Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Afshin; M. Sharifi-Rad; S. Saeidi
Abstract
Background and objectives: The amount of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants are changed during different stages of plant growth, so in order to determine the best time to harvest each medicinal herb, it is necessary to determine the amount of active substances and their biological activities in ...
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Background and objectives: The amount of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants are changed during different stages of plant growth, so in order to determine the best time to harvest each medicinal herb, it is necessary to determine the amount of active substances and their biological activities in different phenological stages. Tanacetum parthenium L. is one of the important species of chicory genus that has many medicinal properties. This study investigated the content of total phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and anthocyanins and the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Tanacetum parthenium L. aerial parts and root ethanolic extracts at different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and seeding).Methodology: For this purpose, total phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and anthocyanins were measured spectrophotometrically in the aerial parts and root ethanolic extracts of T. parthenium. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and antibacterial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods.Results: The maximum levels of total phenol (62.3 ± 1.2 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight), flavonoids (35.7 ± 0.9 mg quercetin equivalents (QE).g-1 dry weight), alkaloids (73.2 ± 0.6 mg atropine equivalent.g-1 dry weight) and total anthocyanin (4.2 ± 0.3 mg cyaniding-3glicoside equivalents.g-1 dry weight) were measured in the shoot extract of the studied species at the flowering stage. Results of the antioxidant activity evaluation showed that the shoot extract at the flowering stage had the highest antioxidant activity (75.3 ± 0.7 %). The lowest antioxidant activity (16.5 ± 0.9 %) was measured for the root extract at the vegetative stage. According to the antibacterial investigation, the maximum inhibition zone (21 ± 0.3 mm) was observed for the shoot extract at the flowering stage against Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (12.5 mg.mL-1) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (25 mg.mL-1) were recorded for shoot extracts at vegetative and flowering stages against the abovementioned bacteria. Based on the results, the studied species' extracts were more effective against gram-positive than gram-negative bacteria.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the flowering stage extract of T. parthenium had considerable phytochemical compounds with appropriate antioxidant and antibacterial properties. It can be used as a source of natural antioxidants and antibiotic agents.
Z. Bakhtiari; Gh. Asghari; Sh. Enteshari; N. Mehdinejad
Abstract
Climatic factors affect the production of secondary metabolites. Phenols and flavonoids are the most important secondary compounds. This research was aimed to investigate the effects of light at different frequencies on the production of phenols and flavonoids in Artemisia aucheri Boiss. Murashige and ...
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Climatic factors affect the production of secondary metabolites. Phenols and flavonoids are the most important secondary compounds. This research was aimed to investigate the effects of light at different frequencies on the production of phenols and flavonoids in Artemisia aucheri Boiss. Murashige and Skoog solid culture medium was used without growth regulators. The culture media were placed in the room culture under sterile conditions, a temperature of 25 ± 2°C and different light conditions with various treatments. Different light intensities of 1000, 2000, and 3000 lux were the light conditions of the experiment. In addition, the UV radiation treatment with intensity of 320 nm and darkness treatment were considered. Phenols and flavonoid were measured by spectrometric method. For data analysis and drawing diagrams, SPSS version 20 and Excel software were used. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and the means were compared with Tukey's post-test at P≤0.05. According to the results, the UV radiation affected the production of phenols and flavonoids, so that it reduced the amount of flavonoids and increased the phenols content. The effect of light was different and further investigation is required. Different results were also obtained for calli.Therefore, it could be concluded that light and particularly UV radiation affected the production of a number of secondary compounds (phenols and flavonoids), and the effects of this environmental factor should be taken into consideration.
M. Ahankoub Ro; J. Fattahi Moghadam; R. Foutohi Ghazvini
Abstract
The natural biotypes in the germplasm collection of the Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center are a valuable genetic resource in the country that may not be suitable for fresh eating but they can be used in processing industry. Therefore, the fruits of 16 biotypes, coded as 6, 8, 15, 21, 24, ...
