flavonoids contents and the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties (P <0.05). The highest amount of total phenols and flavonoids (148 ± 1.7 mg Gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight and 97 ± 1.5 mg Quercetin equivalents (QE)/g dry weight, respectively) and antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities was observed at the flowering stage. The results also showed that the plant extract studied had a greater inhibitory effect on the Gram-positive bacteria than the Gram-negative ones. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract of D. anethifolia could be used as a promising agent with the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties to treat many diseases. Also, the flowering stage could be introduced as the best harvest time for the medicinal use of this species.
T. Fathi; M.J. Seghatoleslami; R. Yari; F. Nakhaei
Abstract
To compare some ecomorphological, phenological and phytochemical properties of common mallow (Malva sylvestris L.) in two regions Ferdows and Tabas, three habitats from each region were randomly selected and studied in 2018. Soil analysis of the habitats indicated the growth of the plant in sandy loam ...
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To compare some ecomorphological, phenological and phytochemical properties of common mallow (Malva sylvestris L.) in two regions Ferdows and Tabas, three habitats from each region were randomly selected and studied in 2018. Soil analysis of the habitats indicated the growth of the plant in sandy loam soils. On the other hand, the soil of these two habitats was alkaline with low salinity. Soil lime content was higher than crop soils. The results of phenological studies also showed that in Ferdows, this plant grows in early April and blooms in June. Then the seeds begin to ripen in late October and fall in late November. In Tabas, the plant begins to grow in the second half of March, flowers in May and flowering continues until early autumn. The seeds start to ripen in the second half of August and fall in early November. In Ferdows and Tabas, the recession period of plant activities coincided with dryness of the environment and the onset of the cold season, respectively. Phytochemical analysis of leaves, flowers, seeds, and stems extracts of the plant in two regions showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, emodol or emodine, saponins, carbohydrates, starch, sterols, steroids, anthocyanosides, and cumarins in low to high amounts in each organ of the plant. Anthracenoside was not found in any of the three ethanol, aqueous and ether extracts. Also, four phenolic acids (linoleic, linolenic, synergic, and paracomaric acids) were detected by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) in seeds, stems, flowers, and leaves of the plant in both areas. The results also showed that the anthocyanin content of the leaves decreased with increasing the region's altitude.
F. Agah; M.A. Esmaeili; M. Farzam; R. Abbasi
Abstract
The consequence of climate change in the natural habitats of arid and semi-arid regions is the reduction of species diversity which highlights the necessity of domestication and cultivation of wild species in agricultural systems. The medicinal plant caper (Capparis spinosa L.) is one of the valuable ...
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The consequence of climate change in the natural habitats of arid and semi-arid regions is the reduction of species diversity which highlights the necessity of domestication and cultivation of wild species in agricultural systems. The medicinal plant caper (Capparis spinosa L.) is one of the valuable native plants in the natural arena that can be cultivated by recognizing patterns and stages of its growth in natural habitats and copying it .For this purpose, in order to study the ecological needs, phenological stages and growth habits of the valuable medicinal plant caper, the natural habitat of this plant in Mazdavand section of Sarakhs was selected and studies were conducted during 2016. The time interval for each phenological stage was calculated based on the number of days and growth degree day. Growth characteristics (canopy area, large and small canopy diameter and number of branches) were measured and the trend of changes was compared with sigmoid, quadratic, power and linear models. The results of ecological study showed that the habitat studied was affected by drought most of the year. Also, soil analysis showed that soil texture was silty loam, and soil acidity was in the alkaline range, and high amounts of EC at different soil depths also indicated high levels of salts in the soil. The habitat soil was poor in terms of macroelements (N, P and K) and organic carbon, and the amount of these elements were much lower than the optimum level in agricultural soils. Results showed that caper needs 211 days and 2745.3 degree days to complete its growth stages. Investigating the trend of growth changes in the habitat showed that the plant had a relatively high growth rate for canopy expansion in the first three months and after that growth rate decreased over time. Its growth pattern was best predicted by the sigmoid model. According to the results of the study on the growth habits of caper in the natural habitat and considering how it is spread on the land surface and its perennial life, it is recommended that the planting arrangement for caper in agricultural systems be designed so that the plants have enough space for canopy expansion.
M. Mirzahoseini; S.A. Sadat Noori; Y. Amanzadeh; M. Ghorbani Javid
Abstract
Study of phenological characteristics and determination of temperature requirement of medicinal plants leads to a better understanding of the extent and manner of growth and development. An accurate planning for optimal utilization of the plant and amount of active substances could be done based on this ...
