Improvement and breeding
Korosh Ahmadi; Ehsan Shahbazi; Poorandokht Golkar; Keramatollah Saeidi
Abstract
Background and objectives: Nigella sativa L. is an important medicinal plant widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Considering the increasing demand for medicinal plants worldwide and the need to produce cultivated and breeding varieties, it is necessary to study the ...
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Background and objectives: Nigella sativa L. is an important medicinal plant widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Considering the increasing demand for medicinal plants worldwide and the need to produce cultivated and breeding varieties, it is necessary to study the genetic resources. The gain from selection for a trait depends on the relative importance of genetic factors in the occurrence of phenotypic differences among genotypes; in other words, the success of breeding programs depends on the genetic variation and heritability of traits. Therefore, this study investigated the genetic variation and inheritance of seed yield and yield component traits in different black cumin genotypes and identified desirable genotypes for use in breeding programs.Methodology: This study investigated the genetic variation in 20 different black cumin genotypes (Iranian and foreign) regarding different agronomic traits as a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of Shahrekord University. The genotypes were planted in the middle of March. Each genotype in every repetition was cultivated in four rows, each 1.5 meters long. The distance between the rows of cultivation was 30 cm, with seeds planted 15 cm apart within the row at a depth of 1-2 cm. The traits studied included seed yield, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, thousand seed weight, capsule diameter, number of branches per plant, and plant height. Based on the expectation of mean square components, environmental, genetic, and phenotypic variance were calculated, and then the genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation and broad-sense heritability were estimated. Statistical analyses, including analysis of variance and comparison of the mean traits between genotypes, were performed using the least significant difference (LSD) test using SAS 9.0 software. Pearson correlation between traits and cluster analysis based on Ward's method according to squared Euclidean distance using R 3.6.1 software. Also, to ensure the correctness of grouping, multivariate tests and analysis of variance tests were performed based on a completely random, unbalanced design.Results: The analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the studied genotypes for all the agronomic traits (p<0.01). The plant height in the studied genotypes varied from 22 cm (Nige7) to 58.4 cm (Nige1). The highest number of capsules per plant was observed in the Nige 53 genotype, with 20.45 capsules, and the lowest number of capsules per plant was observed in the Nige63 genotype, with 5.3 capsules. The number of branches per plant ranged from 3.9-11.5 per plant. The yield ranged from 263.56 kg/ha (Nige3) to 1409.39 kg/ha (Nige78 genotype). The phenotypic coefficient of variation varied from 48.58% (seed performance) to 5.20 (capsule diameter), and the genotypic coefficient of variation varied from 48.29% (seed performance) to 4.7 (capsule diameter). The highest genetic coefficient of variation (48.29%) belonged to the grain yield trait. The estimated heritability for the assessed traits ranged from 73.81% for number of branches per plant to 98.8% for seed yield. Heritability was 91.91% for the number of capsules per plant trait. According to the correlation coefficient results, seed yield per plant showed a positive and significant correlation with the number of capsules per plant (r=0.87**) and branches per plant (r=0.54*). In the cluster analysis, the studied genotypes were divided into four different groups, and the results of the multivariate analyses indicated appropriate grouping and significant differences in the amount of grain yield and yield components among the groups resulting from the cluster analysis.Conclusion: The high genetic variation among the studied genotypes indicates the high efficiency of this germplasm for improving grain yield and various traits and the high efficiency of selection in black cumin. Genotypes Nige53, Nige78, and Nige60 had high grain yields compared to other genotypes, which can be used to improve and increase grain yield in black cumin.
Biotechnology
Amin Arjmand; Mohsen Ebrahimi; narges moradi
Abstract
Background and objectives: Althaea genus belongs to the Malvaceae family. Althaea officinalis is the most important species of this genus for medicinal use. Other species, such as A. rosea and A. ficifolia, also have medicinal uses. Different flower organs (flower, fruit, seed, ...
