Agriculture and horticulture
Nasrin Biyabani; Vahid Abdossi; Marziyeh Ghanbari Jahromi
Abstract
Background and objectives:
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that reduces the production of agricultural products. Salinity is usually associated with oxidative stress due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The use of growth stimulating compounds in order to reduce ...
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Background and objectives:
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that reduces the production of agricultural products. Salinity is usually associated with oxidative stress due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The use of growth stimulating compounds in order to reduce the effects of environmental stress in plants is of particular importance. The use of silicon sources such as potassium silicate plays an important role in modulating salinity stress in plants. By increasing plants' resistance to salt stress, potassium silicate can help improve the growth and performance of plants in areas with salty soils. These compounds cause ion balance in cells in adverse conditions and by improving water absorption and retention in plants, they reduce ion leakage and the negative effect of salinity stress.
Methodology:
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of potassium silicate on the growth and physiological and biochemical characteristics of goldenrod in a factorial design based on a completely randomized design with the factor of salinity stress at three levels (0, 60, and 120 millimolar) and foliar application of potassium silicate at three levels (0, 50, and 100 milligrams per liter) under greenhouse conditions. Foliar application was carried out three times at 15-day intervals. The first foliar application was performed at the 4-leaf stage. After the second foliar application, salinity stress was induced by applying 200 milliliters of sodium chloride solution to each pot for 40 days. To prevent salt accumulation in the pots, all pots were rinsed with non-saline water after every 4 irrigations with saline water. The investigated morphological variables include wet and dry weight of shoots and roots and plant height and other traits including plant pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total), relative leaf water content, ion leakage rate, proline, sodium and potassium absorption rate of roots and It was the aerial parts that were measured in the middle of the golden grass flowering period.
Results:
The results of the research showed that salinity stress caused yield reduction and potassium silicate moderated the negative effects of salinity stress by improving plant growth conditions. The results of the research showed that 120 mM salinity decreased the fresh weight of shoot (28%), dry weight of shoot (29%), fresh weight of root (38%), dry weight of root (37%), total chlorophyll (40%). percent), the relative content of leaf water (17%), root potassium (14%) and leaf potassium (16%) and increased ion leakage (23%), proline (13%), root sodium (256%), leaf sodium (325 percent) Potassium silicate, especially 100 mg/liter, moderated salinity stress by increasing plant weight, chlorophyll, leaf water content and potassium in leaves and roots, and reducing sodium accumulation in leaves and roots and ion leakage.
Conclusion:
The general results of the research showed that increasing the intensity of salinity stress is very destructive for the growth and functional characteristics of golden grass and potassium silicate 50 to 100 mM will moderate the salinity stress by increasing the quantitative and qualitative performance (biochemical and phytochemical) of golden grass. Therefore, in order to grow the golden grass plant, it should be noted that the water or soil used does not contain salts such as sodium and chlorine, or soil conditioners or growth stimulants should be used for the production and cultivation of this plant.
Agriculture and horticulture
Kosar Taheri Boukani; Abbas Hassani; MirHassan Rasouli-Sadaghiani; Mohsen Barin; Ramin Maleki
Abstract
Background and objectives: Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the mint family (Lamiaceae). Its fresh and dried leaves and essential oils are used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. In recent years, the use of symbiosis with plant beneficial rhizospheric ...