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Study of phenological characteristics and determination of temperature requirement of medicinal plants leads to a better understanding of the extent and manner of growth and development. An accurate planning for optimal utilization of the plant and amount of active substances could be done based on this feature. This research was aimed to evaluate the phenological characteristics and classify early, late and medium maturity ecotypes of Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) as well as assessment of the essential oils extracted from each ecotype. In this study, 23 native ecotypes of Iranian ajowan were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014-2015. Growing degree-day (GDD) and the days after planting (DAP) were used to determine the exact date of phenological stages. Ecotypes were evaluated every three days and when 50% of the plants of each ecotype reached the phenological stage, the date was recorded. After ripening and harvest, essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation method and clevenger apparatus. According to the results of this study, significant differences were found among ecotypes in terms of phenological traits. Flowering and granulation showed the most and least significant differences. The essential oil of samples varied between 2.7% (Sarbishe) and 6.1% (Arak). In addition, according to the results of mean comparison, four superior ecotypes in terms of early, medium and late maturity in each phenological stage were identified and classified. Physiological maturity and grain filling period were considered as a criterion to determine the early and late maturity. Accordingly, Arak (Markazi province) and Qaen (South Khorasan province) with an essence content of 6.1% and 4.7%, respectively were identified as the earliest and most late ecotypes.
A. Sadeghi -Bakhtouri; H. Mohammadi; Bahman Pasban Eslam
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and plant spacing on phenological characteristics, morphology, and fruit yield in pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), an experiment was conducted at the farm of Agriculture Faculty, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, during 2013. The study was performed as factorial ...
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In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and plant spacing on phenological characteristics, morphology, and fruit yield in pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), an experiment was conducted at the farm of Agriculture Faculty, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, during 2013. The study was performed as factorial in a complete randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of nitrogen at five levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 Kg ha-1) and plant spacing with a square array at three levels (30, 60 and 90 cm). According to the results, the planting time until flowering and fruiting was longer in the treatment of 200 kg N. The number of nodes, sub-branches, and leaves per plant was higher in the planting space of 90 cm along with 200 Kg ha-1 nitrogen. The higher plant length and fruit yield were recorded for the planting space of 60 cm along with 150 Kg ha-1 nitrogen. The highest leaf dry weight was related to the 200 Kg ha-1 nitrogen. The use of 150 Kg ha-1 nitrogen caused to the highest number of male and female flowers, fruit fresh weight, number of seeds per fruit. The higher leaf dry weight, male and female flowers, and fruits per plant were obtained in the planting space of 90 cm. Finally, the application of 150 Kg ha-1 nitrogen and planting space of 60 cm led to the highest number of fruits and fruit yield in unit area.
M.A. Alizadeh; A.A. Jafari; S.E. Sayedian; M. Izadpanah; M. Amirkhani; M.R. Pahlevani; L. Fallah-Hoseini; M. Ramezani Yeganeh
Abstract
In order to evaluation of morphological and phenological traits in 68 accessions of five chamomile species including: Anthemis altissima L., A. haussknechtii Boiss. & Reut., A. pseudocotula Boiss., A. tinctoria L. and A. triumfettii (L.) All., an experiment was ...
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In order to evaluation of morphological and phenological traits in 68 accessions of five chamomile species including: Anthemis altissima L., A. haussknechtii Boiss. & Reut., A. pseudocotula Boiss., A. tinctoria L. and A. triumfettii (L.) All., an experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the Alborz research station in Karaj, during 2011-2012. Data were collected for the length and width of canopy, plant height, number of flowers, shoot fresh and dry weight, growth degree-days (GDD), essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield. The average values of growth traits and shoot yield recorded for A. pseudocotula were higher as compared with other species. In addition, this species was an earlier growing species due to the lower values of growth degree-days (GDD) in flowering and maturity stages. The essential oil yield of A. altissima (33 g per plant) and) A. triumfettii (59 g per plant) was more than that recorded for the three other species. The shoot yield of Anthemis tinctoria in Ardebil and Khoy1 populations was higher as compared with other populations. The shoot yield of A. triumfettii in Semnan1 and Semnan 2 populations and the essential oil yield of A. triumfettii in Semnan 2 and Shahrood populations were higher than those recorded for other populations. The Loshan and Salmas populations were earlier growing species. The highest shoot yield and essential oil yield were recorded for A.haussknechtii in the Golastan population. For A. pseudocotula, the highest shoot yield, and essential oil yield were obtained in the Golastan 2 population, and the Golastan1, Zanjan1, and Zanjan2 populations were early growing species. There were no significant differences among the populations of A. altissima. In all species, a direct relationship was found between shoot and essential oil yield and early growth, so that the early growing populations had higher shoot and essential oil yield and this feature could be used in the production of drought-resistant varieties under rainfed conditions.
