F. Sefidkon; A. Bahmanzadegan; M. Golipour; V. Mozafarian; S. Meshkizadeh
Abstract
The genus Bunium comprised of 14 species in Iran, two of them (B. wolfi and B. lurestanicum) are endemic. Among these species, only B. persicum is famous and used in medicinal and nutrition industries. In this research, two other species of Bunium named as B. cylindricum (Boiss.& Hohen.) Drude and ...
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The genus Bunium comprised of 14 species in Iran, two of them (B. wolfi and B. lurestanicum) are endemic. Among these species, only B. persicum is famous and used in medicinal and nutrition industries. In this research, two other species of Bunium named as B. cylindricum (Boiss.& Hohen.) Drude and B. rectangulum Boiss.& Hausskn., were studied. At first, different parts of these plants were collected from their habitats. Different parts were separated and then dried. The dried plant materials were subjected to hydro-distillation for obtaining the essential oils. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Seventeen components were characterized in the oil of aerial parts of B. cylindricum at flowering stage. Germacrene D (31.2%), dill apiol (26.9%), E- caryophyllene (11.6%) and germacrene B (7.1%) were the main constituents. 20 compounds were identified in the seed oil of B. cylindricum with dill apiol (25.8%), E- caryophyllene (15.4%), globulol (12.2%), spathulenol (7.2%) and germacrene D (6.6%) as main components. 11 compounds were identified in the seed oil of B. rectangulum with dill apiol (63.3%), Germacrene D (22.4%) and E-caryophyllene (5.1%) as main components. 21 components were characterized in the flower oil of B. rectangulum. Germacrene D (36.7%), Dill apiol (11.1%), bicyclogermacrene (16.5%) and E-caryophyllene (15.9%) were the main constituents. The results showed that the essential oils of both species contained mainly sesquiterpens, but the percentages of these compounds were different.
O. Khorsandi; A. Hassani; F. Sefidkon; H. Shirzad; A.R. Khorsandi
Abstract
Water and soil salinity on the environmental agents limit plant growth and its productivity in Iran. Anise Hyssop (Agastache foeniculum kuntz.) is a perennial and aromatic herb plant, belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The essential oil of Anise Hyssop used in food industries, pharmacy, perfumery and ...
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Water and soil salinity on the environmental agents limit plant growth and its productivity in Iran. Anise Hyssop (Agastache foeniculum kuntz.) is a perennial and aromatic herb plant, belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The essential oil of Anise Hyssop used in food industries, pharmacy, perfumery and making soda. This experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with six salt treatments including 0 (control), 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 mM NaCl and four replications in green house. Some parameters such as growth, yield and content and composition of essential oil were modulated. The results showed that salt stress had significant effects on estimated parameters. Salinity decreased plant height, number and length of axillary shoots, steam diameter, length of internodes, number and area of leaves, fresh and dry weight of leave and shoot, herbal yield and amount of essential oil in pot. In the composition of essential oil β-pinene, myrcene, anisaldehyd and β-bourbonene increased and amount of linalool and methyl chavicol decreased. Also high salinity (100 and 125 mM) destroyed plants.
M. Salimi; A. Ebrahimi; Z. Shojaee Asadieh; S.S. Saei Dehkordi
Abstract
Due to side effects of chemical drugs, special attention is given to pharmaceutical plants recently. Mountainous celery with scientific name of Kelussia odoratissima Mozzaf., is one of the valuable pharmaceutical plants which is used in Iran seriously and is exposed to danger of extinction. This plant ...
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Due to side effects of chemical drugs, special attention is given to pharmaceutical plants recently. Mountainous celery with scientific name of Kelussia odoratissima Mozzaf., is one of the valuable pharmaceutical plants which is used in Iran seriously and is exposed to danger of extinction. This plant is indigenous of central Zagros Mountains (especially Chahar Mahal Bakhtiari province) and only has been observed in Iran. First, in order to consider the chemical constituents of this plant and discover its pharmaceutical characteristics, three ecotypes have been harvested. The ecotypes contained Kouhrang, Bazoft and Doaab Samsami ecotypes and samples were in 200 meter transact. In growth stage, samples were prepared for each ecotype and their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. The essential oils were analysed by gas choromotography coupled with mass spectrometery and the major components of essential oils of three ecotypes were characterized. 24, 21 and 24 compounds were identified in the samples of Kouhrang, Bazoft and Doaab Samsami, respectively, which indicated 90.4%, 95.6% and 93.6% of total oils. Comparison of essential oils compositions showed the major compounds in all oils were Z-ligustilide, E-ligustilide, 3-n-butyl phthalide, kessane, spathulenol and globulol, which formed about 88.6% of them. The mean percentages of Z-ligustilide and butylidene phetalide in three ecotypes were 39.5% and 19.1%, respectively and these compounds totally presents 58.7% of the celery oil. Phetalid derivatives were 68.6% of celery oil.