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Background and objectives: Althaea genus belongs to the Malvaceae family. Althaea officinalis is the most important species of this genus for medicinal use. Other species, such as A. rosea and A. ficifolia, also have medicinal uses. Different flower organs (flower, fruit, seed, root, and leaf) of Altheae species have many medicinal uses due to high mucilage, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant properties. This research aims to find the best ecotypes for the investigated phytochemical traits. It also aims to determine the distance and genetic similarity between the studied Altheae species ecotypes. It is intended to be used in various projects.Methodology: The research was carried out in 1401 in the research greenhouse, the agriculture and medicinal plants laboratory, and the genomics laboratory in the Aburihan Faculty of Agricultural Technology (Tehran University) located in Pakdasht city at 51 degrees east longitude and 33 degrees north latitude. It was conducted at 1013 meters above sea level and 36 kilometers southeast of Tehran. In this research, the molecular diversity and phytochemical traits of total phenol content, mucilage content, and antioxidant capacity were investigated in 9 ecotypes of three species of Altheae species. In the phytochemical evaluation, extracts were obtained from the roots by the Soxhlet method. Evaluation of molecular diversity was done after extracting DNA from leaves by the CTAB method using 10 SCoT primers. The quality and quantity of the extracted DNA were evaluated using two methods: a spectrophotometer and horizontal electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel.Results: In the phytochemical evaluation, it was found that in terms of total phenol, the Kermanshah ecotype had the highest value statistically, with 10.67 mg of gallic acid per gram of extract. Regarding the amount of mucilage, the Kermanshah and Kerman ecotypes were ranked first in the same group with 2.86 and 2.77 mg per gram of dry weight, respectively, compared to other ecotypes. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated between phytochemical traits. It was determined that there was a positive and strong relationship between the traits evaluated in the experiment. Evaluation of molecular diversity was done after extracting DNA from leaves by the CTAB method using 10 SCoT primers. A total of 111 bands were formed, and 76 were polymorphic bands. PIC values varied between 0/22 and 34%. The percentage of polymorphism in this research varied between 0/5 and 0/87, and its average was 0/67. The average MI and RP indices were 1/55 and 5/48, respectively. In cluster analysis of molecular data, ecotypes were divided into three groups with 70% similarity. The dendrogram obtained from cluster analysis of ecotypes shows genetic similarity between ecotypes belonging to the same species. It also shows the genetic distance between ecotypes related to different species. The results of decomposition into principal coordinates also confirmed cluster analysis results. In the analysis of molecular variance, it was found that 27% of the variation was within species, and 63% was between species.Conclusion: In the end, it was found that SCoT phytochemical and molecular markers have the necessary efficiency to differentiate different ecotypes of Altheae species. Due to genetic diversity, to improve this plant, the ecotypes examined in this research can be crossed as the initial population and parents.
S. Fekri Qomi; F. Sefidkon; P. Salehi Shanjani
Abstract
One of the most important methods of conservation and survival of plants in nature is the cultivation and domestication of plant species to select the best population. According to the necessity of cultivating and domesticating medicinal plants, in this research, 22 accessions of Achillea wilhelmsii ...
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One of the most important methods of conservation and survival of plants in nature is the cultivation and domestication of plant species to select the best population. According to the necessity of cultivating and domesticating medicinal plants, in this research, 22 accessions of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch were planted and evaluated in the Alborz Research Station, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. This research was performed in a randomized complete block design during 2013-2015. In order to study and compare the morphological characteristics of different accessions of this plant, the plant height, canopy cover, number of main stems, number of capitol per plant, number of florets in capitol, plant fresh and dry weight, and essential oil content were measured at 50% flowering. The extraction was carried out by water distillation method with Clevenger. Analysis of variance and mean comparison showed that the difference among the accessions was significant at 1% level. The results showed that Saqez 1 had the highest plant height, plant dry weight, number of capitol and florets and essential oil content. The correlation between the study characteristics was significant at 1% level; however, no significant correlation was found between essential oil content and other characteristics except for the number of capitol. Using the principal component analysis, the first five components explained 99% of the total variance of the variables. Canopy cover, plant height, number of stems, number of capitol, and plant fresh and dry weight, with a positive coefficient, had the most important role in explaining the first component and explained 75% of the variance of the variables. In the cluster analysis, the accessions were divided into three groups, and the Saqez1 accession was placed in a separate cluster as an indicator.
B. Abbaszadeh; M.H. Assareh; M.R Ardakani; F. Paknejad; M. Layegh Haghighi; S. Meshkizadeh
Abstract
This research was conducted to study the cause and effect of morphological, physiological characters and some elements of camphorosma monspeliaca L. in natural habitat. Plant samples were collected by using 9 sampling plots at full flowering stage. Morphological traits including plant height, number ...
