P. Azarkish; M. Moghaddam; A, Ghasemi Pirbaloti; F. Khakdan
Abstract
The Prangos genus is a medicinal plant belonging to the Apiaceae family, of which 15 species are found in Iran. The morphological traits at the flowering stage were studied to study the genetic diversity among 80 populations belonging to seven species P. hausslmechtii, P. lophoptera, P. corymbosa, P. ...
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The Prangos genus is a medicinal plant belonging to the Apiaceae family, of which 15 species are found in Iran. The morphological traits at the flowering stage were studied to study the genetic diversity among 80 populations belonging to seven species P. hausslmechtii, P. lophoptera, P. corymbosa, P. uloptera, P. acaulis, P. platychloena and P. ferulacea from six provinces Lorestan, Esfahan, Fars, Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh & Buyer-Ahmad, and Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari. For this purpose, 10 plant samples were selected from each habitat and 22 quantitative traits were evaluated. Statistical parameters were calculated for the studied traits and coefficients of phenotypic variation were also determined as a measure of genetic diversity. The results of this study showed significant genetic variation within and between species. The results of ANOVA showed that the populations had significant differences in some of the studied traits (P<0.01), indicating high genetic variation among the populations. The highest coefficient of variance was observed for the number of lateral branches, number of umbels per plant, number of umbels per the main stem, the diameter of umbels per the main stem, leaves needle size, leaf width, main stem diameter, and lateral branches diameter, indicating high variability in the traits studied. Correlation coefficients between traits were different in the studied species and related to their genomic structure. In the principal component analysis, the first nine components explained 79.98% of the total variation in the evaluated traits. Based on cluster analysis, 80 populations were divided into four groups. The dendrogram obtained from cluster analysis revealed that morphological traits studied could differentiate some species from each other. Overall, the results of this research showed that there was a high level of genetic diversity in different species of Prangos spp.
N. Ghayoumi- Mohammadi; H.A. Asadi-Gharneh
Abstract
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a valuable medicinal plant widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, and industrial products. In order to investigate the effects of vermicompost and seaweed foliar application on quantitative and qualitative traits of roselle, this research was carried out in Islamic ...
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Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a valuable medicinal plant widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, and industrial products. In order to investigate the effects of vermicompost and seaweed foliar application on quantitative and qualitative traits of roselle, this research was carried out in Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch in spring, summer and autumn of 2016. The experiment was conducted as factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Vermicompost treatments were applied on four levels: zero (control), 5, 10 and 15 ton/ha, and seaweed spraying at three levels: 0 (control), 1 and 1.5g/L at intervals of one month. At the end of experiment, plant height, number of flowers, fresh and dry weights of the plant, fresh and dry weights of calyx, chlorophyll a, b and total, anthocyanin content, vitamin C, flavonoids and titratable acidityof calyx were measured. The results indicated that the use of seaweed and vermicompost improved the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of roselle. The highest plant height, number of flowers per plant, fresh and dry weights of plant and calyx, chlorophyll a, b and total, anthocyanin content, titratable acid, and vitamin C in calyx, were measured in vermicompost 15 ton/ha. Also the highest amount of chlorophyll a, anthocyanin, flavonoids, titratable acid, and vitamin C of calyx, number of flowers per plant and fresh weight of plant were measured in 1.5 g/l seaweed. The highest amount of vitamin C (68.74 mg/100g), titratable acid (4.97%), anthocyanin (1.400mg/g) in calyx, number of flowers per plant (73.33) and plant fresh weight (828.33 g) were observed in vermicompost 15 ton /ha with the foliar application of seaweed 1.5 g/l.
Sh. Abbasi; S. Houshmand; N. Mirakhorli; R. Ravash
Abstract
The leaves of thyme are the most important organs producing essential oils, and the glandular trichomes provide a unique capacity for the synthesis and storage of active ingredients. In this study, the morphological characteristics and types of trichomes' structure were measured in four thyme species ...
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The leaves of thyme are the most important organs producing essential oils, and the glandular trichomes provide a unique capacity for the synthesis and storage of active ingredients. In this study, the morphological characteristics and types of trichomes' structure were measured in four thyme species including: T. transcaucasicus, T. carmanicus, T. daenensis and T. armeniacus. The results of variance analysis indicated a significant difference between species in terms of stem length, leaf length and number, plant fresh and dry weight, leaf and stem dry weight, number of glandular trichomes on the adaxial and abaxial side of the leaf, the trichome length, and essential oil yield and percentage. T. armeniacus showed the highest trichome number; while, the highest trichome length was related to T. transcaucasicus. The highest essential oil percentage and yield were observed in T. carmanicus and T. daenensis respectively, which could be due to the greater number of glandular trichomes and leaves in these species. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that among various types of glandular trichomes, peltate glandular trichome existed in the leaf of four species examined. Positive and significant correlation coefficients between the number of glandular trichomes on the adaxial and abaxial side of the leaves with the essential oil percentage and yield indicate the role of this feature in the production of essential oil. The stepwise regression analysis, implemented for dry weight, indicated that the highest regression positive coefficient was observed for the leaf dry weight, explaining 97% of the trait variation. When the essential oil yield was assumed as a dependent variable, only the trichome length entered the model and explained 49% of the trait variation.