A.R. Yavari; V. Nazeri; F. Sefidkon; M.E. Hassani
Abstract
Thymus migricus Klokov & Desj.-Shost.is one of the 14 species of genus Thymus L. which grows naturally in Iran. In this study, natural habitats of this species were identified during travels to different regions in East and West Azerbaijan provinces in the early of growth season in 2008. Five complete ...
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Thymus migricus Klokov & Desj.-Shost.is one of the 14 species of genus Thymus L. which grows naturally in Iran. In this study, natural habitats of this species were identified during travels to different regions in East and West Azerbaijan provinces in the early of growth season in 2008. Five complete plants were collected from five localities in order to study and evaluate quantitative morphological characters. To study seed character, inflorescences were collected at the time of seed production. Flowering stems were used to investigate essential oil quantitatively. Data of locations, vegetative and reproductive characters of every population and amount of essential oils of each location were recorded. The results were analyzed using cluster analysis method with SPSS software. Populations were clustered based on vegetative, reproductive characters and essential oil amount. All populations were classified into 3 groups. "Band", "Nazloo" and "Ghushchi" populations in a same group, "Heris" clustered separately. Finally "Jolfa" population was placed in independent group. Specimens from "Jolfa" and "Nazloo" showed longest flowering stems, largest leaves and flowers and also highest essential oil production, therefore it is recommended for breeding programs in cold regions of northwest Iran.
A.R. Yavari; V. Nazeri; F. Sefidkon; M.E. Hassani
Abstract
Genus Thymus (Lamiaceae) consists of about 250 species. Fourteen species grow naturally in Iran of which four are endemic. Different species of Thymus are used as tonic, carminative, digestive, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, expectorant and for the cold treatment in Iranian traditional ...
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Genus Thymus (Lamiaceae) consists of about 250 species. Fourteen species grow naturally in Iran of which four are endemic. Different species of Thymus are used as tonic, carminative, digestive, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, expectorant and for the cold treatment in Iranian traditional medicine. Chemical composition of essential oil of T. migricus Klokov & Desj.-Shost., a species grows in northwest of Iran, has been investigated in this paper. The aerial parts were collected from Ghushchi, Nazloo and Band regions from West Azerbaijan province in the middle of May 2008. Then air-dried flowering stems of the plant were submitted to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus according to the method recommended in British Pharmacopoeia. The essential oil was analyzed by combination of GC-FID and GC-MS. The total yields of oils based on dry weight were 1.5%, 1.7% and 1.4% (w/w) from Ghushchi, Nazloo and Band, respectively. Twenty, Eighteen and Twenty-one compounds were identified from Ghushchi, Nazloo and Band, respectively among which thymol (46.6-70.5%), γ-terpinene (6.2-16.7%) and p-cymene (4.0-6.2%) have been the three major and common constituents and also had high concentrations. With respect to high yield of essential oil and valuable phenolic compound in Nazloo specimen, it is suggested for medicinal applications.
Z. Dehghan; F. Sefidkon; Gh. Bakhshi Khaniki; R. Kalvandi
Abstract
Different species from Labiatea family are used as spices and fragrance in food or as medicine for treatment of viral or microbial diseases in many countries. Labiatea family contains 46 genus and 410 species. One of the valuable and medicinal species of this family is Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. subsp. ...
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Different species from Labiatea family are used as spices and fragrance in food or as medicine for treatment of viral or microbial diseases in many countries. Labiatea family contains 46 genus and 410 species. One of the valuable and medicinal species of this family is Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. subsp. rigida (Boiss.). This species contains essential oil with pulegone as major compound. In this investigation, the effect of some ecological factors on essential oil content and composition of Z. clinopodioides was studied. The aerial parts of Z. clinopodioides have been collected at flowering stage from four habitats in Hamedan and Kurdestan provinces. The major parameters like altitude, side and slope percentage, soil characteristics and other species of plant were determined. The plant materials have been subjected to hydro-distillation in three replications to obtain their essential oils. The essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results showed that ecological factors had significant effect (a=0.01) on oil yields. Identification of chemical constituents of the oils showed that main compounds (pulegone and 1,8-cineole) and minor compounds exist in different percentage in different habitats. Therfore, the ecological factors affected essential oil composition of Z. clinopodioides.
L. Moein Najafabadi; P. Owlia; S. Mousavi Nadoushan; I Rasooli; H. Saderi; F. Sefidkon; M.H. Salari
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen with many virulence factors. In this study, the effects of sub-MICs of three essential oils on alginate production, biofilm formation, swimming, twitching and adhesion in P. aeruginosa have been evaluated. The plants (Zataria multiflora Boiss.,Myrtus ...
