Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Department of Horticulture, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran
2 Department of Horticulture and Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic environmental stresses which restricts the growth and production of plants. On the other hand, silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in the soil and alleviates the biotic and abiotic stresses in the plants. For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized statistical design with three replications to investigate the effects of silicon and nano-silicon (50 and 100 mg l-1) on some morphophysiological and phytochemical properties of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) under salinity stress at the different levels of sodium chloride (0, 50, and 100 mg l-1) in 2019. The results showed that the salinity stress significantly reduced the fresh and dry weight of aerial parts and root, and chlorophyll, total phenol, and protein contents. The activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes and essential oil percentage differed at the different salinity levels. The amount of proline also increased significantly due to the sodium chloride treatment of 100 mg l-1. The plants treatment with the different levels of silicon and nano-silicon reduced the negative effects of salinity stress on the evaluated indices. The nano-silicon treatment of 100 mg l-1 showed the highest inhibition of salinity stress effects on the growth indices, antioxidant enzymes activity, and essential oil percentage. Therefore, according to the results of this research, the foliar application of silicon and nano-silicon could be recommended to reduce the negative effects of salinity stress on peppermint.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Ahmad, P., Ahanger, M.A., Alam, P., Alyemeni, M.N., Wijaya, L. and Ali, S., 2019. Silicon (Si) supplementation alleviates NaCl toxicity in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) through the modifications of physio-biochemica attributes and key antioxidant enzymes. Journal of Plant GrowthRegulation, 38: 70-82.
- Al-Aghabary, K., Zhu, Z. and Shi, Q., 2005. Influence of silicon supply on chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence and anti-oxidative enzyme activities in tomato plants under salt stress. Journal Plant Nutrition, 27: 2101-2115.
- Alizade Ahmadabadi, A. and Khorasaninejad, S., 2016. The effect of humic acid pretreatment on germination of purple cornflower (Echinacea purpurea) plant under drought and salinity conditions. Arid Biome Scientific and Research Journal, 6(2): 97-107.
- Amiri, H. and Ghasemi Ramadanabad, Z., 2018. The effects of salinity on chemical composition of essential oil of Satureja rechingeri. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 31(2): 505-515.
- Amirossadat, Z., Mohammadi Ghehsareh, A. and Mojiri, A., 2012. Impact of silicon on decreasing of salinity stress in greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in soilless culture. Journal of Biological Environmental Science, 6(17): 171-174.
- Arnon, D I., 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24(1): 1-15.
- Ashraf, M. and Akhtar, N., 2004. Influence of salt stress on growth, ion accumulation and seed oil content in sweet fennel. Biologia Plantarum, 48(3): 461-464.
- Ashraf, M. and Ali, Q., 2008. Relative membrane permeability and activities of some antioxidant enzymes as the key determinants of salt tolerance in canola (Brassica napus L.). Environmental and Experimental Botany, 63: 266-273.
- Ashraf, M. and Foolad, M.R., 2007. Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress and resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59: 206-216.
- Ashraf, M., Mukhtar, N., Rehman, S. and Rha, E.S., 2004. Salt-induced changes in photosynthetic activity and growth in a potential medicinal plant Bishop’s weed. Photosynthetica, 42(4): 543-555.
- Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P. and Teare, I.D., 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207.
- Beyer, W.F. and Fridovich, I., 1987. Assaying for superoxide dismutase activity: some large consequences of minor changes in condition. Analytical Biochemistry, 161(2): 559-566.
- Bradford, M.M., 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72: 248-254.
- Clickle, F.G. and Reid, M.S., 2002. Postharvest handling of stock (Matthiola incana). HortScienc, 37(1): 144-147.
- Dakora, F.D. and Nelwamondo, A., 2003. Silicon nutrition promotes root growth and tissue mechanical strength in symbiotic cowpea. Functional Plant Biology, 30(9): 947-953.
- El-din, A.A., Aziz, E.E., Hendawy, S. and Omer, E., 2009. Response of Thymus vulgaris L. to salt stress and Alar (B9) in newly reclaimed soil. The Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 5(12): 2165-2170.
- Enteshari, S., Alishavandi, R. and Delavar, K., 2011. Interactive effects of silicon and NaCl on some physiological and biochemical parameters in Borago officinalis. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, 2(1): 315-320.
- Ezhilmathi, K., Singh, V., Arora, P. and Sairam, R.K., 2007. Effect of 5-sulfocalicylic acid on antioxidant in relation to vase life of gladiolus cut flower. Plant Growth Regulation, 51: 99-108.
- Farshidi, M., Abdolzadeh, A. and Sadeghipour, H.R., 2012. Silicon nutrition alleviates physiological disorders imposed by salinity in hydroponically grown canola (Brassica napus L.) plants. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 34: 1779-1788.
- Frew, A., Weston, L.A., Reynolds, O.L. and Gurr, G.M., 2018. The role of silicon in plant biology: A paradigm shift in research approach. Annals of Botany, 121: 1265-1273.
- Haghighi, M. and Pessarakli, M., 2013. Influence of silicon and nano-silicon on salinity tolerance of cherrytomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) at early growth stage. Scientia Horticulturae, 161: 111-117.
- Hajiboland, R. and Cheraghvareh, L., 2014. Influence of Si supplementation on growth and some physiological and biochemical parameters in salt-stressed tobacco (Nicotiana rustica L.) plants. Journal of Sciences, 25(3): 205-217.
- Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K. and Fujita, M., 2013. Plant response to salt stress and role of exogenous protectants to mitigate salt-induced damages: 25-87. In: Smith, H. and Burns, M., (Eds.). Ecophysiology and Responses of Plants under Salt Stress Springer, Hyderabad, 512p.