F. Shahbazi Asl; A.A. Jafari; H. Panahpour
Abstract
In order to study the biomass yield in flowering stage and morphological traits in Mentha spp., 17 accessions of M. pulegium L. and 8 accessions of M. mozaffariani Jamzad were assessed in a field experiment over two years in the Alborz research station, Karaj Iran. The accessions were planted using ...
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In order to study the biomass yield in flowering stage and morphological traits in Mentha spp., 17 accessions of M. pulegium L. and 8 accessions of M. mozaffariani Jamzad were assessed in a field experiment over two years in the Alborz research station, Karaj Iran. The accessions were planted using a complete randomized blocks design in two replications. Each plot contained 15 spaced plants with 0.5 m intervals and 75 cm between rows. The drip irrigation system was used. Data were collected for fresh and dry matter yield over two years and plant height, stem number, number of flowers per plant, the canopy area, and flower length for one year. Data were analyzed, and species means were compared based on DMRT Method. The results showed significant difference between the species for all traits except dry matter yield (P<0.01). In comparisons between species, M. pulegium had higher values of all traits except flower length than that for M. mozaffariani. For fresh yield, M. pulegium with an average value of 183 g/plant had significantly higher production as compared with M. mozaffariani with an average value of 147 g/plant. There were significant differences among accessions for all traits in both species (P<0.01). In comparisons among the accessions of M. pulegium, the accessions Rafsanjan (23031) and Maryvan (22607) with the average of 252 and 231 g/plant had higher fresh yield over two years, respectively. For dry mater yield, Rafsanjan (23031) and Arak (22381) with average values of 115 and 111 g/plant had higher dry matter production, respectively. In comparisons among the accessions of M. mozaffariani, Urmia (19625) with average values of 202 and 98 g/plant had higher fresh and dry matter production, respectively. For essential oil percentage, there were no significant differences between two species; however, there was a significant difference for oil yield. M. pulegium with an average value of 1.14 g/plant had higher oil production than that for M. mozaffariani with an average value of 0.76 g/plant.
M. Ghanbari; M.K. Souri; R. Omidbaigi; H. Hadavand Mirzaei
Abstract
Achillea millefolium L. is a well-known species amongst the members of Achillea (Asteraceae) which grows naturally in Iran. In this study, the natural habitats of Achillea millefolium L.were identified in different regions of East Azerbaijan province during the growth season in 2011. The evaluation of ...
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Achillea millefolium L. is a well-known species amongst the members of Achillea (Asteraceae) which grows naturally in Iran. In this study, the natural habitats of Achillea millefolium L.were identified in different regions of East Azerbaijan province during the growth season in 2011. The evaluation of morphological variation in 35 genotypes of seven populations of Achillea millefolium L. was carried out to determine superior characters for future breeding programs and medicinal purposes. In this study, 14 quantitative and qualitative characters were evaluated. Flowering stems were used to investigate the quantity of essential oil. Data of locations, vegetative and reproductive characters of each population and the amount of essential oil obtained from each location were recorded. Results were analyzed using cluster analysis with SPSS software. Populations were clustered based on vegetative and reproductive characters and the amount of essential oil. The results of simple correlation analysis showed the existence of significant, positive and negative correlations among some important characters. Factor analysis was also used for defining the determinant factors. According to the factor analysis, flowering stem length, internode length and leaf width constituted the main factors. The populations of Achillea millefolium L. were separated into four groups by cluster analysis using Ward method. The most similar populations were Pirbala, Kondlaj and Jolfa, while Shabestar and Zonoz were separated from other populations. Also populations of Bonab and Basmenj were clustered as a separate group. In conclusion, in this study from all populations, Basmanj and Jolfa populations due to higher yield of essential oil as well as higher adaptability to region climatic conditions are recommended for further physiological and breeding studies.
S.M. Moosavi; S.G.R. Moosavi; M.J. Seghatoleslami
Abstract
In order to study the effect of drought stress at different growth reproductive stages and N fertilizer rates on some morphological and quantitative traits and water use efficiency (WUE) of fennel(Foenicolum vulgare Mill.), an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a Randomized ...