M.A. Alizadeh; S. Yaryab; A.A. Jafari; P. Salehi
Abstract
This research was aimed to investigate morphological and phenological traits of 12 populations of pseudo chamomile (Tripleurospermum sevasnense (Manden.) Pobed.). The study was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the Alborz research station, Karaj, Iran, ...
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This research was aimed to investigate morphological and phenological traits of 12 populations of pseudo chamomile (Tripleurospermum sevasnense (Manden.) Pobed.). The study was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the Alborz research station, Karaj, Iran, during 2011-2013. The study traits included longitudinal and transverse diameter of canopy cover, canopy cover area, plant height, number of flowers, shoot fresh and dry weight, growing degree-days (GDD), essential oil percentage and essential oil yield. Growing degree-days was calculated for flowering and harvesting time. Analysis variance of data showed that there were significant differences among populations (P<0.05). According to the results of mean comparisons, maximum shoot fresh weight (290.4 g/plant), shoot dry weight (99.8 g/plant) and essential oil yield (252.2 mg/plant) were recorded forAredbil2. Therefore, this population was superior to the others. The results of growing degree-days at flowering and maturity stages showed that two populations (Gazvin2 and Tehran1) had lower values of growing degree-days. In the cluster analysis, populations were divided into three groups. The populations of cluster 1, including Karaj, Qazvin, and Khorramabad, were superior to the other two groups in terms of shoot yield and morphological traits. Our results clearly showed that after further tests and mass seed production in diffrent climate regions of the country, the supriore popultions of Karaj, Ghazvin1, and Khorramabad could be introduced as new cultivars.
A. Zarezadeh; H. Madah Arefi; E. Sharifi Ashoorabadi; A. Mirhosseini; M.R. Arabzadeh
Abstract
The Thymus genus, belonging to Lamiaceae family, consists of over 215 different species in the world. Eighteen species are growing naturally in Iran, among which four species are endemic. Different species of thyme are used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. This research, conducted ...
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The Thymus genus, belonging to Lamiaceae family, consists of over 215 different species in the world. Eighteen species are growing naturally in Iran, among which four species are endemic. Different species of thyme are used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. This research, conducted in Yazd province during 2008-2011, was aimed to investigate the phenology and compatibility of different thyme species. The seeds of 69 accessions of unknown thyme species, provided by the natural resources gene bank of Iran, were planted to study the phenology and establishment rate. According to the obtained results, among 69 accessions studied, eight accessions were compatible with the climate conditions of the study station, 28 accessions were fairly compatible, and 33 accessions were less compatible. The average of establishment rate was calculated to be 75%, 68% and 58% in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. The highest establishment rate (100%) was related to accession BHUXD )T. fedchenkoi×T. pubescens(, selected as superior accession, and the lowest establishment rate (7%) was related to accession XDRNJI (T. lancifolius×T. pubescens).
H. Keneshloo; M.Y. Achak; Gh. Damizadeh
Abstract
Phenological stages of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori. was studied in the southeast of Iran during 2008 to 2011. This study was carried out in six regions of Hormozgan and Balochestan provinces. Three trees were marked in each site and monitored every 15 days. Phenological stages included the time ...
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Phenological stages of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori. was studied in the southeast of Iran during 2008 to 2011. This study was carried out in six regions of Hormozgan and Balochestan provinces. Three trees were marked in each site and monitored every 15 days. Phenological stages included the time of bud break, flowering, fruiting, ripening, fruit and leaf shedding, and several other characteristics. The results of phenological and meteorological data indicated that the growth patterns of M. peregrina might alter with annual temperatur, fluctuations of drought and precipitation. M. peregrina is an evergreen plant and its growth is started when proper temperature and enough humidity are available. Leaf buds begin to sprout and primary leaves appear in January. These leaves are short-lived and start to fall in May when the temperature gets warm. White and pink flowers appear in February and March. Pod-like and green fruits appear on young branches in April and May. Fruit ripening starts simultaneously with maturity stage in July and seeds begin to fall out in August. Petiole falling starts simultaneously with fruit development and drought occurance from late May to late June. Dormancy period is followed by August and continues until November. Rainfall during the flowering stage induces the flowers not to inoculate, and other phonological phases are affected. Results from different sites showed that the phenological stages of Moringa peregrina might be altered with aspect, altitude and latitude, but in all conditions, the minimum growth degree days (G.D.D) required for ripening seed should not be less than 2470°C.
A. Zarezadeh; S.M. Mirvakili; M.R. Arabzadeh
Volume 23, Issue 2 , August 2007, , Pages 204-217
Abstract
This Study had been performed from 1993-2005 in Yazd medicinal plants research institute to introduce the methods of cultivating, protecting, gathering , compatibllity and producing of medicinal plants. The seeds and seedlings were taken from natural resources and other provinces cultivated species. ...
