Improvement and breeding
B. Yoosefi; S.R. Tabaie-Aghdaie; A. Amiri
Abstract
Forty eight damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) accessions from different parts of Iran (11 native accessions of Kermanshah and 37 accessions from other provinces of the country) were cultivated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Mehregan research station, Kermanshah province ...
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Forty eight damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) accessions from different parts of Iran (11 native accessions of Kermanshah and 37 accessions from other provinces of the country) were cultivated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Mehregan research station, Kermanshah province in 2006-2011 and their yield, morphological, and phenological traits were studied. Each experimental plot consisted of three individual plants with a distance of 3 m × 3 m. The drip irrigation was carried out once every 10 days. Also, the chemical fertilizers and pesticides were not used in the field. The desired traits were recorded and analyzed after the seedlings establishment in the third to fifth years. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that all the studied traits were significantly different (P<0.01) between the experimental years and between the different accessions. The variance of accession × year interaction in all the traits was significant (P<0.01). According to the results, the accessions Kermanshah codes 10, 11, 2, and 3, Kurdistan 1, and Isfahan codes 7 and 4 could be introduced for the cultivation in the climatic conditions of Kermanshah province as the compatible accessions with suitable flower and essential oil yield.
M. Oveysi Omran; M. Zavareh; F. Sefidkon; B. Abaszadeh; S. Asadi-Sanam
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of soil application of potassium fertilizer and foliar application of brasinosteroid on morphophysiological characteristics and essential oil yield of medicinal plant purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) in response to water availability. ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of soil application of potassium fertilizer and foliar application of brasinosteroid on morphophysiological characteristics and essential oil yield of medicinal plant purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) in response to water availability. Treatments consisted of three levels of water availability (irrigation at 90% (control), 60%, and 30% of field capacity (FC)) in main plots and four amounts of potassium fertilizer (no potassium application (control), 50, 100, and 150 kg K2O ha-1) as well as the foliar application of three brassinosteroid concentrations (distilled water (control), 0.1, and 1 μM) in subplots. Results showed that the highest mean plant height (67.8 cm), number of leaves plant-1(151), number of flowers plant-1 (18.1), flower dry weight (151.9 g plant-1) and aerial parts dry weight (508.6 g plant-1) were obtained in the second year of the experiment under 150 kg ha-1 potassium and normal irrigation treatments. The highest percentage of essential oil (76) was obtained under irrigation at 60% of FC, 150 kg ha-1 potassium, and 1 µM brassinosteroid treatments. In the second year, the maximum amount of essential oil plant-1 (0.67 g) was related to 150 kg ha-1 potassium and 1 μm brassinosteroid treatments. In general, the results of this study showed that irrigation at 60% of FC together with 150 kg ha-1 potassium and 1 μM of brassinosteroid could reduce the effects of drought stress, increase the amount of essential oil plant-1 and improve some morphophysiological characteristics in purple coneflower.
Sh. Mashayekhi; A. Abdali Mshhadi; A. Bakhshandeh; A. Lotfi Jalal-Abadi; S.M. Seyyednejad
Abstract
Foliar spray of chemical and organic compounds can affect the quantitative and qualitative yield of important medicinal plants such as German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). In order to investigate the effect of salicylic (control, 200, 400 and 600 μM) and humic (control, 200, 400 and 600 mg ...
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Foliar spray of chemical and organic compounds can affect the quantitative and qualitative yield of important medicinal plants such as German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). In order to investigate the effect of salicylic (control, 200, 400 and 600 μM) and humic (control, 200, 400 and 600 mg l-1) acids foliar spray on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of German chamomile, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Khuzestan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2015. The results showed that the highest number of flowers per plant was observed in 600 μM salicylic (91) and 600 mg l-1 humic (96) acids treatments. The highest fresh flower yield (1014 g m-2) was obtained from salicylic acid (400 μM) × humic acid (600 mg l-1), which was 115% higher than that of the control treatment. The use of salicylic and humic acids had a great influence on the total antioxidant capacity and the content of flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids. The highest percentage of chamazulene (6.1%) was obtained from salicylic acid (400 μM) × humic acid (600 mg l-1) treatment, and the lowest one (4.1%) from the control treatment. In total, the best results were obtained from simultaneous application of salicylic (400 μM) and humic (600 mg l-1) acids.
M.S. Dehghani; M. Naeemi; E. Gholamali Alamdari; H. Jabari
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effects of chitosan foliar application under water deficit stress conditions on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), a study was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with factorial arrangement of treatments ...