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In order to study the effect of drought stress at different growth reproductive stages and N fertilizer rates on some morphological and quantitative traits and water use efficiency (WUE) of fennel(Foenicolum vulgare Mill.), an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications, at Research Field of Islamic Azad University of Birjand Branch in 2010. The main plot included irrigation at three levels (irrigation stop at start of flowering, and seed-filling stages, and optimum irrigation) and the sub-plot was N fertilizer at four rates (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N/ha). Results showed that irrigation stop at start of flowering and seed-filling stages decreased plant height by 16.2 and 5.2%, fruit yield by 69.7 and 52.6%, essential oil yield by 72.9 and 31.4%, and WUE for essential oil production by 69.1 and 4.5%, respectively as compared to optimum irrigation treatment. Moreover, the increase in rate of nitrogen application from 0 to 120 kg N/ha significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, branch number of main stem and fruit yield, 5.8, 12, 15.5 and 24.3%, respectively. However, the highest yield and WUE for essential oil production was observed in 60 kg N/ha application treatment. In general, according to the results of current study, optimum irrigation with 60 kg N/ha application treatment can be recommended to achieve high essential oil yield of fennel in Birjand, Iran.
M. Lotfi; B. Abbaszadeh; M. Mirza
Abstract
In this study the effect of drought stress on morphological traits, metabolites proline accumulation, soluble carbohydrates and the yield of Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.), was evaluated in order to produce Tarragon in drought stress condition as a medicinal plant, and also determine the threshold ...
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In this study the effect of drought stress on morphological traits, metabolites proline accumulation, soluble carbohydrates and the yield of Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.), was evaluated in order to produce Tarragon in drought stress condition as a medicinal plant, and also determine the threshold of stress tolerance. This research was done using randomized complete blocks design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The stress treatments were included T1 (100% of field capacity), T2 (80% of field capacity), T3 (60% of field capacity) and T4 (40% of field capacity). According to the results of statistical analysis, the drought stress had significant effect on morphological traits, flowering shoot yield, proline and soluble carbohydrates. In addition, the enhancement of drought stress led to decrease in plant height, canopy diameter, leaf length, leaf width and leaf surface, stem diameter, the length of longest lateral shoot, root length and its development, shoot yield and dry leaf yield. Comparison of treatment means showed that the highest plant height, canopy diameter, leaf length, leaf width and leaf surface, stem diameter, the length of longest lateral shoot, root length, shoot yield and dry leaf yield were related to T1 (non stress); in addition, the highest amount of proline, soluble carbohydrates and root development were related to T4 (40%FC). Therefore, drought stress had negative effect on most morphological traits and flowering shoot yield; however, it led to increase in the root length, proline and soluble carbohydrates of flowering shoots.
R. Kalvandi; S.M. Hesamzadeh Hejazi; M. Mirza; M. Atri; Z. Jamzad; K. Safikhani; M. Ahmadian
Abstract
In order to evaluate several ecological factors, morphological traits, essential oil productivity and ploidy levels of Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas with uses of DSS method ten natural habitats were selected in Lorestan, Markazi, Hamadan, Kermanshah and Kurdestan provinces in Iran. To ...
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In order to evaluate several ecological factors, morphological traits, essential oil productivity and ploidy levels of Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas with uses of DSS method ten natural habitats were selected in Lorestan, Markazi, Hamadan, Kermanshah and Kurdestan provinces in Iran. To study and evaluate morphological characters, five complete plant samples and flowering branches were collected from each locality at flowering stage for essential oil extraction in spring season of 2008. Ecological data of ten localities were also recorded. Vegetative and reproductive traits and essential oil quantity of each population were studied. Seeds were also collected in the seed production season to study seed characters, chromosome counting and ploidy level. At least 10 mitotic cells of each population were studied to determine chromosome numbers and ploidy levels. All populations were classified in 4 groups. Results revealed that specimens from "Te9 population" had the highest average length and width of inflorescence leaf, inflorescence leaf length to width ratio, stem leaf length to width ratio, petiole length, calyx tube length, corolla length and the highest average length and width of bracteole. The results of chromosome counting showed that specimens of Te1, Te2, Te3, Te4, Te5, Te6 and Te8 populations were diploid (2n=2x=30) and specimens of Te7, Te9 and Te10 populations were tetraploid (2n=4x=60). The highest essential oil production belonged to Te5 population (3.04%).