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen with many virulence factors. In this study, the effects of sub-MICs of three essential oils on alginate production, biofilm formation, swimming, twitching and adhesion in P. aeruginosa have been evaluated. The plants (Zataria multiflora Boiss.,Myrtus communis L. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.) were dried in shadow and were hydro-distilled for 90 minutes. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of essential oils were determined by macrodilution method. The virulence factors in the mucoid P. aeruginosa 8821M were determined in the presence of sub-MICs (1/2, 1/4 and 1/8) of essential oils. The MICs of essential oils against P. aeruginosa for Z. multiflora, M. communis and E. camaldulensis oils were obtained 64, 64 and 64µg/mL, respectively. The results showed that all oils at 1/2 and 1/4 MICs significantly reduced all tested virulence factors. At 1/8 MICs, Z. multiflora oil had significantly reduced virulence factors, but another oils had different effects. This study showed that sub-MIC levels of Z. multiflora, M. communis and E. camaldulensisessentialoils affected alginate production, biofilm formation, swimming, twitching and adhesion in P. aeruginosa and it is probable to use these medicinal plants for treating.
M. Alijani; M. Amini Dehaghi; S.A.M. Modares Sanavi; S. Mohammad Rezaye
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 40 and 80 Kg from urea) and phosphorous fertilizer (0, 30 and 60 Kg from super phosphat treepal) on yield and essetial oil production of Matricaria recutita L. an experiment has been conducted on the basis of randomized complete block design ...
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In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 40 and 80 Kg from urea) and phosphorous fertilizer (0, 30 and 60 Kg from super phosphat treepal) on yield and essetial oil production of Matricaria recutita L. an experiment has been conducted on the basis of randomized complete block design in three replications at 2007. The results showed that there is significant difference in number and dry weight of flowers between nitrogen fertilizer treatments at the level of 1%. Treatment of 40 kg nitrogen by producing 742.2 flower and 20.63 gr dry weight had the highest yield. Control samples produced 507.06 number of flowers and 10.06 gr dry weight, which is at itś lowest amount. Among phosphorous fertilizers, there is significant difference and the highest yield refers to 60 kg phosphate in hectare. It produced 816.26 number of flowers and 30.17 gr dry weight. Thus, the best recommended treatment is 2nd level of nitrogen fertilizer and 3rd level of phosphate fertilizer, with 40 kg nitrogen and 60 kg phosphate in every hectare. There was no significant difference in chamazolene percentage in all treatments.
H. Azarnivand; M. Ghavam Arabani; F. Sefidkon; A. Tavili
Abstract
Achillea millefolium L. subsp. millefolium is one of the valuable medicinal plants, belongs to Asteraceae family. This plant mainly grows in plaines, roadsides and mountainous regions. It is wound healer and because of having tannins, bitter and aromatic materials affects on the nervous system and heart. ...
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Achillea millefolium L. subsp. millefolium is one of the valuable medicinal plants, belongs to Asteraceae family. This plant mainly grows in plaines, roadsides and mountainous regions. It is wound healer and because of having tannins, bitter and aromatic materials affects on the nervous system and heart. Recent researches show that it has anti-cancer property. For sampling, this plant was selected from 2 height location with definite distance (100 meter) in Siahbisheh at full flowering stage in July 2007. The samples of inflorescences and leaves of plants and sample of soil of the root place were collected from 3 random points of each hieght at lenght of one transect (100 meter). Then air dried parts of the plants (80 gr) subjected to hydrodistillation for 2h using a Clevenger-type apparatus and essential oils analyzed by GC and GC/MC. There is no significant difference between the flower oil yields of Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium in 2 height, while there is significant difference between the oil yields of leaves (p<0.01) and the highest percentage of leaf oil (0.1%) belong to 2100m. Study of relation among soil characters and height to these quantity show that there is relationship between nitrogen of the soil and this quantity that has negative correlation. Major components of flower oils were 1,8-cineole (14.4% and 8.2%), cis-cadin-4-en-7-ol (4.6% and 15%), E-caryophyllene (5.5% and 4.8%), -γmuurolene (4/4% and 5.2%), camphor (2.6% and 4.1%), eudesma-4(15), 7-dien-1-β-ol (3.7% and 6.4%) in 2100 m and 2200 m, respectively. The main components of leaf oils were 1,8-cineole (5.6% and 4.7%), globulol (7.6% and 8.7%), E-caryophyllene (5% and 3.2%), cis-cadin-4-en-7-ol (25.5% and 0.4%) E-sesqui lavandulol (2.3% and 12.8%) and E-sesquilavandulyl acetate (2.4% and 8.1%) at 2100 m and 2200 m, respectively.
M.H. Assareh; M. Sedaghati; Kh. Kiarostami; A. Ghamari Zare
Abstract
Eucalyptus is a growing tree used for agro-forestry, industrial and medical consumptions E. maculata Hook. is one of the most important species of eucalyptus from chemical components and medical applications point of view. The leaves of E. maculata were collected in various seasons from Khuzestan provinces ...