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The natural biotypes in the germplasm collection of the Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center are a valuable genetic resource in the country that may not be suitable for fresh eating but they can be used in processing industry. Therefore, the fruits of 16 biotypes, coded as 6, 8, 15, 21, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 41, 43, 45, 48, 51, 52 and 53, were harvested at two stages, 60 days after 50% of flowering (after June drop) and 120 days after 50% of flowering (beginning of physiological maturity). Some variables were measured such as total phenol and antioxidant capacity, and flavonoid compounds including hesperidin, naringin, quercetin and catechin content. Results showed that the maximum amount of catechin and quersetin was observed at 60 days after 50% of flowering in the biotype 29. The. amount of Hesperidin and Naringin was significantly different between biotypes. The highest amount of hesperidin and naringin was observed in biotypes 43 and 41 at 120 days after flowering, respectively. Generally, antioxidant capacity was reduced during of growth whereas biotypes 6, 29, 43, and 51 had the highest antioxidant capacity at 60 days after flowering. The highest total phenol content was observed at maturity stage of fruits. Biotype 48 showed higher amount of total phenol as compared with other biotypes. Totally, biotypes 29, 41, and 43 have high potential of flavonoid compounds to be used in the genetic improvement programs of cultivar and rootstock, food processing and pharmaceutical industry.
R. Kabiri; H. Farahbakhsh; F. Nasibi
Abstract
This research was aimed to evaluate the effect of drought stress, induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG6000), on physiological and biochemical parameters of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). The traits were included: shoot dry weight, electrolyte leakage, relative water content, photosynthetic pigments ...
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This research was aimed to evaluate the effect of drought stress, induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG6000), on physiological and biochemical parameters of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). The traits were included: shoot dry weight, electrolyte leakage, relative water content, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids), malondialdehyde and other aldehyde's contents, anthocyanines, polyphenol compounds, flavonoids, phenylalanine ammonialayse activity, soluble sugar content and protein. An experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replications under hydroponic culture at research laboratory of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in 2011. Treatments were four levels of drought stress (0, -0.2, -0.4 and -0.6 MPa). Results showed that drought stress caused a significant reduction in shoot dry weight, relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanines, polyphenol compounds, flavonoids and protein and an increase in electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde content, phenylalanine ammonialayse activity and soluble sugar. Based on the obtained results, it seems that this plant is sensitive to drought stress, and the application of exogenous protective compounds could increase the antioxidant capacity of plant against stress condition.
Zh. Asadi Kavan; M. Ghorbanli; A. Sateei
Abstract
Drought stress provokes ROS production in plant cell chloroplasts and subsequently causes lipid membrane peroxidation and damage. Pimpinella anisum L. is one of the aromatic herbal plants which has great export value. The aim of this study was applying exogenous ascorbate in order to control oxidative ...
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Drought stress provokes ROS production in plant cell chloroplasts and subsequently causes lipid membrane peroxidation and damage. Pimpinella anisum L. is one of the aromatic herbal plants which has great export value. The aim of this study was applying exogenous ascorbate in order to control oxidative stress during drought tolerance. Changes of pigment content of leaves, total phenol compounds, malonedialdehyde (MDA) content were measured. In a pot study, drought stress introduced to treatments with 3 replicates based on 3 levels of field capacity (100, 60 and 25%) and ascorbate (1.4 mM) sprayed on them. Chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b ratio decreased with increasing in stress levels, while flavonoids and anthocyanins increased. Carotene and xanthophyll increased only in moderate stress level due to drought. Exogenous ascorbate increased chlorophylls and carotenoid content but decreased flavonoid and anthocyanin contents and had great effect on increasing phenol compound in all stress levels. MDA content remained relatively constant, but increased significantly in severe stress levels. Applying exogenous ascorbate led to decreasing metabolite. According to the results exogenous ascorbate could increase the ability of Pimpinella anisum in response to drought stress with different mechanisms and had protective effect against lipid peroxidation due to drought stress.
K. Jaimand; M.B. Rezaee; M.H. Asareh; S.R. Tabaei Aghdaei; S. Meshkizadeh
Abstract
Flavonoid components are the largest phenolic groups in nature. Pigments are primarily responsible for the color of rose petals (the colorless flavonoids aid the intensification and stabilization of petals color). The aim of this research was extraction and determination of flavonoid compounds kaempferol ...
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Flavonoid components are the largest phenolic groups in nature. Pigments are primarily responsible for the color of rose petals (the colorless flavonoids aid the intensification and stabilization of petals color). The aim of this research was extraction and determination of flavonoid compounds kaempferol and quercetin in petals of Rosa damascena from western of Iran and cultivated in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Samples were collected on late April 2006. A 5 g fresh flower petals was blended with 30 ml of 9:1 methanol:acetic acid, the extract was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two flavonoids kaempferol and quercetin glycoside compounds were extracted from ten samples. The highest kaempferol content were obtained from Kordestan (595 ppm), Qazvine (505 ppm), West Azarbaijan (484 ppm), and Ilam (483 ppm), and the lowest from Kermanshah (74 ppm), Hamedan (88 ppm) and Lorestan (Poldokhtar) (252 ppm). The highest quercetin glucoside contents were obtained from Ardabil (322 ppm), West Azarbaijan (312 ppm), Ilam (302 ppm), and Chahar Mehal (239 ppm), and lowest were from Lorestan (Poldokhtar) (77 ppm), Hamedan (80 ppm), Kermanshah (117 ppm) and Kohkiluyeh (Gachsaran) (158 ppm). According to these results, the best samples were obtained from west Azarbaijan (484 ppm kaempferol, 312 ppm quercetin), Ilam (483 ppm kaempferol, 302 ppm quercetin) and Ardabil (447 ppm kaempferol, 322 ppm quercetin).