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In order to evaluate the effects of chitosan foliar application under water deficit stress conditions on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), a study was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with factorial arrangement of treatments and three replications at Gonbad Kavous University research field, Iran in 2014 growing season. Treatments included irrigation at two levels, irrigation after 60 mm evaporation from class A pan and 100 mm evaporation from class A pan, and chitosan spraying at five levels including non-application of chitosan (spraying with distilled water as control (K1)), chitosan spraying at 125 mg/l after 60 days of planting (K2), 125 mg/l after 75 days of planting (K3), 250 mg/l after 60 days of planting (K4) and 250 mg/l after 75 days of planting (K5). Results showed that water deficit stress decreased the plant height, number of flowers, plant dry weight and flower dry yield. Foliar application of chitosan increased the number of branches per plant and flower dry yield. Results indicated that utilization of second level of chitosan under stress and third level of chitosan under normal irrigation improved the chamazolen essential oil percentage and yield. According to results of this study, application of chitosan spraying at 125 mg/l after 60 days of planting under deficit water stress conditions caused the highest percentage and yield of essential oil and chamazulene percentage. In general, in order to prevent and reduce the damage of water stress as well as increased chamazulene, the use of bio-polymer chitosan as a natural material in German chamomile is important.
R. Rezaei; S.A.R. Valadabadi; A.H. Shirani Rad; S. Sayfzadeh; E. Hadidi Masouleh
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of biological fertilizers application and various amounts of urea fertilizers under the water stress conditions on yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and effective ingredients of Calendula officinalis L., an experiment was implemented during the two cultivation years ...
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In order to investigate the effects of biological fertilizers application and various amounts of urea fertilizers under the water stress conditions on yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and effective ingredients of Calendula officinalis L., an experiment was implemented during the two cultivation years of 2015-2106 and 2016-2017. The study was conducted at the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch. The experiment was performed in three replications as a split-split plot in a completely randomized blocks design. The experimental treatments included two levels of water stress as (the main factor): the absence of water stress (control) and irrigation cut off at the budding stage, as well as, four levels of biological fertilizers (as sub-factor) (no use), the application of Azotobacter (Chroococum), the application of Azospirillum (Brasilense), and combined application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum. Urea fertilizer sources were also classified (sub-factor) in four levels including no use (control), recommended amount of sulfur coated urea fertilizer (175 kg/ha of recommended amount of fertilizer), 75% of recommended amount of sulfur coated urea fertilizer (131 kg/ha), and the recommended amount of urea fertilizer without coating at 175 kg/ha. The results showed that irrigation cut off at budding stage resulted in reduced flower yield, biological yield, the amount of nitrogen, nitrogen use efficiency (crop efficiency), and nitrogen uptake efficiency. However, it resulted in the increased nitrogen use efficiency, α-cadinol, and morolol. In addition, in both years of experiment, the combined use of Azotobacter and Azospirillum, along with the recommended amount of sulfur coated urea fertilizer resulted in the increased content of α-cadinol. The highest nitrogen use efficiency was achieved under non-water stress conditions and the combined use of bio-fertilizer (Azotobacter and Azospirillum) and the use of 75% of the recommended amount of sulfur coated urea fertilizer. In the second year, the lack of water stress and the combined use of bio-fertilizer (Azotobacter and Azospirillum) and the recommended amount of sulfur coated urea fertilizer also resulted in a significant reduction in nitrogen use efficiency. In the first and second years, the lack of water stress and the combined use of Azotobacter and Azospirillum and the recommended amount of sulfur coated urea fertilizer resulted in increased flower yield and biological yield.
M. Dahmardeh; R. Taji; I. Khammari; T. Hadadi
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of iron and silver nanoparticles on morphological and physiological traits of borage (Borago officinalis L.), an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016 at the University of Zabol. The ...
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In order to investigate the effects of iron and silver nanoparticles on morphological and physiological traits of borage (Borago officinalis L.), an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016 at the University of Zabol. The identification of synthesized nanoparticles was performed using FT-IR infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The treatments included iron and silver nanoparticles with four levels (control, 40, 60, 80 ppm), sprayed together and separately in two stages. The results indicated that spraying iron and silver nanoparticles had significantly different effects on soluble carbohydrates, mucilage, chlorophyll a, carotenoids, leaf and branch number, inflorescence height, flower number, and dry flower weight. Iron and silver nanoparticles (80ppm) had the highest effect on the traits measured. In all traits measured, iron nanoparticles were more effective than silver nanoparticles except chlorophyll b. Simultaneous use of iron and silver nanoparticles showed different effects on all traits, so that the highest significant difference was recorded for iron and silver nanoparticles at 80ppm.