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Eucalyptus is a growing tree used for agro-forestry, industrial and medical consumptions E. maculata Hook. is one of the most important species of eucalyptus from chemical components and medical applications point of view. The leaves of E. maculata were collected in various seasons from Khuzestan provinces (tropical region station Dezfoul, Safi Abad). Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and were analysed by GC and GC/MS. The highest and the lowest essential oil yields were found in autumn and spring, respectively. Major compositions were 1,8-cineole (22.5% in winter), citronellal (15% in spring) and citronellol (35% in summer). The most perfumed compositions were in summer (46%). Also the most compound was citronellol in the whole seasons and citronellyl acetate amount had fixed in the whole year.
M.T. Ebadi; M. Azizi; R. Omidbaigi; M. Hassanzadeh Khayyat
Abstract
In this research, the effect of sowing date and seeding level on flower yield, essential oil and chamazulene content of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) CV. Presov, purchased from Slovakia, was studied. The experimental was split-plot in the basic of randomized complete blocked design (RCBD) with three ...
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In this research, the effect of sowing date and seeding level on flower yield, essential oil and chamazulene content of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) CV. Presov, purchased from Slovakia, was studied. The experimental was split-plot in the basic of randomized complete blocked design (RCBD) with three replications. Main plots consisted of three sowing dates (6 Nov., 5 Mar. and 4 Apr.) and sub-plots included three seeding levels (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 g/m2). Evaluated traits were plant height, number of plants in plot, diameter of flower, fresh and dry flower yield, essential oil yield, essential oil and chamazulene percent. The results showed that sowing date had significant effect but seeding levels had only significant effect on number of plants in plot and essential oil yield. There are significant effects between sowing date and seeding level as measured traits are concerned. Based on the results, highest plant (47.4 cm), the most number of plants in plot (135.4 plants), the most fresh and dry flower yield (749.1 and 175.1 g/m2) were obtained from the plants which sown on 6 of Nov. but highest percentage of essential oil and chamazulene (0.59 and 5.62 percent respectively) and essential oil yield (0.79 g/m2) was obtained from the plants which sown on 5 of Mar. According to the results of their interaction, highest plant (49.7 cm), the most yield of wet and dry flower yield (810 and 198.2 g/m2) were obtained from the plots which sown on 6 of Nov. with 0.8 g/m2 but the most essential oil and chamazulene content (0.63 and 5.9 w/w percent respectively) and essential oil yield (0.97 g/m2) was obtained from the plots that were sown on 5 of Mar. with 0.4 g/m2. According to the results, the most suitable sowing date and seeding level in Mashhad condition is 5th Mar. with 0.4 g/m2 seeds.
F. Nikkhah; F. Sefidkon; E. Sharifi Ashoorabadi
Abstract
The aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris were collected in three stages of plant growth (before flowering, at the beginning and full flowering stage) from Research Field of Shahid Beheshti University (Tehran) at spring. The plant materials were dried in shade and their essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation ...
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The aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris were collected in three stages of plant growth (before flowering, at the beginning and full flowering stage) from Research Field of Shahid Beheshti University (Tehran) at spring. The plant materials were dried in shade and their essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation in three replications. In addition, the essential oils of plant materials at full flowering stage were obtained by water-steam distillation and direct steam distillation. The oil yields were calculated based on dried weigh and compared by statistic analysis. The oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Statistic analysis showed different stages of plant growth and different distillation methods had significant effect on oil yield. The highest oil yield was obtained at the beginning of flowering (1.18% w/w). Among distillation methods, the highest oil yield was obtained by direct steam distillation (1.20%). Analysis and identification of components showed thymol, P-cymene and g-terpinene as main compounds in all samples. The percentage of thymol at the beginning and full flowering stage was the same, but at the beginning of flowering was lower. There was no remarkable difference between different distillation methods for producing thymol, but by hydro-distillation the thymol amount was little higher. Based on the results of this investigation it can be concluded that the beginning of flowering and hydro-distillation are the best for obtaining the higher oil content and thymol percentage.
A. Akbarinia; F. Sefikon; S.R. Razaz Hashemi
Abstract
Satureja sahendica Bornm.is an endemic aromatic species in Iran. It isused very extensively in folk medicine of southern parts ofIran. In this study, chemicalcomposition of cultivated S. sahendica was investigated for the first time. Three accessions of S. sahendica collected from natural sites in Qazvin ...