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Background and objectives: Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the mint family (Lamiaceae). Its fresh and dried leaves and essential oils are used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. In recent years, the use of symbiosis with plant beneficial rhizospheric microorganisms including rhizobacteria and endophytic fungi has been considered as a cost-efficient and sustainable strategy to alleviate the adverse effects of environmental stresses such as salinity. Therefore, the present study was conducted in the research greenhouse of Urmia University. It evaluated the effect of inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms on some growth, physiological, and phytochemical characteristics of basil plants under salt-stress conditions.Methodology: This research was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental factors were inoculation with microorganisms at three levels (control without inoculation, inoculation with Serendipita indica, and inoculation with a mixture of Pseudomonas areuginosa, P. putida, and P. fluorescens) and salinity stress at four levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 mM of NaCl). For inoculation, the germinated seeds were separately inoculated with S. indica suspension (5×105 spores per ml) and inoculum containing a mixture of Pseudomonas bacteria (1.61×109 cells per ml) and planted in prepared pots. The pots were irrigated with ordinary tap water until the plants were eight-leafed, and from this stage onwards, salinity stress treatments were applied by dissolving different concentrations of NaCl in the irrigation water and continued until the full flowering stage. In the full flowering stage, plant samples were collected and root colonization percentage by fungus, growth parameters (plant height, stem diameter, number and total length of lateral branches, leaf number and area, inflorescence length, fresh and dry weight of leaf and stem), leaf relative water content (RWC), photosynthetic pigments, concentration of leaf nutrients (N, P, K, Na and Cl), essential oil content and yield were evaluated. For essential oil extraction, shade-dried samples were hydro-distilled using a Clevenger-type apparatus.Results: The results showed that due to salinity stress, the percentage of root colonization by S. indica, growth parameters, RWC, photosynthetic pigments, essential oil content, yield, N, P, and K content, and K/Na ratio decreased while Na and Cl content increased. In addition, all evaluated parameters in inoculated plants were higher than in non-inoculated plants except Na and Cl content. The highest and lowest rates of growth parameters, RWC (74.47 and 72.39%), essential oil yield (0.23 and 0.17 ml/pot), and N content of leaves (1.36 and 1.14%) were obtained in plants inoculated with S. indica and non-inoculated plants, respectively. The highest and lowest amounts of chlorophyll a (0.87 and 0.74 mg/g fw), chlorophyll b (0.41 and 0.37 mg/g fw), essential oil percentage (1.24 and 1.05%), K content (5.15 and 3.97%), P content (0.29 and 0.24%) and the K/Na ratio (10.05 and 4.07), were observed in plants inoculated with a mixture of Pseudomonas bacteria and non-inoculated plants, respectively. Also, the lowest Na (1.34%) and Cl (2.93%) accumulation was observed in plants inoculated with Pseudomonas bacteria and S. indica fungus, respectively.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the use of plant growth-promoting microorganisms (S. indica fungus and a mixture of Pseudomonas bacteria) can alleviate adverse effects of salinity stress on the growth and essential oil production of the basil plant by increasing the absorption of water and nutrients, preserving photosynthetic pigments and reducing the accumulation of toxic ions.
Biotechnology
A. Shayan; M. Shokrpour; V. Nazeri; M. Babalar; A. Mehrabi
Abstract
Cultivation development of adaptable Thymus daenensis Celak to specific environmental conditions through population improvement requires the creation of a genetic pool rich of superior genotypes and exploitation of this diversity to identify genotypes with high combinability. In this research, to study ...
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Cultivation development of adaptable Thymus daenensis Celak to specific environmental conditions through population improvement requires the creation of a genetic pool rich of superior genotypes and exploitation of this diversity to identify genotypes with high combinability. In this research, to study the genetic diversity and combinability of different T. daenensis ecotypes under salinity, a factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors included salinity stress (0 and 90 mM NaCl) and ecotype (12 half-sib families derived from a polycross between 12 T. daenensis ecotypes). Salinity decreased all the measured traits (except for proline and carotenoids content) significantly compared to the control. The ecotypes differed significantly from each other in terms of length and leaf width, length of lateral branches, aerial parts dry weight, essential oil content, and proline content. Essential oil content and leaf width obtained the highest phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation. General heritability of the studied traits varied from 4.61% (leaf length) to 81.07% (leaf width). The highest general heritability was assigned to leaf width, essential oil content, and aerial parts dry weight. Regarding the higher genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability, and genetic advance of the traits including essential oil content and aerial parts dry weight, these traits could be considered as the most important criteria for the parents selection in the breeding programs of T. daenensis. The results showed that the ecotypes Malayer2, Zagheh, Arak, and Ilam had high combinability in terms of essential oil content. Considering the sufficient genetic diversity observed between the studied ecotypes along with their adequate combinability, it could be recommended to breed T. daenensis through the strategy of improving the population by producing synthetic cultivars for normal (non-stress) and salinity conditions.
Improvement and breeding
E. Danaee; V. Abdossi
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic environmental stresses which restricts the growth and production of plants. On the other hand, silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in the soil and alleviates the biotic and abiotic stresses in the plants. For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment ...