M. Omidi; K. Saeidi; A. Mohammadkhani; M.R. Bastan; B. Saadatjou
Abstract
Mullein (Verbascum phlomoides L.) is a valuable medicinal plant belonging to the Scrophulariacea. In this study, the yield and active substances of flowers in Shahrekord and Sepidan regions were investigated. The experiment was based on a completely randomized design with four replications. ...
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Mullein (Verbascum phlomoides L.) is a valuable medicinal plant belonging to the Scrophulariacea. In this study, the yield and active substances of flowers in Shahrekord and Sepidan regions were investigated. The experiment was based on a completely randomized design with four replications. Seeds were sown in autumn. Flowers were collected at full flowering stage for evaluation of yield and active substances. Total phenols, total anthocyanin, mucilage, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity were measured using Folin-ciocalteau, different pH, hot extraction, colorimetric aluminum, and DPPH methods, respectively. Shahrekord region had the highest flower yield (652.5 kg/h), total flavonoid (3.53 mg rutin/g dw), total anthocyanin (1.35 mg/ml) and antioxidant activity (117.42), showing significant difference with Sepidan region (P<0.05). The highest mucilage content (2.34%) was observed from Sepidan region. The results of the present study showed that climatic factors affected the yield and quality of active substances of Mullein.
M. Ebrahimi; Gh.R. Zamani; Z. Alizadeh
Abstract
As an important medicinal plant in some industries such as pharmaceutical industry, the antioxidant capacity of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) in conferring drought stress, as well as physiological and yield-related traits were studied. A complete randomized block design with three replications ...
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As an important medicinal plant in some industries such as pharmaceutical industry, the antioxidant capacity of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) in conferring drought stress, as well as physiological and yield-related traits were studied. A complete randomized block design with three replications was carried out in the research greenhouse of Birjand University during 2014, 2015. Four levels of drought stress (including 80, 60, 40 and 20 percent of the available soil water content) and two plant types (medicinal and ornamental) were considered in this study. According to the results, with increasing drought severity, APX activity decreased and SOD and CAT activity initially increased and then decreased. Over accumulation of reactive oxygen species along with inefficiency of the antioxidant system had possibly resulted in the impaired enzymatic antioxidant efficiency in the highest level of drought stress. Proline content increased along with increasing drought intensity, so that it was up to fourfold in the highest level of drought stress, compared to non-stressed control. Although proline is an antioxidant compound, no relationship was found between proline accumulation with antioxidant enzymes. Carotenoids, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll index all decrease, and MDA content increased with increasing drought intensity, as a result of damages to chloroplast membranes. Reduced photochemical efficiency of photosystem II was another consequence of intensified water deficit. Drought stress also negatively affected yield related traits, so that dry weight (27%), height (32%), number of lateral branches (33%) and flowers (50%) and flower yield (60%) decreased. We also found that medicinal pot marigold (824.3 kg.ha-1) produced more flower than ornamental one (654.9 kg.ha-1). In conclusion, we found that enzymatic antioxidant system of pot marigold conferred a suitable ability to reduce adverse effects of drought-induced oxidative stress. Hence, increasing pot marigold’s antioxidant activity could result in increasing its physiological resistant to drought stress and consequently improves its yield components performance.
A. Salehi; A. Ghalavand; F. Sefidkon; A. Asgharzade; K. Saeedi
Abstract
In order to study the effects of zeolite, bio and organic fertilizers on the growth, yield and yield components of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) in organic cultivation, an experiment was conducted at the research field of Tarbiat Modares University in 2005. The factors were PGPR inoculums ...
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In order to study the effects of zeolite, bio and organic fertilizers on the growth, yield and yield components of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) in organic cultivation, an experiment was conducted at the research field of Tarbiat Modares University in 2005. The factors were PGPR inoculums (inoculated and no inoculated), zeolite (0 and 9 ton/ha) and vermicompost (0, 5, 10 ton/ha). The experimental design was factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with twelve treatments and three replications. Mean comparison was carried out using Duncan’s multiple range test (at 5% level). Results showed that the highest value of flower yield (358.13), biological yield (1572.09), number of flower per plant (61.09), flower diameter (21.84) and height (45.51) were obtained with PGPR inoculums. Zeolite also showed significant effects on mentioned traits except flower diameter and harvest index. With increasing of vermicompost levels, all traits were increased as the highest value of flower yield (434.22), biological yield (1814.30), number of flower per plant (72.71), flower diameter (22.35) and height (47.91) were obtained with application of 10 ton/ha vermicompost. In addition, there were positive and synergistic interactions between vermicompost combined with PGPR and vermicompost combined with zeolite on dry flower yield, as the highest flower yield was obtained in v3b2 and v3z2 treatments with 448.73 and 448.7kg/ha, respectively.
