Biological effects of essential oils and extracts
S. Malekpur; S. Nosrati; B. Behboodian; J. Gholamnezhad; M. Armin
Abstract
In the present study, first, an in vitro experiment was conducted to study the effects of Thymus vulgaris L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Rosmarinus officinalis L., and Mentha piperita L. water extracts on reducing the growth of Fusarium rot disease factor of cucumber (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum ...
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In the present study, first, an in vitro experiment was conducted to study the effects of Thymus vulgaris L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Rosmarinus officinalis L., and Mentha piperita L. water extracts on reducing the growth of Fusarium rot disease factor of cucumber (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum (forc)) by the saturated paper disk method. According to the results, the water extracts of Th. vulgaris, F. vulgare, R. officinalis, and M. piperita at a concentration of 250 ppm with the inhibitory zone diameter of 24.66, 17.33, 11.66, and 10.33 mm, respectively, showed the highest antifungal activity compared to the control (the inhibitory zone diameter of 3.66 mm). Then, it followed by a greenhouse experiment to investigate the effects of Th. vulgaris and F. vulgare water extracts on the cucumber cv. Nagene treated with F. oxysporum. The water extract of Th. vulgaris at a concentration of 200 ppm with the disease index of 31% showed the greatest reduction in the disease symptoms compared to the infected control and the F. vulgare treatment with the disease indices of 82.66 and 42%, respectively. Study on the activity of polyphenol oxidase, β-1, 3-glucanase, and peroxidase enzymes under the greenhouse conditions showed that the activity of all three enzymes had an increasing trend. So that the activity of enzymes in the combined treatment of Th. vulgaris water extract (200 ppm) and pathogen increased respectively from 1.12, 1.11, and 0.27 ΔOD/min/mg protein on the first day after the inoculation to 5.25, 4.81, and 2.88 ΔOD/min/mg protein on the 12th day, and it had a significant difference with the control. Considering the results of this research, it was found that the water extract of Th. vulgaris, in addition to the direct fungicidal effect, could increase the activity of defense enzymes in the cucumber plants resulted in the host plant resistance induction against the pathogen.
Agriculture and horticulture
A. Hayati; M.M. Rahimi; A. Kelidari; S.M. Hosseini
Abstract
Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds are used in the traditional medicine in many countries to prevent and treat many disorders and diseases including cough, asthma, nasal congestion, headache, toothache, intestinal worms, menstrual disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, and impotence. To study the effects ...
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Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds are used in the traditional medicine in many countries to prevent and treat many disorders and diseases including cough, asthma, nasal congestion, headache, toothache, intestinal worms, menstrual disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, and impotence. To study the effects of humic acid and iron nanochelate on the content of osmotic protective osmolites including glucose, fructose, sucrose, proline, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase of medicinal plant black cumin under the drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted as a split factorial based on the randomized complete block design with three treatments in three replications at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Eqlid city during two crop years of 2018 and 2019. The main plot consisted of three levels of irrigation (50, 75, and 100% of available water) and sub-plots included humic acid (0, 250, and 500 mg l-1) and iron nanochelate (0, 1, and 2 g l-1). The results showed that the effects of irrigation, humic acid, and iron chelate treatments on the catalase, superoxide dismutase, glucose, and peroxidase content, irrigation treatments on the proline content, and irrigation and humic acid treatments on the sucrose and fructose content were significant. The content of all protective osmolites increased in the 50% drought stress treatment. The highest content of glucose, fructose, and sucrose was obtained in the 50% drought stress, 500 mg l-1 humic acid, and 2 g l-1 iron nanochelate treatment. Overall, based on the results of this experiment, the application of humic acid fertilizer (500 mg l-1) and iron nanochelate (2 g l-1) could be recommended to reduce the effects of drought stress on black cumin.
Improvement and breeding
H. Asgarian; V. Abdossi; E. Danaee; A. Ladan Moghadam
Abstract
Salinity stress is one of the most important factors in reducing the crop yield in the world. The application of humic acid along with selenium can improve the plant yield under salinity stress conditions by increasing the antioxidant capacity. To evaluate the effects of humic acid and selenium application ...
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Salinity stress is one of the most important factors in reducing the crop yield in the world. The application of humic acid along with selenium can improve the plant yield under salinity stress conditions by increasing the antioxidant capacity. To evaluate the effects of humic acid and selenium application under salinity stress conditions in Calendula officinalis L., a factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in Islamshahr city in 2018. The experimental treatments included sodium chloride (0, 50, and 100 mg l-1), humic acid (0, 100, and 200 mg l-1), and selenium (0, 5, and 10 mg l-1) and their combined effects. The results showed that increasing the salinity significantly reduced the fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots and number of flowers per plant. The foliar application of 200 mg l-1 humic acid and 10 mg l-1 selenium improved carotenoids content of the petals and total chlorophyll of the leaves at all salinity levels. Also, with increasing the sodium chloride level up to 100 mg l-1, the amount of proline increased significantly. Meanwhile, the interaction treatments of humic acid and selenium had significant effects (P≤0.0.1) on improving the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes at different salinity levels. The highest amount of essential oil (1.37%) was obtained in the interaction treatment of 200 mg l-1 humic acid and 10 mg l-1 selenium under salinity stress of 50 mg l-1 sodium chloride. In general, the results of this study showed that the foliar application of 200 mg l-1 humic acid and 10 mg l-1 selenium could be effective in reducing the negative effects of salinity stress on C. officinalis.