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This research was conducted to study the cause and effect of morphological, physiological characters and some elements of camphorosma monspeliaca L. in natural habitat. Plant samples were collected by using 9 sampling plots at full flowering stage. Morphological traits including plant height, number of tillers, big and small diameter of the canopy cover, dry weight of plant shoots and dry weight of flowering shoots were measured. Soluble sugar content, proline, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chlorine and iron were also measured by using different methods. Correlation, factor analysis, stepwise and path analysis were used for identifying effective traits on shoot yield and essential oil percentage. The results showed that there was significant positive correlation between total shoot yield with number of tiller (r = 0.96**), canopy diameter 1 (r = 0.84*), canopy diameter 2 (r = 0.86**), flowering shoot yield (r = 0.79*), total chlorophyll 1 (r = 0.77*), chlorophyll b (r = 0.67*) and iron (r = 0.84*). There was significant negative correlation between total shoot yield with soluble sugars (r = -0.80**), proline (r = -0.88**), calcium (r = -0.70*) and chlorine r = -0.94**). Significant positive correlation was observed between flowering shoot yield with number of tillers, canopy diameters1 and 2, essential oil percentage, total chlorophyll 1 and iron. Essential oil percentage showed significant positive correlation with number of tiller (r = 0.79*), canopy diameters 1 (r = 0.79*), canopy diameters 2 (r = 0.83**), total shoot yield (r = 0.76*) and shoot flowering yield (r = 0.84**) shoot yield and iron (r = 0.86**). The results of factor analysis showed that first component with number of tillers, big and small canopy diameters, total shoot yield, flowering shoot yield, essential oil percentage and iron could justify more than 55% of total variance. The result of stepwise analysis on dependent variable (essential oil percentage) showed that iron and total shoot yield with a determination coefficient of 0.8048 were entered to the regression model. The result of path analysis showed that iron had the highest direct positive effect on essential oil percentage. According to the results of stepwise analysis, number of tillers and plant height were entered to the regression model. The result of path analysis showed that number of tiller had the highest direct positive effect on total shoot yield.
S. Aflakian; H. Zeinali; H. Maddah Arefy; Sh. Enteshary; Sh. Kaveh
Abstract
Thymus daenensis Celak. is an aromatic and medicinal species which due to hybridization within species and between species has high morphological diversity. This study was carried out in order to evaluate yield and yield components in 11 ecotypes of Thymus daenensis collected from Isfahan, Markazi and ...
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Thymus daenensis Celak. is an aromatic and medicinal species which due to hybridization within species and between species has high morphological diversity. This study was carried out in order to evaluate yield and yield components in 11 ecotypes of Thymus daenensis collected from Isfahan, Markazi and Lorestan. This experiment was performed in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Isfahan. Spike weight, spike length, number of flowers per spike, shoot height, leaf area, leaf length, leaf width, the largest and smallest diameter of canopy, 1000-grain weight, fresh and dry yield were measured. Analysis of variance showed that there was considerable variation for all studied characters. Results of mean comparisons showed that the highest dry and fresh yield per plant were 114/6 and 386/6 gr for ecotype of Khorramabad 1, respectively. The lowest yield was recorded for ecotype of Khorramabad 2. Maximum spike weight, spike length, number of flowers per spike, the largest diameter of canopy and leaf length was also recorded for ecotype of Khorramabad1. A positive significant correlation was observed between dry yield per plant and the largest diameter of canopy, leaf length, and fresh yield. Correlation between dry yield per plant and leaf width was strongly negative. Factor analysis introduced three factors that justified 79.71% of total variation among characters. Yield was identified as the first factor including dry yield with positive loading factor and leaf width with negative loading factor. Generally, ecotype of Khorramabad 1 was superior to other ecotypes in terms of yield. Canopy diameter, leaf length and leaf width were also determined as the most effective factors on yield per plant.
H. Keneshloo; H. Mirzaie-Nodoushan; F. Asadicorom; U. Achak
Abstract
Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori is one of the neglected Moringa species which is growing in a wide area of southeast part of Iran. The research was carried out by studying seedling growth parameters on 310 Moringa peregrina seedlings to investigate interrelationship between the growth parameters and ...
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Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori is one of the neglected Moringa species which is growing in a wide area of southeast part of Iran. The research was carried out by studying seedling growth parameters on 310 Moringa peregrina seedlings to investigate interrelationship between the growth parameters and their possible effects on seedling growth. Therefore, seed was collected from 21 single plants of the species across its habitats in southeast part of the country. Seedlings were grown in greenhouse conditions on which several seedling growth parameters were recorded after seedling establishment. The recorded data were analyzed based on completely randomized design model to assess the differences between the mother plants. To confirm the differences between the sampled single trees, all the possible paired correlation coefficients were estimated. To select the parameters specified by multiple regression analysis, path analysis was performed to investigate the direct and indirect relations between the independent parameters and plant height as the dependent parameter. Principal components analysis was also used to assess the interrelationship between the growth parameters. To classify the progenies of the single plants, the first and second components of the analysis were plotted and the results of the plot were compared to the results of cluster analysis. All the recorded traits showed a significant positive correlation with seedling height. Dividing the phenotypic correlation to the direct and indirect effects revealed that several traits affect the dependent parameters positively direct and negatively indirect, through other recorded growth parameters. Traits such as leaflet width with a positive simple correlation to the seedling height, showed a negative direct effect on the dependent parameter.