M.J. Seghatoleslami; S.G Mosavi; T. Barzegaran
Abstract
Nowadays, changes in cultivation pattern towards drought resistant species are proposed as a solution to tackle drought. To study the effect of irrigation levels and planting date on yield and water use efficiency of Hibiscus sabdariffa L., an experiment was conducted in the research field of agriculture ...
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Nowadays, changes in cultivation pattern towards drought resistant species are proposed as a solution to tackle drought. To study the effect of irrigation levels and planting date on yield and water use efficiency of Hibiscus sabdariffa L., an experiment was conducted in the research field of agriculture college of Islamic Azad University of Birjand during 2010-2011. Three levels of irrigation (20, 60 and 100 percent evapotranspiration of source plant) as main plots and different planting dates (May 10th, June 1th and June 20th) as sub plots were studied in a split plot experiment with three replications in a randomized complete blocks design. The results indicated that different irrigation levels and planting dates had significant effects on number of flowers per square meter, dry and fresh weight of flowers, total biomass yield and water use efficiency (flower and biomass). The highest number of flowers per square meter (62.42), flower fresh weight (62.50 grams per square meter), flower dry weight (10.30 grams per square meter), total biomass yield (150.3 grams per square meter), water use efficiency of flowers (0.024 gram per) and water use efficiency of biomass (0.532 gram per liter) were obtained from the first planting date i.e. May 10th. Also, the highest number of flowers per square meter (55.88), flower fresh weight (72.40 grams per square meter), flower dry weight (11.46 grams per square meter), biomass yield (142.5 grams per square meter), water use efficiency of flower (0.042 gram per liter) and water use efficiency of biomass (0.897 gram per liter) were recorded for the irrigation level of 20 percent evapotranspiration of the source plant. Irrigation levels and planting dates had no significant effect on flower harvest index. The interaction effect of irrigation levels and planting dates was significant on flower dry and fresh weight, total biomass yield and water use efficiency (flower and biomass). The highest values of these traits were obtained at planting date of 10 May and irrigation level of 20 percent evapotranspiration of source plant. Generally, with regard to the early cold fall and long growth period of Hibiscus sabdariffa, its plantation is not recommended in Birjand climate. According to the results of this experiment, water requirement of this plant was low.
M.K. Soltani Gerdfaramarzi; H. Omidi; H. Habibi; M.H. Lebaschy; A. Zarezadeh
Abstract
For assigning of drought stress and glycine betaine effects on yield, yield components and essential oil in German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) genotypes,a field experiment was conducted in the Field of the Agricultural Educational Center of Yazd in 2008-2009 Cropping season. The experiment was ...
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For assigning of drought stress and glycine betaine effects on yield, yield components and essential oil in German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) genotypes,a field experiment was conducted in the Field of the Agricultural Educational Center of Yazd in 2008-2009 Cropping season. The experiment was established as a randomized complete blocks design using a split plot factorial with 4 replication arrangement and three factors including drought stress at three levels (irrigation at 60, 120, 180 mm evaporation pan class A) in main plots and factorial combination of Glycine betaine (no foliar application, 2, 4 kg/ha foliar application) and cultivars (Isfahan mass and Hungary breed seed) in subplot. Plant height, plant flower number, dry flower yield and relative water content were measured. Results showed there are indirect relations between drought stresses and plant height, plant flower number, dry flower yield and relative water content. Also results showed that 2 kg/ha foliar application of Glycine betaine was better than others and there are no significant different between cultivars.
B. Mirshekari
Abstract
In order to study the effects of irrigation time and nitrogen fertilizer on growth period, essential oil and chamazulene yield of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), Bodegold variety, an experiment was conducted in a cold and semi-arid region, Tabriz, Iran, as split factorial with irrigation ...