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Satureja sahendica Bornm.is an endemic aromatic species in Iran. It isused very extensively in folk medicine of southern parts ofIran. In this study, chemicalcomposition of cultivated S. sahendica was investigated for the first time. Three accessions of S. sahendica collected from natural sites in Qazvin province and cultivated in research farm of Qazvin Research Station in 2005. An experiment was undertaken to determine the oil production of S. sahendica in complete randomized block design with three replications. Accessions consisted of Arochan, Abgarm and Shenein. Aerial parts of wild and cultivated plants harvested at flowering stage in 2007. Essential oils of dried aerial parts were distilled with water for 3 hours. Statistical analysis showed significant difference between cultivated and wild plants of accessions. In natural site, Shenien had the highest essential oil content (3.3%) and then Abgarm (3.0%) and Arochan with 2.21% was the least. In cultivated plants accessions had not similar trend in different harvests. Abgarm samples at first and second cuttings and Arochan samples in third cutting showed the highest essential oil contents. There was high difference between cultivated and wild accessions of Shenien. Thymol was 35 to 36% at cultivated and wild samples, while among cultivated plants, Abgarm sample in third cutting showed the highest amount of thymol (49.6%). Second cutting of Arochan sample and first harvest of Shenien sample had 38.8 and 38.1 % thymol respectively. Carvacrol in wild plants was nearly 1% and was higher than cultivated plants.
M. Najafpour Navaei; M. Mirza
Abstract
Scaligeria (Apiaceae) is represented in Iran by seven species, which is located in natural habitat. In this Research the fruits and leaves of Scaligeria assyriaca Freyn & Bornm. were collected from Khorasan province.The oil constituents from fruits and leaves of this plant have been studied by GC ...
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Scaligeria (Apiaceae) is represented in Iran by seven species, which is located in natural habitat. In this Research the fruits and leaves of Scaligeria assyriaca Freyn & Bornm. were collected from Khorasan province.The oil constituents from fruits and leaves of this plant have been studied by GC and GC/MS. The major constituents in leaf oil were found to be germacrene D (21.1%), β-caryophyllene (13.4%) and α-copaene (10.2%). In the fruit oil the main components were myristicin (24.3%), germacrene D (13.7%) and elemicin (11%). β-Sesquiphellandrene and kessanwere identified ranging (10% and 8.7%) and (7.4% and 9.5%) in leaf and fruit oils, respectively.
Sh. Ahmadi; F. Sefidkon; P. Babakhanlo; F. Asgari; K. Khademi; N. Valizadeh; M.A. Karimifar
Abstract
The genus of Satureja consist of 30 species in world. Satureja bachtiarica Bunge is one of the endemic species of this genus in Iran. In order to identify the quality changes of essential oil of Satureja bachtiarica, we planted the specimen in 1382 in Khorram Abad on the 36 plot, using the split factorial ...
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The genus of Satureja consist of 30 species in world. Satureja bachtiarica Bunge is one of the endemic species of this genus in Iran. In order to identify the quality changes of essential oil of Satureja bachtiarica, we planted the specimen in 1382 in Khorram Abad on the 36 plot, using the split factorial design in randomized complete block with 3 replications. Aerial parts of plants were collected in two stages (before and full flowering) from field and provenance in the second year. The plant materials were dried and hydro-distilled in order to obtain their essential oils. The oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The main component of essential oil before flowering stage were carvacrol (20٪), P-cymene (36.5٪) and thymol (19.2.(٪ In the flowering stage 21 compounds were characterized in the oil with carvacrol (25.5٪), p-cymene (23.2٪), thymol (0.5(٪ and mentone (18.5 (٪as the main constituents. Fifteen compounds were characterized in the oil of field sample (Khorram Abad). The main constituents of the oil were carvacrol (48.6٪) and p-cymene (28.6٪) before flowering stage. In the flowering stage 13 compounds were characterized in the oil with carvacrol (62.3٪) and p-cymene (21.2٪) as the main constituents. The oil yields of cultivated and wild S. bachtiarica samples were 1.1, 2.08% and 1.8, 1.1% before and full flowering stages, respectively. The amount of carvacrol in Satureja bachtiarica oils were 48.6%, 62.3% and 20%, 25.8%before and full flowering stages, in field and provenance, respectively. These results showed that variation of ecological characters like altitude, temperature, humidity and climate had effect on percentage of carvacrol.
Z. Baher Nik; M. Teimori; M. Mirza
Abstract
In this research, the effects of different irrigation treatments on chemical constituents and antibacterial effects of theessential oil of P. argentatum were studied. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with four replications. Four irrigation treatments were determined, ...
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In this research, the effects of different irrigation treatments on chemical constituents and antibacterial effects of theessential oil of P. argentatum were studied. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with four replications. Four irrigation treatments were determined, consisting of: (a) control, which was irrigated to full field capacity (FC); (b) low water stress treatment (LS1=75% of FC); (c) moderate water stress treatment (LS2=50% of FC); (d) sever water stress (HS=25% of FC). Then the volatile constituents of the flowers were isolated and their quantities, qualities and antibacterial effect determined against four gram negative and four gram positive bacteria on the basis of disc-diffusion method. The result showed that not only the quantity of the essential oils but also the qualities varied. The percentage of α-pinene, β-pinene, γ-eudesmol and β-eudesmol has changed. The LS2 treatment of essential oils showed more antimicrobial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria compared to other essential oils. This higher activity of essential oil may be related to higher amount of α-pinene and β-pinene in LS2. In addition gram positive bacteria were more susceptible than gram negative bacteria.