M. Yousefi; V. Nazeri; M. Mirza
Abstract
Salvia leriifolia Benth. is one of the valuable medicinal plants of Lamiaceae. In order to evaluate genetic diversity among natural populations of Salvia leriifolia, 12 natural populations were chosen from South Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan and Semnan provinces. To study and evaluate 33 vegetative and reproductive ...
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Salvia leriifolia Benth. is one of the valuable medicinal plants of Lamiaceae. In order to evaluate genetic diversity among natural populations of Salvia leriifolia, 12 natural populations were chosen from South Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan and Semnan provinces. To study and evaluate 33 vegetative and reproductive morphological traits with five replications, 15 complete plants were collected from each locality at flowering and seeding stages. Flowering stems were used in order to extract the essential oil. Mean comparisons of data was performed by Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level of probability using SAS software. The populations were clustered by Ward method using SPSS software. Results showed that this plant grew well in a height of 1000-1533 above sea level, with an average temperature of 15-23ºcm and a precipitation of 80-194 mm in year. The most important morphological traits such as plant height, leaf length and width, were in the range of 18.9-35.8, 6.59-15.29 and 18.2- 29.7 cm, respectively. Maximum and minimum essential oil yield with 1.37 and 0.69 percent were obtained for Najmabad and Tabas Sabzevar, respectively. Populations of Salvia leriifolia were classified into three groups based upon collection locations. Results showed that "Najmabad" and "Bejestan" populations could be recommended for breeding and domestication programs because of appropriate morphological traits and abundant essential oil yield. Meanwhile, conservation of these populations is highly recommended.
M. Bigdeloo; V. Nazeri; J. Hadian
Abstract
Thymus caramanicus Jalas is belonging to family Lamiaceae. Among 250 species of this genus with a worldwide distribution, 14 species grow naturally in Iran. Thymus caramanicus Jalas is one of the endemic species which has distribution in central Iran. In this study, natural habitats of the species were ...
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Thymus caramanicus Jalas is belonging to family Lamiaceae. Among 250 species of this genus with a worldwide distribution, 14 species grow naturally in Iran. Thymus caramanicus Jalas is one of the endemic species which has distribution in central Iran. In this study, natural habitats of the species were identified in different regions of Kerman, Esfahan and Semnan provinces in 2010.Ten complete plants at flowering stage were collected from seven localities in order to study and evaluate the morphological characters. Flowering stems were used to extract essential oil. Characteristics associated with each habitat were recorded and three soil samples from each site were taken to evaluate soil physical and chemical properties. Vegetative and reproductive characteristics of each population and the essential oil of the studied species in each habitat were recorded. Results were analyzed using cluster analysis method with SPSS software and correlation between evaluated traits and essential oil productivity were determined. Populations were clustered in two groups based on all studied characters. Populations collected from Kerman and Esfahan provinces were located in a same group and populations from Semnan province were placed in an independent group. Differences between these two groups may be from different climates in their habitats and their adaptation to the different environmental factors. According to the results, the best vegetative and also reproductive characters such as flowering stem length, leaf length and width, number of flowers per inflorescence and corolla length and also the highest essential oil production (2-3%) were recorded for specimens from Kerman province; therefore, it is recommended for breeding programs or cultivation.
A.R. Yavari; V. Nazeri; F. Sefidkon; M.E. Hassani
Abstract
In order to evaluate sثرثقشم ecological factors and morphological traits and also to determine ploidy levels and chemical composition of essential oil of Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak two natural habitats, Bostan-Abad and Yam habitats, were chosen in East Azerbaijan province. To ...
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In order to evaluate sثرثقشم ecological factors and morphological traits and also to determine ploidy levels and chemical composition of essential oil of Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak two natural habitats, Bostan-Abad and Yam habitats, were chosen in East Azerbaijan province. To study and evaluate quantitative morphological characters, five complete plants and flowering branches were collected from each locality at flowering stage for essential oil extraction. Seeds also were collected in seed production season to study seed characters and chromosome counting. Ecological data of both localities also were recorded. Vegetative and reproductive traits of each population were studied and essential oil of each locality was analyzed by combination of GC-FID and GC-MS. At least 10 mitotic cells of each population were studied to determine chromosome number and ploidy levels. Results revealed that specimens from “Yam” had the longest flowering stems, the largest leaves and flowers, and also the highest number of flowers per inflorescence. Chromosome count results showed that specimens from Bostan-Abad were hexaploid (2n = 6x = 90) and those of Yam were tetraploid (2n = 4x = 60). The total yield of oils based on dry weight was 1.3% and 2.2% (w/w) from Bostan-Abad and Yam, respectively. Thymol was the main valuable phenolic compound similar to most of the species of genus Thymus (Bostan-Abad: 57.6% and Yam: 44.9%).