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In order to study the effects of irrigation time and nitrogen fertilizer on growth period, essential oil and chamazulene yield of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), Bodegold variety, an experiment was conducted in a cold and semi-arid region, Tabriz, Iran, as split factorial with irrigation times (after 60, 120, 180 mm evaporation from pan), urea rates (50, 100, 150 kg ha-1, equivalent with 23, 46 and 69 kg ha-1 pure nitrogen) and urea splitting (100% in planting time, equally in planting and stem elongation stages, 25%:50%: 25% in planting, stem elongation and early flowering stages). Analysis of flower essential oil was done by GC/MS. Results showed that emergence of flower bud in treatments irrigated after 180 and 60 mm evaporation from pan, happened after 70 and 78 days respectively. Increasing of urea application delayed full flowering of chamomile. Delay in irrigation from 60 to 120 mm evaporation reduced dry flower yield up to 2.3%. Application of nitrogen fertilizer at two stages of planting and stem elongation increased flower yield up to 351 kg ha-1. Shoot dry weight of chamomile increased from 76 g m-2 in the third level of irrigation to 126 g m-2 in average of first and second levels of irrigation. The highest essential oil yield (2.82 l ha-1) was obtained when urea was equally applied at planting and stem elongation stages. After applying 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 urea, chamazulene content was respectively calculated as 0.31, 0.44 and 0.36 l ha-1. According to the results, for chamomile cultivation in this region and also other similar areas it is recommended that irrigation is done after 120 mm evaporation from pan and 46 kg ha-1 nitrogen is equally applied at planting and stem elongation stages.
M.T. Ebadi; M. Azizi; R. Omidbaigi; M. Hassanzadeh khayyat
Abstract
In order to study the effect of sowing date and harvest frequency on flower yield, essential oil percent and composition of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) CV. Presov, prepared from Slovakia, an experiment was conducted. The experiment was split-plot method based on randomized complete block design ...
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In order to study the effect of sowing date and harvest frequency on flower yield, essential oil percent and composition of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) CV. Presov, prepared from Slovakia, an experiment was conducted. The experiment was split-plot method based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Main plots consisted of three sowing dates (6th Nov, 5th Mar, and 4th Apr) and sub-plots included three harvest frequencies (first, second and third). Evaluated traits were dry flower yield, essential oil percentage and yield, yield of b-farnesene, a-bisabolol oxide B, a-bisabolol, chamazulene, a-bisabolol oxide A. The results showed that sowing date, harvest frequency and their interaction had significant effect on these parameters. Based on the results, the most dry flower yield (40 g/m2) was obtained from the second harvest of 6th November. Also the highest essential oil content (0.72 percent w/w), essential oil yield (0.26 g/m2) and a-bisabolol yield (0.2375 g/m2) were obtained from the second harvest of March and the most chamazulene yield (0.0473 g/m2) was obtained from the third harvest of March that it had a little difference with second harvest. According to the results, the best chamomile quality was attained in second harvest of March sowing date in Mashhad condition.
M.R. Kodori; S.R. Tabaei-Aghdaei
Volume 23, Issue 1 , May 2007, , Pages 100-110
Abstract
This study was conducted at Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Kerman province in 2004-2006. Nine Damask rose accessions collected from different parts of Kerman province were planted using a three replicated randomized complete block design (RCB). Flower yield, flower number, single ...
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This study was conducted at Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Kerman province in 2004-2006. Nine Damask rose accessions collected from different parts of Kerman province were planted using a three replicated randomized complete block design (RCB). Flower yield, flower number, single flower fresh and dry weight, flower dry matter percentage, petal/flower weight, petal, stamen and pistil numbers were evaluated. Results of ANOVA showed significant differences among accessions for all the traits. Also, significant correlation was observed between different traits, and flower yield showed maximum correlation with flower number and single flower weight. Comparison of means (Duncan method) classified the accessions into different groups based on the above characteristics. The accession collected from Rafsanjan showed the highest flower yield.
S.R. Tabaei-Aghdaei; M. Sahebi; A.A. Jafari; M.B. Rezaee
Volume 20, Issue 2 , July 2004, , Pages 199-211
Abstract
In order to study the genetic variation in Rosa damascena Mill., an experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Eleven genotypes were evaluated, using a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Flower yield, flower number, ...
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In order to study the genetic variation in Rosa damascena Mill., an experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Eleven genotypes were evaluated, using a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Flower yield, flower number, single flower weight, plant height, canopy, branch angel, leaf number, spine density and spine length, were analyzed, using analysis of variance, principal components analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed significant differences among genotypes for all of the traits, indicating a considerable genetic variation in germplasm available in Iran. Using principal components analysis, the first three components determined 68.43% of the total variation. According to the cluster analysis, genotypes could be grouped into 3 clusters. Genotypes in cluster 1 averaged well above the overall mean for productivity and the other characteristics.