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Salinity is one of the most important abiotic environmental stresses which restricts the growth and production of plants. On the other hand, silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in the soil and alleviates the biotic and abiotic stresses in the plants. For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized statistical design with three replications to investigate the effects of silicon and nano-silicon (50 and 100 mg l-1) on some morphophysiological and phytochemical properties of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) under salinity stress at the different levels of sodium chloride (0, 50, and 100 mg l-1) in 2019. The results showed that the salinity stress significantly reduced the fresh and dry weight of aerial parts and root, and chlorophyll, total phenol, and protein contents. The activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes and essential oil percentage differed at the different salinity levels. The amount of proline also increased significantly due to the sodium chloride treatment of 100 mg l-1. The plants treatment with the different levels of silicon and nano-silicon reduced the negative effects of salinity stress on the evaluated indices. The nano-silicon treatment of 100 mg l-1 showed the highest inhibition of salinity stress effects on the growth indices, antioxidant enzymes activity, and essential oil percentage. Therefore, according to the results of this research, the foliar application of silicon and nano-silicon could be recommended to reduce the negative effects of salinity stress on peppermint.
H. Vosoughi Tabar; S.A. Hosseini Tafreshi; H. Dehghanzadeh
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of Azotobacter on growth indices, yield and essential oil content of two cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) landraces under salinity conditions, an experiment was carried out in a factorial design arranged as randomized complete block design with three replications in ...
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In order to investigate the effects of Azotobacter on growth indices, yield and essential oil content of two cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) landraces under salinity conditions, an experiment was carried out in a factorial design arranged as randomized complete block design with three replications in 2015 at the Kashan University. The treatments included two cumin landraces (Ardestān and Mashhad Ardehal), four salinity levels (control, 100, 150 and 200 mili molar Nacl) and two levels of azotobacter (control and seed inoculation). Results showed that salinity and inoculation with bacteria had a very significant effect on germination rate and percentage, radicle length and plumule height. Increased concentrations up to 200 Mm sodium chloride resulted in a significant reduction in germination percentage and germination rate, radicle length, plumule height, grain yield and essential oil yield. According to the results, in both landraces and at all salinity levels, inoculation with bacteria, resulted in a significant increase in chlorophyll a, b, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, grain yield and essential oil yield compared to the control. The Ardestān landrace had the highest chlorophyll a and b, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and essential oil content and tolerated salinity better compared to the Ardehal Mashhad landrace. In salinity conditions, inoculation of seeds with Azotobacter could reduce the negative effects of stress and improve the germination rate, seed yield and essential oil yield. The results of this experiment indicated that Ardestān landrace could be cultivated and used to reduce the effects of salinity due to the inoculation with Azotobacter, and higher grain yield and essential oil yield could be obtained under conditions similar to this experiment.
S.F. Taghizadeh; H. Aroiee; J. Asili
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of saline stress and coronatine on physiological and biochemical characteristics of two berberis cultivars (Berberis crataegina DC. and Berberis integerrima Bge.) in 2013. The study was arranged in a factorial completely randomized design (RCD) with four ...
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This study was conducted to determine the effects of saline stress and coronatine on physiological and biochemical characteristics of two berberis cultivars (Berberis crataegina DC. and Berberis integerrima Bge.) in 2013. The study was arranged in a factorial completely randomized design (RCD) with four replications. The study species were planted in the pots containing sand. The plants were treated with NaCl at four levels of 0, 25, 50, 75mM and three levels of coronatine (0. 0.75, 1.5mM). The results showed that the content of proline, total phenols, total flavonoids, total proanthocyanidine and anthocyanin increased in plants treated with salinity stress while the chlorophyll content was reduced by increasing of salt concentration. At the same concentration of NaCl, the maximum content of proline was recorded in plants treated with coronatine (1.5mM). The highest increase in the total chlorophyll content was related to coronatine (0.75mM); however, the content of total phenols, total flavonoids, total proanthocyanidine and anthocyanin was decreased at a concentration of 1.5mM coronatine.
F. Najafi; S. Mehrabian; R. Khavari-Nejad; Y. Ghorbani
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of different concentrations of NaCl (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 100mM) were investigated on some physiological parameters and antibacterial activities of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Ten-days-old seedlings, prepared in sterilized petri dishes, were transferred into pots ...
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In the present study, the effects of different concentrations of NaCl (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 100mM) were investigated on some physiological parameters and antibacterial activities of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Ten-days-old seedlings, prepared in sterilized petri dishes, were transferred into pots containing washed sand and irrigated with Hoagland nutrient solution. Pots were located in a growth chamber (at 25°C for 16h in light and 18°C for 8h in darkness) and after certain growth period, plants were harvested for analyses. For antibacterial analyses, the plants were treated throughout flowering and fruit production stages. Results showed that in all treated plants, proline content was increased and photosynthetic pigments were decreased in high concentrations of NaCl. Also, the studies on growth factors showed that in dill, these parameters were affected by NaCl. Studies on antibacterial activities showed that in most of the cases, the zone of inhibition was increased by increasing of salt concentration and the antibacterial effect of extract was significant in high concentrations. Of course, choosing the best way and solute for preparing the extract is important for reaching a noticeable antibacterial effect.