Kh. Ahmadi; H. Omidi
Abstract
Drought stress affects the morphology, physiology, and biochemistry of plants and will have major effects on agricultural production. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of drought on some physiological and grain yield properties of Balangu populations (Lallemantia royleana Benth.), in the ...
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Drought stress affects the morphology, physiology, and biochemistry of plants and will have major effects on agricultural production. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of drought on some physiological and grain yield properties of Balangu populations (Lallemantia royleana Benth.), in the Research Station of Shahed University. This study was conducted in a split-plot design based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during 2014-2015. The experimental factors consisted of three different levels of drought stress at the flowering stage as main factors (applying soil water potential of -0.5, -6.5 and -9.5 atm), and Balangu populations including one population from Kurdistan and four populations from Esfahan province (Esfahan3, Esfahan5, Esfahan6, Esfahann) were considered as subplots. The traits studied included grain yield, one thousand seed weight, photosynthetic pigments content, proline content, total phenol content, membrane stability index (MDA), and peroxidase activity. According to the results, drought stress had significant effects on all traits except chlorophyll b content and chlorophyll a/b ratio. Population and its interactions showed a significant effect with all traits except anthocyanin content. Drought caused to the reduced content of photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability index, thousand grain weight and grain yield. With increasing drought stress, the lipid peroxidation enzymatic activity and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as phenolic content, carotenoids content, anthocyanins content, and proline content of tissue increased to induce drought tolerance. The highest grain yield with the mean of (312.77 kg/ha) and the highest phenolic content with an average of (14.02 mg/g FW) were recorded for the Esfahan3 population under relatively severe stress.
M. Ghorbanli; A. Alibabaee; M. Payvandi
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum L. is a valuable medicinal species. The plant geneus includes 17 species in Iran, but H. perforatum is the only valuable species.The species plays an essential role in the treatment of depression. In this study, Hypericum perforatum was treated with different concentrations of molybdenum ...
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Hypericum perforatum L. is a valuable medicinal species. The plant geneus includes 17 species in Iran, but H. perforatum is the only valuable species.The species plays an essential role in the treatment of depression. In this study, Hypericum perforatum was treated with different concentrations of molybdenum including (control, 0.1, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 µΜ) in Hoagland solution at 6.8 pH and then samples were used to measure biochemical parameters. Molybdenum significantly increased proline content. The shoot catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities increased in all treatments of molybdenum, but in root, it was reduced in higher concentrations. Shoot peroxidase activities increased by treatments of molybdenum, except at a concentration of 0.8µΜ. The increase in peroxidase activity was also observed in roots but it was reduced at higher concentrations. The malondealdehyde and molybdenum content increased in higher concentrations of molybdenum. Molybdenum content increased by increasing treated molybdenum. Therefore, molybdenum stress increased the proline content and peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities, and toxicity symptoms were observed in high concentrations of molybdenum as lipid peroxidation. Data were analyzed by SPSS and mean comparisons was performed by Duncan's multiple range test. In each experiment, 3 replications were used.
M. Sakhayi; M.H. Assareh; A. Shariat; Gh. Bakhsi Khaniki; M. Matinizadeh
Abstract
In this study, allelophatic effects of Eucalyptus camaldulonsis Dehnh. were investigated on some growth parameters and quantitative and qualitative changes of peroxidase in wheat at greenhouse of research institute of forests and rangelands of Iran. Treatments included: control treatment, etanol extract ...
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In this study, allelophatic effects of Eucalyptus camaldulonsis Dehnh. were investigated on some growth parameters and quantitative and qualitative changes of peroxidase in wheat at greenhouse of research institute of forests and rangelands of Iran. Treatments included: control treatment, etanol extract of E. camaldulonsis leaf in three levels (3, 6, 12 g/lit), aqueous extract of E. camaldulonsis leaf in three levels (5%, 10%, 20%), fresh leaf of E. camaldulonsis in three levels (5, 10, 15 g), powderd dried leaves of E. camaldulonsis in three levels (5, 10, 15 g) and one-year seedlings of E. camaldulonsis. Wet and dry weight of the seedlings was measured as growth parameters. Comparison of different treatments showed that one-year seedlings of E. camaldulonsis had maximum significant effect in reducing wheat growth parameters due to root exudates. With increasing concentrations of ethanol and aqueous extracts, wet and dry weight and leaf surface area of wheat decreased while in treatments of fresh and powdered dried leaves, an increment was observed in dry weight and leaf area. Activity of peroxidase enzyme strongly increased in root treatment of E.camaldulonsis and showed new isoenzyme band compared to control treatment. Ethanol and aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus leaves increased peroxidase activity in wheat but no new isoenzyme band was observed and less affected in fresh and dry leaves of Eucalyptus.