M. Naderi Hagibaghercandi; F. Sefidkon; M.R. Poorherave; M. Mirza
Abstract
Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) is an evergreen tree and growing in favorable condition to a height of about 15-20 meter. This ornamental tree is indigenous to the Mediterranean area and southeast part of Europe. The essential oil obtained from Laurus nobilis has been used for anti larvae, rheumatic pains ...
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Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) is an evergreen tree and growing in favorable condition to a height of about 15-20 meter. This ornamental tree is indigenous to the Mediterranean area and southeast part of Europe. The essential oil obtained from Laurus nobilis has been used for anti larvae, rheumatic pains and muscular convulsion. Laurel is usually considered as the natural source of this compound, used in the flavor, cosmetic and fragrance industries. In the present study the leaves of Laurus nobilis were collected from two locations (Botanical Garden of Noshahr and National Botanical Garden of Iran in Tehran) in March 2009 and dried in shade. In addition the green stems and fruits were collected from Noshahr. The essential oil of all samples were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The oil yields based on dry weight for stem, leaf and fruit are respectively 0.22%, 0.43% and 1.35% (for Noshahr samples) and 3.86% for the leaves of Tehran sample. Twenty-fore, 27, 37 and 20 components were identified in the essential oils of stem, leaf, fruit (for Noshahr) and leaf (for Tehran) of Laurus nobilis (representing 95%, 98.5%, 95.6% and 98.4% of the oils), respectively. The major components in the stem oil were 1,8-cineole (42.9%), α-terpinyl acetate (16.8%) and sabinene(4.7%). The main compounds in leaf oil were 1,8-cineole (58.2%), α-terpinyl acetate (10%) and sabinene(7.2%) and main compounds in leaf oil in Tehran sample were 1,8-cineole (47%), sabinene(13.9%) andα -terpinyl acetate (11.5%). The major components in fruit oil were E-β-ocimene (20.8%), 1,8-cineole (14.4%), α-terpinyl acetate (8.5%), germacrene B (7.8%), α-pinene (6.6%), germacrene D (6%), sabinene(5.4%) and β-pinene (5.1%). The results obtained from this study showed that the oil yields from the stem was lower than leaves but in both stem and leaf oils the major components were similar. The fruit oil contained high amount of E-β-ocimene.
Z. Habibi; M. Yousefi
Abstract
The chemical constituents of essential oil and the extract of Codonocephalum stenocalathium Rech. f. were investigated. The oil of the aerial parts was obtained with hydrodistillation by Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Twenty-seven compounds, representing ...
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The chemical constituents of essential oil and the extract of Codonocephalum stenocalathium Rech. f. were investigated. The oil of the aerial parts was obtained with hydrodistillation by Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Twenty-seven compounds, representing 70.9% of oil were identified. The main constituents were (E)-nuciferol (10.4%), geranyl-n-propionate (6.4%) and (Z)-lanceol acetate(4.7%). The chloroform extract of C. stenocalathium yielded two known compounds as pseudotaraxasterol acetate and ilicic acid. The structures of these natural products were elucidated by using 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of the crude extract was examined against three Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacteria. The extract showed inhibitory effects on the growth of bacteria especially against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.
E. Morteza; GH.A. Akbari; S.A.M Modares Sanavi; B. Foghi; M. Abdoli; H. Aliabadi Farahani
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of sowing date and planting density on the essential oil content and compositionof valerian, this experiment was conducted in the years of 2005-2006 at Experimental Farm in Abureyhan Campus, University of Tehran. This experiment performed in split plot form based on ...
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In order to investigate the effect of sowing date and planting density on the essential oil content and compositionof valerian, this experiment was conducted in the years of 2005-2006 at Experimental Farm in Abureyhan Campus, University of Tehran. This experiment performed in split plot form based on a complete randomized block design with four replications. The main factor was the sowing date with three levels (11th August, 1st and 22nd September), sub factor was the density with three levels (40000, 80000 and 120000 plants/ hectare). Seeds of valerian providedbyresearch departmenton medicinal plants in University of Shahid Beheshti. After isolating essential oil from dried roots by the hydrodistillation method, composition of essential oil were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/Mass spectrometry analysis. Number of 87 composition were identified in essential oil. Bornyl acetate, valerenal, camphene and valeranone were the highest percentage in other compositions of essential oil. According to the results, sowing date and planting density had significant effect on essential oil percentage and its composition (bornyl acetate, valerenal, camphene and valeranone) (P≤0.01). Interaction of sowing date and planting density had significant effect only on essential oil percentage (P≤0.05). Final results showed that the highest amount of essential oil percentage and its composition (bornyl acetate, valerenal, camphene, and valeranone) was obtained on 22nd September and 40000 plants per hectare.