A.R. Yavari; V. Nazeri; F. Sefidkon; M.E. Hassani
Abstract
Thymus migricus Klokov & Desj.-Shost.is one of the 14 species of genus Thymus L. which grows naturally in Iran. In this study, natural habitats of this species were identified during travels to different regions in East and West Azerbaijan provinces in the early of growth season in 2008. Five complete ...
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Thymus migricus Klokov & Desj.-Shost.is one of the 14 species of genus Thymus L. which grows naturally in Iran. In this study, natural habitats of this species were identified during travels to different regions in East and West Azerbaijan provinces in the early of growth season in 2008. Five complete plants were collected from five localities in order to study and evaluate quantitative morphological characters. To study seed character, inflorescences were collected at the time of seed production. Flowering stems were used to investigate essential oil quantitatively. Data of locations, vegetative and reproductive characters of every population and amount of essential oils of each location were recorded. The results were analyzed using cluster analysis method with SPSS software. Populations were clustered based on vegetative, reproductive characters and essential oil amount. All populations were classified into 3 groups. "Band", "Nazloo" and "Ghushchi" populations in a same group, "Heris" clustered separately. Finally "Jolfa" population was placed in independent group. Specimens from "Jolfa" and "Nazloo" showed longest flowering stems, largest leaves and flowers and also highest essential oil production, therefore it is recommended for breeding programs in cold regions of northwest Iran.
A. Sepahvand; H. Astereki; M.R. Naghavi; J. Daneshian; A. Mohammadian
Volume 24, Issue 1 , May 2008, , Pages 109-116
Abstract
In this study since 2004 to 2005, 16 accession of Persian shallots were collected from Lorestan province andevaluated to determine the diversity among them. The studied morphological characters were: Bulb weight, number of bulb, plant height, bulb diameter leaf length and leaf width. Duncan’s multiple ...
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In this study since 2004 to 2005, 16 accession of Persian shallots were collected from Lorestan province andevaluated to determine the diversity among them. The studied morphological characters were: Bulb weight, number of bulb, plant height, bulb diameter leaf length and leaf width. Duncan’s multiple range tests showed that the accession of Persian shallot were significantly different in all evaluated parameters except bulb diameter and leaf length. Correlation coefficients showed that bulb weight was positively correlated with number of bulb (r = 0.474) and bulb diameter (r = 0.624), which is useful for indirect selection of accession with high number of bulb and bulb diameter and therefore high amount of bulb weight. Cluster and principal component analyses based on six morphological traits separated the accession into four main groups, but did not indicate significant relationship between genetic diversity and geographical origins.
S.R Tabaei-Aghdaei; S. Farhangian; A.A. Jafari; M.B. Rezaee
Abstract
To evaluate 17 Damask rose genotypes regarding their variation for morphological traits, an experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Analysis of variance, mean comparison and phenotypic correlation analysis were performed. The variance analysis ...
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To evaluate 17 Damask rose genotypes regarding their variation for morphological traits, an experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Analysis of variance, mean comparison and phenotypic correlation analysis were performed. The variance analysis showed significant differences among genotypes for plant height and flower number per branch (P<0.01), number of leaves per branch, leaflet length and thorn density (P<0.05). Also, comparison of means classified the genotypes for the above characteristics. Significant correlations were observed between different traits. A significant (P<0.01) phenotypic correlation (r=0.96) indicated a strong positive relationship between flower yield and number of flower per plant. From the results, a wide range of variation was observed among the genotypes. Morphological characteristics could, therefore, be useful criteria for selection for yield. However, more genotypes, as well as further analyses, including flower quality especially essential oil components are necessary to be considered, in an efficient breeding of Rosa damascena.
S.R. Tabaei-Aghdaei; M. Sahebi; A.A. Jafari; M.B. Rezaee
Volume 20, Issue 2 , July 2004, , Pages 199-211
Abstract
In order to study the genetic variation in Rosa damascena Mill., an experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Eleven genotypes were evaluated, using a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Flower yield, flower number, ...
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In order to study the genetic variation in Rosa damascena Mill., an experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Eleven genotypes were evaluated, using a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Flower yield, flower number, single flower weight, plant height, canopy, branch angel, leaf number, spine density and spine length, were analyzed, using analysis of variance, principal components analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed significant differences among genotypes for all of the traits, indicating a considerable genetic variation in germplasm available in Iran. Using principal components analysis, the first three components determined 68.43% of the total variation. According to the cluster analysis, genotypes could be grouped into 3 clusters. Genotypes in cluster 1 averaged well above the overall mean for productivity and the other characteristics.