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This Study had been performed from 1993-2005 in Yazd medicinal plants research institute to introduce the methods of cultivating, protecting, gathering , compatibllity and producing of medicinal plants. The seeds and seedlings were taken from natural resources and other provinces cultivated species. They were planted in different seasons directly and indirectly. Phenology and compatibility of species with climatic conditions of Yazd medicinal plants research station were investigated. The results showed that 138 species out of 206 species were compatible with that climatic conditions in the station 46 species were relatively compatible. 4 species were in compatible and 18 species did not germinate. In addition plant pests, diseases and weeds have been identified as far as possible.
S. Zare Kia; R. Omidbaigi
Abstract
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is an annual range medicinal plant that wildly grows in some places of Iran. This research is the first ecological survey on milk thistle. The purpose is was to study ecological characteristics and phonologic stages of milk thistle. The climate of the area ...
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Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is an annual range medicinal plant that wildly grows in some places of Iran. This research is the first ecological survey on milk thistle. The purpose is was to study ecological characteristics and phonologic stages of milk thistle. The climate of the area is wet. Annual average precipitation is 879.63 millimeters and annual average temperature is 16.29 centigrade. Results showed that the plant density and canopy cover in area was 30,000 plants per hectare and 33.2 % respectively. The mean length of root was 23 cm. The phonological studies showed that growth of roset leaves of milk thistle started from the end of September and continued till mid March. Stems appeared at the end of March, flowering took place from the end of April and the fruits ripped in mid May. On the basis of soil analysis, milk thistle prefers clay loam soils. Amounts of P, K, Ca, N, Organic matters, pH and EC were 4.25 ppm, 1584 ppm, 1.54 meq/lit, 0.16%, 4.26% and 0.1692 mMoh/cm respectively. Silymarin in the seed was 1.67%. Silybin in silymarin was 6.17%. Two different kinds of insect named: Oxythyrea cincletta and Epicormetis hirta poda observed on this plant.
M.A. Soltanipoor
Abstract
To determine the frequency of flowering, viable seed production and other phenological phenomena of Zhumeria majdae under varing site condition (elevation and latitude) about 10 shrubs, of mature age and with the well developed crown were selected and numbered at each site. All sites were visited once ...
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To determine the frequency of flowering, viable seed production and other phenological phenomena of Zhumeria majdae under varing site condition (elevation and latitude) about 10 shrubs, of mature age and with the well developed crown were selected and numbered at each site. All sites were visited once a week during two years. These sites were Geno (800 m above sea level ), Sarchahan (1100 m above sea level ) and Tang-e-zagh (1400 m above sea level ) mountains. The beginning of vegetative growth was 3-20 February. The starting of generative growth was 11-27 March and the beginning of seed falling was 4-22 May. The results showed that the phenological stages of Zhumeria majdae varies according to altitude. In Geno areas vegetative regrowth begins on 1-5 February while with increasing of altitude (1400 m above sea level) regrowth occurs in 20-25 February and vegetative duration is elongated.
M. Mazandarani; M. Kassaei; M.B. Rezaee
Volume 20, Issue 1 , April 2004, , Pages 39-58
Abstract
Ziarat Biosphers Reserve covers an area 651 hectares situated in the Golestan provinces, at different altitude ( 650- 2250 m) , in this geographical area, remarkable endemic and unique plants are spreading of their compatibility and extraordinany conformity concerning the environemtal a climatic adaptive ...
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Ziarat Biosphers Reserve covers an area 651 hectares situated in the Golestan provinces, at different altitude ( 650- 2250 m) , in this geographical area, remarkable endemic and unique plants are spreading of their compatibility and extraordinany conformity concerning the environemtal a climatic adaptive have been taken in to account among the valuable herbaceous genetic reserves and in order to recognition of their chemical compositions and effective material during the recent decades , extessive researches have been done by different research and university centers. Fortunately , some company agro – industry associations in production of many kind of drugs . have activity on the basis of researching. Separation and delivering the existing compositions in medicinal plants and the result obtained from their continued efforts is the production of many kinds of drug with herbaceous source which are possessing the justification from the ministry of Health. Non- economical collection if medicinal plants in traditional from domanstrated the necessity of their cultivations in the form of ,echanized cultivatidrs and agro industry associations. There fore , to achieve the purpose , the recognition of ecologic , phenologic needs of plants in inevitable. in this article 107 plant species are reported from the area. They are including 42 family and 103 genera. Therophytes (20.6% ), Hemicryptophyte(11.2%), Geophytes(36.4%) Phanerophytes (19.6%) and chamaephytes(12.1%) are the most important life forms of the reserve. Also trditionel Current uses , Botany charasteristic, the methods for increasing , geographical distribution ,chemical composition، the way of using,usable parts of the plant and finally their medicinal figures have been presented.