B. Abaszadeh; M.B. Rezaiee; F. Paknejad
Abstract
This research was performed in order to investigate flowering shoot yield, morphological characters, percentage and yield of essential oil and relationship between characters of two ecotypes of Mentha longifolia var. amphilema L. at Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands for six years in 1999 to ...
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This research was performed in order to investigate flowering shoot yield, morphological characters, percentage and yield of essential oil and relationship between characters of two ecotypes of Mentha longifolia var. amphilema L. at Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands for six years in 1999 to 2004. This experiment was conducted as a split plot on time by using of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Main and sub factors were ecotypes and years, respectively. The results showed significant differences between leaf oil yields, flower oil yields and flower yields in different ecotypes. There were also significant differences between all evaluated characters (plant height, leaf long, leaf width, stem diameter, lateral shoot, yield of flower, percentage and yield of flower essential oils, leaf yield, percentage and yield of leaf essential oils, yield of flowering shoots and their oils) at 0.01% level of probability in different years. There was significant relationship between total essential oil with yield of flowers and leaves and their essential oils at 0.01%level of probability. There was significant relationship between yield of flowering shoot with leaf long and lateral stem at 0.05% level of probability, and between yield of flowering shoot with leaf yield, essential oil percentage and yield of flower, leaf yield, essential oil percentage and yield of leaf at 0.01% level of probability. The results of stepwise showed that the model compounded of 4 characters: leaf oil yield, flower oil percentage, flower yield and stem diameter. The results of path analysis revealed that leaf oil yield (0.907) had a high direct effect on the dependent (total essential oil yield) variable. So results of path analysis revealed that flower oil percentage (0.019) had a high direct effect on the dependent variable after, yield of leaf essential oil.
A. Sepahvand; H. Astereki; M.R. Naghavi; J. Daneshian; A. Mohammadian
Volume 24, Issue 1 , May 2008, , Pages 109-116
Abstract
In this study since 2004 to 2005, 16 accession of Persian shallots were collected from Lorestan province andevaluated to determine the diversity among them. The studied morphological characters were: Bulb weight, number of bulb, plant height, bulb diameter leaf length and leaf width. Duncan’s multiple ...
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In this study since 2004 to 2005, 16 accession of Persian shallots were collected from Lorestan province andevaluated to determine the diversity among them. The studied morphological characters were: Bulb weight, number of bulb, plant height, bulb diameter leaf length and leaf width. Duncan’s multiple range tests showed that the accession of Persian shallot were significantly different in all evaluated parameters except bulb diameter and leaf length. Correlation coefficients showed that bulb weight was positively correlated with number of bulb (r = 0.474) and bulb diameter (r = 0.624), which is useful for indirect selection of accession with high number of bulb and bulb diameter and therefore high amount of bulb weight. Cluster and principal component analyses based on six morphological traits separated the accession into four main groups, but did not indicate significant relationship between genetic diversity and geographical origins.
H. Zeinali; S.R. Tabaei Aghdaei; M. Asgarzadeh; A. Kiyanipor; M. Abtahi
Volume 23, Issue 2 , August 2007, , Pages 195-203
Abstract
In order to evaluate the relationship of flower yield per plant and yield components in Rosa damascene Mill., an experiment was conducted in a Complete Randomized Block Design with three replications and with 35 genotypes of Rosa damascena, in Kashan dry land and desert research station. Fourteen characters ...
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In order to evaluate the relationship of flower yield per plant and yield components in Rosa damascene Mill., an experiment was conducted in a Complete Randomized Block Design with three replications and with 35 genotypes of Rosa damascena, in Kashan dry land and desert research station. Fourteen characters of morphological and yielding were measured. Flower yield per plant exhibited a significant positive correlation with fresh weight of flower, flower yield per branch, number of flower per branch and plant height, but with bud length had a significant negative correlation. Result of stepwise regression analysis for flower yield per plant showed that fresh weight per flower and number of flower per plant entered the model, respectively, and justified 90 percent of total variation of flower yield per plant. Factor analysis revealed 5 factors which justified 83.2 percent of the total variation among characters. In the first factor, traits of number of flowers per branch, flower yield per branch, canopy diameter, number of flower per plant, length of receptacle and flowering time had greater loadings and was named flower yielding factor. Path analysis showed that number of flower per plant, fresh weight of flower and flower yield per stem had the highest direct effects on flower yield per plant, therefore, this research suggest the number of flowers per plant, fresh weight per flower and number of flowers per branch can be good selection criteria for improving flower yield per plant in Rosa damascene.