F. Salimi; F. Shekari; M.R. Azimi; E. Zangani
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of spraying with methyl jasmonate on membrance properties, ion uptake and osmotic adjustment and flower dry weight of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) under salt stress an experiment was conducted at greenhouse with three replications. The experimental design was factorial ...
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To evaluate the effect of spraying with methyl jasmonate on membrance properties, ion uptake and osmotic adjustment and flower dry weight of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) under salt stress an experiment was conducted at greenhouse with three replications. The experimental design was factorial based on randomized complete blocks design. The studied factors were as follows: spraying with methyl jasmonate at five levels including, 0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 μM in three growth stages: 1) 3 to 4 leaves, 2) stem elongation and 3) flowering (anthesis) and salt stress applied at four levels of 2.1, 6, 10 and 14 dS/m NaCl. The results showed that spraying with methyl jasmonate and salinity stress had significant effects (p ≤ 0.05) on all measured traits. The highest cell membrane stability, proline, K+, Ca+content, ratio of K+/Na+ and flower dry weight, with the lowest content of Na+ were obtained in spraying 75 µM MeJA and 6dS/m salinity stress. High amount of the mentioned parameters at the concentration of 6 dS/m salinity could be related to the assisting role of MeJA through preventing salt entrance and preferential absorption of K+ in mild salinities compared with the control treatment. In addition, application of MeJA induced significant increase in proline content. It seems that increase in proline content leads to cell membrane stability and salt resistance.
A. Farzaneh; M.T. Ebadi; S.H. Nemati; H. Arouiee
Abstract
In order to investigate the germination factors of two improved cultivars and one Iranian landrace of cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) under salt stress conditions a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with two factors in three replications was conducted at experimental laboratory ...
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In order to investigate the germination factors of two improved cultivars and one Iranian landrace of cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) under salt stress conditions a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with two factors in three replications was conducted at experimental laboratory of department of horticulture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2009. The main factor included two improved cultivars of cornflower (Ball blue and Ball junge) and one Iranian landrace and second factor included seven salinity levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 milli molar NaCl). Measured characteristics were germination percentage, germination velocity, vigor index, radicle and plumule length. According to the results of ANOVA, different levels of salt stress had significant effects on all measured characteristics while the effect of cultivar type was only significant on germination percentage, germination velocity and vigor index. The interaction between salinity and cultivar type had significant effect on all measured characteristics. The results showed that with increase in salinity level, all measured characteristics were significantly decreased. The most germination percentage and germination velocity (51.04 percent and 11.82 seed/day respectively) were obtained from Ball blue in control treatment and the lowest (9.32 percent and 0.5 seed/day respectively) was obtained from Iranian landrace and Ball junge cultivar in 300 mili molar NaCl. Decrease of plumule length was more than that of radicle length under salinity stress. In this study, improved cultivars of cornflower and Iranian landrace showed different responses to salt stress due to the diversity in their genotypes. Generally, Ball blue was identified as the most salt tolerance cultivar in germination stage.
A. Dadkhah
Abstract
This experiment was conducted in germinator in order to study the effects of water potential on seed germination, germination rate and seedlings growth of four medicinal plants as Trigonella foeaum-graecum L., Sesamum indicum L., Cannabis sativa L. and Carum copticum (L.) C. B. Clarke. Four water potential ...
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This experiment was conducted in germinator in order to study the effects of water potential on seed germination, germination rate and seedlings growth of four medicinal plants as Trigonella foeaum-graecum L., Sesamum indicum L., Cannabis sativa L. and Carum copticum (L.) C. B. Clarke. Four water potential were used including distilled water as control (0), -0.37, -0.59 and -0.81 Mpa which has been made by different salts (NaCl, CaCl2 and NaCl+CaCl2 in 5 to 1 molar ratio). The experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design with six replications. Results of variance analysis showed that effects of water potential, type of salt composition on germination percentage, rate of germination, root and shoot length were significant. With decreasing water potential, germination rate and percentage decreased. Of cource plants had different responses such as Sesamum indicum was not affected by decreasing water potential where as other significantly were decreased. The effect of salt composition was significant on rate and percentage of germination. The percentage of germination at lower water potential which was made by NaCl+CaCl2 significantly was higher than the same water potential made by only NaCl and CaCl2.