S. Zare Dehabadi; Z. Asrar
Volume 24, Issue 4 , February 2009, , Pages 530-540
Abstract
The conditions used for spearmints growth in this work have been adequate for testing range of tolerance and adaptation to excess zinc. For studying oxidative changes, antioxidanic responses and metal accumulation in Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) in reply to zinc, plants remained in a controlled environment ...
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The conditions used for spearmints growth in this work have been adequate for testing range of tolerance and adaptation to excess zinc. For studying oxidative changes, antioxidanic responses and metal accumulation in Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) in reply to zinc, plants remained in a controlled environment for 12 weeks in nutrient solutions that contained different doses of zinc. This study showed that Zinc as heavy metal induced oxidative stress as evidenced by an increase in lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde and other aldehydes). Under Zn treatments, phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and anthocyanins were increased significantly compared to control plants. The total protein content in leaves increased significantly by increment concentration of Zn but decreased with higher Zn supply. Lipid peroxidation (MDA) was increased only in the highest concentration of zinc. High levels of Zn decreased the shoot to root translocation of Zn and Fe which caused accumulation of these metals in root. In general, the results of this investigation proved high antioxidanic capacity in spearmint plants.
F. Ghanati; Z. Ahmadi; P. Abdolmaleki
Volume 22, Issue 4 , February 2007, , Pages 315-331
Abstract
The increase of atmospheric pollutants and depletion of ozone, are subsequently the main causes for the increase of ultraviolet radiation on the earth. In the present research the effect of ultraviolet C (100-280 nm) on the content of some of the biochemical compounds and growth parameters of Aloe vera ...
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The increase of atmospheric pollutants and depletion of ozone, are subsequently the main causes for the increase of ultraviolet radiation on the earth. In the present research the effect of ultraviolet C (100-280 nm) on the content of some of the biochemical compounds and growth parameters of Aloe vera L. were examined. According to the results, exposure to ultraviolet C decreased both longitudinal and expansion growth, as well as the size of mesophyll layers of aloe leaves, but increased the thickness of cuticle layer. The histochemical methods also showed that phenolic compounds in the cell walls of those plants which were exposed to ultraviolet irradiation were deposited more esterified to the wall polysaccharides rather than being polymerized compared to those of the non-exposed plants. The content of the ultraviolet-absorbing compounds (i.e., anthocyanins and flavonoids) of UV-exposed plants were also changed. Increase of flavonoids and anthocyanins in these plants, may be related to defensive strategy of these compounds against irradiation.
F. Sefidkon; A. Agha-Vali Jamaat; M. Alinia Rodsari; K. Jimand
Volume 20, Issue 1 , April 2004, , Pages 19-38
Abstract
Robinia pseudoacacia (Black locust ) is an ornamental tree with beautiful flowers. It,s main distribution is North America which spreads to Europe , Asia and Iran. Today, it is naturalized in Iran and grows in every where. Previously, we reported ...
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Robinia pseudoacacia (Black locust ) is an ornamental tree with beautiful flowers. It,s main distribution is North America which spreads to Europe , Asia and Iran. Today, it is naturalized in Iran and grows in every where. Previously, we reported chemical composition of the essential oil and absolute of hexan extract of R. pseudoacacia. In this research, the flavonoids from flowers and leaves of Robinia pseudoacacia were investigated. The extracts of flowers and leaves of R. pseudoacacia were obtained by Sochselet apparatus (by petroleum ether, benzen, chlorform, acetone and methanol) and also by macceration in methanol-water (9:1) and then methanol-water (1:1) and extraction with chlorform and hexan. After purification and separation of the extracts by P.C, HPLC, column and flash chromatography, two flavonoids, Quercetine and Robinine were obtained as pure compounds. Structure of the compounds were charachterized by HPLC (using standards), U.V. and 1HNMR .