- Jaffel, K., Sai, S., Bouraoui, N., Ammar, R., Legendre, L., Lachâal, M. and Marzouk, B., 2011. Influence of salt stress on growth, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activity in borage (Borago officinalis L.). Plant Biosystems-An International Journal Dealing with All Aspects of Plant Biology, 145: 362-369.
- Kalteh, M., Alipour, Z., Ashraf, S., Marashi Aliabadi, M. and Falah, A., 2014. Effects of silica nanoparticles on basil (Ocimum basilicum) under salinity stress. Journal of Chemical Health Risks, 4(3): 49-55.
- Khorasaninejad, S., Soltanloo, H., Hadian, J. and Atashi, S., 2016. The effect of salinity stress on the growth, quantity and quality of essential oil of lavender (Lavandula angustifulia Miller). Journal of Horticultural Science, 30(2): 209-216.
- Kim, Y.H., Khan, A.L., Waqas, M. and Lee, I.J., 2017. Silicon regulates antioxidant activities of crop plants under abiotic-induced oxidative stress: a review. Frontier in Plant Science,8: 510.
- Lotfollahi, L., Torabi, H. and Omidi, H., 2015. Salinity effect on proline, photosynthetic pigments and leaf relative water content in chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) in hydroponic condition. Journal of Plant Production, 22(1): 89-104.
- Malik, C.P. and Singh, M.B., 1980. Plant Enzymology and Histoenzymology: A Text Manual. Kalyani Publisher, New Delhi, 434p.
- Mancarella, S., Orsini, F., Van Oosten, M.J., Sanoubar, R., Stanghellini, C., Kondo, S., Gianquinto, G. and Maggio, A., 2016. Leaf sodium accumulation facilitates salt stress adaptation and preserves photosystem functionality in salt stressed Ocimum basilicum. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 130: 162-173.
- Mehrafarin, A., Naghdi Badi, H., Mirzai Motlagh, M., Salehi, M. and Ghiasi Yekta, M., 2017. Phytochemical and morphophysiological responses of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) to foliar application of potassium sulfate and methanol biostimulant. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 16(64): 93-109.
- Mohsenzadeh, S., Shahrtash, M. and Teixeira de Silva, J.A., 2012. Silicon improves growth and alleviates toxicity of cadmium in maize seedling. Plant Stress, 6(1): 39-43.
- Omidbeigi, R., 2005. An Approach to the Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants (Vol. 2). Tararahen-e-Nashr Publication, 171p.
- Parida, A.K. and Das, A.B., 2005. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 60: 324-349.
- Putter, J., 1974. Peroxidase: 685-690. In: Bergmeyer, A., (Ed.). Methods in Enzymatic Analysis, V2. Academic press, New York, 685p.
- Rahdari, P, Tavakoli, S. and Hosseini, S.M., 2012. Studying of salinity stress effect on germination, proline, sugar, protein, lipid and chlorophyll content in purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) leaves. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, 8(1): 182-193.
- Rahimi, R., Mohammakhani, A., Roohi, V. and Armand, N., 2012. Effects of salt stress and silicon nutrition on cholorophyll content, yield and yield components in fennel (Foeniculum vulgar Mill.). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 4(21): 1591-1595.
- Ramakrishna, A. and Ravishankar, G.A., 2011. Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Signaling and Behavior, 6: 1720-1731.
- Rios-Estepa, R., Turner, G.W., Lee, J.M., Croteau, R.B. and Lange, B.M., 2008. A systems biology approach identifies the biochemical mechanisms regulating monoterpenoid essential oil composition in peppermint. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(8): 2818-2823.
- Rita, P. and Animesh, D.K., 2011. An updated overview on peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2(8): 1-10.
- Sadat, N. and Ladan Moghadam, A.R., 2019. Effect of salicylic acid foliar application on control of NaCl salt salinity on some morphological, physiological traits and growth of peppermint mint (Mentha piperita). Cellular and Molecular Plant Biology Journal, 13(3): 43-31.
- Sayadi, A., Ahmadi, J., Asghari, B. and Hossini, S.N., 2014. Investigating the effect of drought and salinity stress on the phenolic composition of the medicinal plant (Thymus vulgaris L.). Eco-Photochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2(4): 50-61.
- Shahid, S.A., Zaman, M. and Heng, L., 2018. Soil salinity: historical perspectives and a world overview of the problem: 43-53. In: Zaman, M., Shahid, Sh.A. and Heng, L., (Eds.). Guideline for Salinity Assessment, Mitigation and Adaptation Using Nuclear and Related Techniques, Springer International Publisher, 164p.
- Torabi, F., Majd, A., Enteshari, Sh. and Irian, S., 2013. Study of Effect of Silicon on Some Anatomical and Physiological Characteristics of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) in Hydroponic Conditions. Journal of Cell & Tissue, 4(3): 275-285.
- Wildung, M.R. and Croteau, R.B., 2005. Genetic engineering of peppermint for improved essential oil composition and yield. Transgenic Research, 14(4): 365-372.
- Yousefi, R. and Esna-Ashari, M., 2016. The effect of micro- and nanoparticles of silicon dioxide (SiO2) on some qualitative characteristics and nutrient elements of strawberry fruit (Fragaria ananassa Duch.). Journal of Plant Production Research, 23(3): 97-113.
- Zare, F., Khorasaninejad, S. and Hemmati, Kh., 2018. The effect of silicon on some morpho-physiological and phytochemical traits of Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.) under salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology, 10(37): 55-68.
)