O. Khorsandi; A. Hassani; F. Sefidkon; H. Shirzad; A.R. Khorsandi
Abstract
Water and soil salinity on the environmental agents limit plant growth and its productivity in Iran. Anise Hyssop (Agastache foeniculum kuntz.) is a perennial and aromatic herb plant, belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The essential oil of Anise Hyssop used in food industries, pharmacy, perfumery and ...
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Water and soil salinity on the environmental agents limit plant growth and its productivity in Iran. Anise Hyssop (Agastache foeniculum kuntz.) is a perennial and aromatic herb plant, belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The essential oil of Anise Hyssop used in food industries, pharmacy, perfumery and making soda. This experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with six salt treatments including 0 (control), 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 mM NaCl and four replications in green house. Some parameters such as growth, yield and content and composition of essential oil were modulated. The results showed that salt stress had significant effects on estimated parameters. Salinity decreased plant height, number and length of axillary shoots, steam diameter, length of internodes, number and area of leaves, fresh and dry weight of leave and shoot, herbal yield and amount of essential oil in pot. In the composition of essential oil β-pinene, myrcene, anisaldehyd and β-bourbonene increased and amount of linalool and methyl chavicol decreased. Also high salinity (100 and 125 mM) destroyed plants.
I. Khammari; Sh.A. Sarani; M. Dahmardeh
Volume 23, Issue 3 , November 2007, , Pages 331-339
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate salt tolerance in Cyamopsis psoraloides, Cynara scolymus, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Cassia angustifolia, Ocimum basilicum and Hyssopus officinalis at germination stage. Salinity levels, including 0, 50, 100, and 200 mM were applied using a completely randomized design ...
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This study was conducted to evaluate salt tolerance in Cyamopsis psoraloides, Cynara scolymus, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Cassia angustifolia, Ocimum basilicum and Hyssopus officinalis at germination stage. Salinity levels, including 0, 50, 100, and 200 mM were applied using a completely randomized design with three replications. Germination percentage and rate were measured in the Petri dishes and root and shoot lengths were recorded at seeding stage. There was no germination for Hibiscus sabdariffa, Cassia angustifolia, Ocimum basilicum and Hyssopus officinalis at 200 mM NaCl. However, Cyamopsis psoraloides and Cynarascolymus showed seed germination at 200 mM NaCl. Higher salt tolerance potential in some species makes cultivation possible or other stress tolerant medicinal plants under saline environments.
S.F. Afzali; H. Shariatmadari; M.A. Hajabbasi; F. Moatar
Volume 23, Issue 3 , November 2007, , Pages 382-390
Abstract
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds with strong antioxidant effects. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is used for a variety of herbal remedies, containing classes of biologically active compounds including flavonoids and essential oil. There have also been many reports, showing that flavonol-O-glycosides ...
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Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds with strong antioxidant effects. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is used for a variety of herbal remedies, containing classes of biologically active compounds including flavonoids and essential oil. There have also been many reports, showing that flavonol-O-glycosides are quantitatively the most abundant flavonoids found in chamomile flowers. Tolerance of this plant on saline and drought conditions has not been well studied and documented. Therefore a greenhouse experiment was conducted using complete randomized design with four replications in order to evaluate the effects of salinity and drought stress on flower dry weight and falavonoids component of chamomile. Hydroponic solutions are used for salinity experiment at five levels of NaCl concentrations (0, 40, 80, 120, 190 mM). In order to examine drought stress, we used gravitational method and four treatments (FC soil moisture content, and 75, 90, 95 depletion percent of soil AWC) in a pot experiment. Then the flower dry weight and their flavonol-O-glycosides were measured. The Results showed that both salinity and drought reduced flower dry weight and flavonoids concentration, but drought reduction effects were more than salinity. Flowers dry weight significantly increased with increasing NaCl concentration up to 40 mM while decreased at higher salinity levels. There were no significant differences between salinity treatments up to 80 mM NaCl for flavonol-O-glycosides concentration. Regarding the dry flower yield, the highest content of flavonol-O-glycosides was observed in 40 mM NaCl treatments. Flower dry weight and Flavonol- O- glycosides decreased as drought levels increased.