M. Moghtader; A. Iraj Mansori; H. Salari; A. Farahmand
Volume 25, Issue 1 , May 2009, , Pages 20-28
Abstract
In order to study chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Bunium persicum Boiss., the seeds of this plant, which grows in Kerman Province in Lalehzar Mountains around of Kerman city, were collected in June 2006. The essential oil yield, obtained by hydro distillation from ...
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In order to study chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Bunium persicum Boiss., the seeds of this plant, which grows in Kerman Province in Lalehzar Mountains around of Kerman city, were collected in June 2006. The essential oil yield, obtained by hydro distillation from seeds, was 4.2%. The oil was analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) using flame ionization (FID) and capillary gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for detection. Twenty-six compounds were identified in the essential oil that concluded 99.7% of the total oil. The major components were γ-terpinen-7-al (26.91%), cumin aldehyde (23.29%) and γ-terpinene (22.02%). Other constitutes were ρ-cymene (7.32%), 2-caren-10-al (6.92%) and limonene (4.79%). For study of antimicrobial activity, the essential oil tested against 9 bacteria by disk diffusion method. The antimicrobial effects were determined against two gram positive bacteria: Staphylococcus areous (ATCC=25922) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC=1435) and seven gram negative bacteria: Pseudomonas aeroginosa (ATCC=1074), Shigella flexneri (ATCC=1234), Kellebsiella pnuomonae (ATCC=1053), Salmonella typhi (ATCC=1634), Serratia marcescens (1111), Escherichia coli (ATCC=25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC=157). The results showed the seed oil of B. persicum had strong anti-bacterial effects. This property could be resulted from the relatively high amount of terpinenes and cumin aldehyde in the essential oil.
E. Fathi; F. Sefidkon; Gh. Bakhshi Khaniki; Z. Abravesh; M.H. Assareh
Volume 25, Issue 1 , May 2009, , Pages 64-74
Abstract
In this research, the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus largiflorens were collected in the middle of spring from Kashan in Isfahan province. After drying the plant materials in oven 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, sun and shade, their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. In addition, the essential ...
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In this research, the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus largiflorens were collected in the middle of spring from Kashan in Isfahan province. After drying the plant materials in oven 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, sun and shade, their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. In addition, the essential oil of shade-dried sample was obtained by two other distillation methods (water and steam distillation and direct steam distillation). The oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Oil yields (w/w) of the oven-dried 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, sun-dried and shade-dried sample were 1.37%, 1.58%, 1.59%, 1.31% and 1.32% respectively. 1,8-cineole (25.0%, 26.2%, 40.6%, 29.7% and 24.6%), P-cymene (17.2%, 17.4%, 20.3%, 20.5% and 17.1%) and α-pinene (16.2%, 12.6%, 14.4%, 7.2% and 9.9%) were identified as the main components in oven-dried 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, sun-dried and shade-dried sample, respectively. On the other hand, the oil yields were 0.92% and 0.77% in water and steam distillation and direct steam distillation. In different drying methods the result showed the oil yield and 1,8-cineole percentage were higher in oven-dried 50°C sample and in different distillation the oil yield in hydro-distillation was higher and the highest percentage of 1,8-cineole was obtained by water and steam distillation.
M. Peyvandi; A. Rafati; M. Mirza
Volume 25, Issue 1 , May 2009, , Pages 75-84
Abstract
The purpose of this study was determining the effects of different nitrogen and phosphorus doses on the plant growth parameters, yields and essential oil composition of Artemisia annua L. The effect of nitrogen (urea 46%) and phosphorus (Triple super phosphate %48) at four levels (0, 40, 80, 120 kg/ha) ...
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The purpose of this study was determining the effects of different nitrogen and phosphorus doses on the plant growth parameters, yields and essential oil composition of Artemisia annua L. The effect of nitrogen (urea 46%) and phosphorus (Triple super phosphate %48) at four levels (0, 40, 80, 120 kg/ha) were examined. Experiments were designed based on Randomized CompleteBlock with 16 treatments and 3 replicates. Results indicated that differences between the average of height, number of branches and dry weight were significant at p≤0.05. The maximum of branches number and height of plant were gained in the N40P40 and N80P40 treatments. Increasing of P fertilizer more than 80 kg/ha decrease the growth parameters significantly. Essential oil of leaves at flowering stage was obtained by hydro-distillation. Percentage of essential oil showed significant increase in N40P0 and N80P0 treatments. Chemical compounds of leaf oil were identified by GC/MS. Twenty four components were found which the major compounds were artemisia ketone, camphor, 1,8-cineole, artemisia alcohol, viridiflorene and alpha-pinene
H. Azarnivand; M. Alikhah; H. Arzani; Gh. Amin; M. Jafari; S.S. Mousavi
Volume 25, Issue 1 , May 2009, , Pages 85-91
Abstract
The essential oil yield and composition of the aerial parts of Diplotaenia cachrydifolia Boiss. were investigated in green and dry states, to understand why it is toxic and unpalatable in green state and palatable in dry state, for livestock. The essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation method ...
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The essential oil yield and composition of the aerial parts of Diplotaenia cachrydifolia Boiss. were investigated in green and dry states, to understand why it is toxic and unpalatable in green state and palatable in dry state, for livestock. The essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation method with Clevenger-type apparatus. GC and GC/MS analysis were carried out for investigating the oil composition. According to the results, the oil yield was 2.7% in green state and 0.4% in dry state. Ighteen components were identified representing 91.4% of the oil in green state and 17 components representing 91.6% of the oil in dry state. The major volatile components in green state were: limonene (49.6%), Cis-β-ocimene (12.6%), dill apiole (10.8%) and α-phellandrene (4.32%), respectively and in dry state were: limonene (50.7%), dill apiole (18.3%), Cis-β-ocimene (10.3%) and α-pinene (4.1%), respectively. The results showed that the high amount of the oil in green state is a factor for decreasing plant palatability. Furthermore, β-myrcene and α-phellandrene which are harmful biological compounds decreased in dry state. These compounds are introduced as forage anti-quality factors. In conclusion, the high quantity of volatile oil and some components are forage anti-quality factors.
K.A. Saeedi; R. Omidbaigi
Volume 25, Issue 1 , May 2009, , Pages 113-119
Abstract
Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. is a plant belonging to the Apiaceaefamily which has got high nutrition and medicinal value and is extensively used for treatment several diseases. The objective of this research was determination of content and composition of fatty acids, total phenolic content and essential ...
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Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. is a plant belonging to the Apiaceaefamily which has got high nutrition and medicinal value and is extensively used for treatment several diseases. The objective of this research was determination of content and composition of fatty acids, total phenolic content and essential oil content on K. odoratissima seed. Extraction of total phenolics content carried out by Folin-Ciocalteu method and the absorbance at 750 nm was measured by spectrophotometer. Results showed that total phenolic content was 288.15 mg GAE/g DW in seed. Hydro distillation by Clevenger-type apparatus was used for the extraction of essential oil. 2.1% essential oil was obtained in the experiment. Moreover, extracting from the seeds was done using Soxhelet method, in addition to measuring fatty acids by GC. The results showed K. odoratissima seeds contain 25% oil. The major fatty acid present in seeds (75.35% of % total) was C18:1 including petroselininc acid (C18:1(n-12)) and oleic acid (C18:1(n-9)). Other fatty acids were including linoleic acid (19.14%), palmitic acid (6.65%), stearic acid (1.9%) and linolenic acid (.95%).
M.T. Darzi; A. Ghalavand; F. Sefidkon; F. Rejali
Volume 24, Issue 4 , February 2009, , Pages 396-413
Abstract
In order to study the effects of biofertilizers on quantity and quality of essential oil in fennel containing essential oil content and anethole content, fenchone content and limonene content in essential oil, an experiment was conducted at Hamand Research station in Damavand in 2005 and 2006. The factors ...
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In order to study the effects of biofertilizers on quantity and quality of essential oil in fennel containing essential oil content and anethole content, fenchone content and limonene content in essential oil, an experiment was conducted at Hamand Research station in Damavand in 2005 and 2006. The factors were mycorrhizal inoculation (inoculated and non-inoculated), phosphatic biofertilizer (0, 30, 60 kg/ha) and vermicompost (0, 5 , 10 ton/ha). The experiment design was factorial experiment in the base of randomized complete blocks design with eighteen treatments and three replications. In addition, one plot was allocated to control in each replication and only chemical fertilizers (NPK: 90, 60 and 90 kg/ha) were used. Data obtained from control plots were used for comparing other plots. Mean comparison was carried out using Duncan multiple range test (at 5% level). Results showed that the highest essential oil content in seed and anethole content in essential oil and the lowest fenchone content and limonene content in essential oil were obtained with mycorrhiza treatment. Phosphatic biofertilizer also showed significant effects on essential oil content and anethole and limonene contents in essential oil (except fenchone content). The maximum essential oil content in seed and anethole content in essential oil were related to the plots with consumption of 60 kg/ha. The lowest limonene content in essential oil was obtained with consumption of 30 kg/ha phosphatic biofertilizer. The highest essential oil content in seed and anethole content in essential oil and minimum fenchone content and limonene content in essential oil were obtained with consumption of 10 ton/ha vermicompost. Comparison of control versus biofertilizer treatments was significant, as two biofertilizer treatments include inoculation with mycorrhiza, application of 30 kg/ha phosphatic biofertilizer and 10 ton/ha vermicompost and inoculation with mycorrhiza and application of 60 kg/ha phosphatic biofertilizer and 10 ton/ha vermicompost in relation to quantity and quality of essential oil were better than control.
