M.H. Lebaschi; E. Sharifi Ashourabadi; M. Makizadeh Tafti; A.H. Talebpour; J. Hasani; Kh. Karimzadeh; S. Asadi sanam
Abstract
In order to study the effect of plant density on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak under rainfed conditions, a field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in three different dry farming ...
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In order to study the effect of plant density on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak under rainfed conditions, a field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in three different dry farming regions of the country during two years. Experimental treatments consisted of plant density (25, 35 and 50 cm between plants on rows equal to 8, 6 and 4 plant/m2, respectively), time (first and second year after planting) and location (East Azarbayjan, Kordestan, and Tehran). The traits including plant height, canopy diameter, dry matter yield of aerial parts, essential oil yield and content were measured at full flowering stage. The results of ANOVA indicated the significant effect of density, location and time and their interaction on all traits studied. The highest dry matter yield (1147 kg ha-1) was obtained in both two years in Tehran at 8 plant/m2. Kordestan with 2.25% and East Azarbayjan with 0.43% had the highest and lowest essential oil percentage, respectively. In density × location interaction, the highest amount of essential oil yield was obtained in Kordestan (21.73 kg ha-1) and Tehran (17.88 kg ha-1) at a density of 8 plant/m2. Thymus pubescens showed higher dry matter and essential oil yield under high plant density, indicating the establishment and adaptation of the species to different rainfed regions of the country especially Damavand and Kordestan.
M.H. Lebaschi; E. Sharifi Ashoorabadi; M. Makizadeh Tafti; S. Asadi-Sanam; Kh. Karimzadeh Asl
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of plant density on quantitative and qualitative yieldof three species of Thymus under dry farming conditions in Tehran (Damavand), Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces, an experiment was conducted in a randomized block design based on split plot with three replications ...
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In order to evaluate the effect of plant density on quantitative and qualitative yieldof three species of Thymus under dry farming conditions in Tehran (Damavand), Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces, an experiment was conducted in a randomized block design based on split plot with three replications during three years (2009-2011). The treatments were included three species (T. vulgaris L., T. daenensis Celak.and T. kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen.) and three planting densities (4, 6 and 8 plant/m2), which were considered as main and sup-plots, respectively. Shoot dry matter yield, essential oil content, yield and essential oil components were determined. Results showed that the four-interaction effect (density, species, year and province) was significant on dry matter content, calculated to be from 75 to 5172 kg/h in different treatments. The maximum dry matter yield was observed at a density of 6 plant/m2 for T. daenensis in Kermanshah in the third year of experiment. The highest essential oil yield was obtained at a density of 8 plant/m2 for T. daenensis in Kermanshah in the second year of experiment. The maximum thymol content (80.33%) was related to T. daenensis inDamavand at a density of 6 plant/m2 in the third year of experiment. Overall, high production capacity of T. daenensis in the study provinces indicates the adaptation and economic yield of this native and valuable species.
H. Tehrani Sharif; E. Sharifi Ashoorabadi; A.A. Tajali; M. Makizadeh Tafti
Abstract
In order to evaluate soil fertilization systems on yield quantity and quality of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), this study was conducted as a field experiment in Shahrerey Islamic Azad University in 2011. The experiment was conducted in split plots in time based on completely randomized block design with ...
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In order to evaluate soil fertilization systems on yield quantity and quality of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), this study was conducted as a field experiment in Shahrerey Islamic Azad University in 2011. The experiment was conducted in split plots in time based on completely randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were various levels of chemical fertilizers (N-P-K), different levels of manure, mixture of different ratios of fertilize and manure and without fertilizer and manure (control). Two harvests were arranged in main plots and 16 levels of fertilizer were assigned to the sub plots. According to the results, the highest amount of dry yield (2442 kgha-1) was obtained in second harvest and in intermediate treatment (25 tonha-1 of manure mixed with N=80, P=64 and K=80 kgha-1 of chemical fertilizers). Results showed that the intermediate treatment (10 tonha-1 of manure mixed with N=120, P=96 and K=120 kgha-1 of chemical fertilizers) in second harvest produced the highest amount of essential oil (0.69%). The results suggest that the use of organic fertilizer alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers has a positive effect in improving the yield quantity and quality of basil.
R. Taheri; M.H. Lebaschy; A. Zakerin; M. Bakhtiari Ramezani; A. Borjian; M. Makkizadeh Tafti
Abstract
In order to study the effects of plant density on yield and essential oil yield of four species of thymus, an experiment was conducted at Homand Research Station as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots were four species including Thymus daenensis, T. ...
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In order to study the effects of plant density on yield and essential oil yield of four species of thymus, an experiment was conducted at Homand Research Station as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots were four species including Thymus daenensis, T. pubescens, T. kotschyanus and T.vulgaris and sub plots were three levels of plant density including 25, 35 and 50 cm row spacing. Measured characteristics included height, number of lateral branches, root length, canopy diameter, root dry weight, fresh and dry yield, essential oil percentage and yeild. Results indicated significant differences in terms of measured traits. Among the measured traits, the effect of density was significant on number of lateral branch, canopy dimeter, fresh yield, and root dry weight. According to the results of interaction effect between species and density, the highest dry yield and essential oil content (%) was obtained at 25 cm row spacing in T.kotschyanus and the lowest was recorded at 50 cm row spacing in T. daenensis. Results showed that the highest essential oil yield was obtained at 25 cm row spacing for T. kotschyanus and T. daenensis.
M. Makkizadeh; M.R. Chaichi; S. Nasrollahzadeh; K. Khavazi
Abstract
Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants as its essential oil is used in different industries including pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food.In this research, effect of different types of nitrogen fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of summer ...
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Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants as its essential oil is used in different industries including pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food.In this research, effect of different types of nitrogen fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of summer savory was evaluated in a complete randomized blocks design with three replications .The treatments included chemical fertilizer (150 kg/ha urea), biofertilizer (Azospirillum & Azotobacter), combinations of biofertilizer and 50% chemical fertilizer and control. Different characteristics such as plant height, number of lateral branches, flowering shoot dry weight, shoot dry weight, essential oil yield and essential oil percentage were recorded.According to the results, all studied characteristics were affected by different types of nitrogen fertilizers and the highest records were obtained at 50% chemical fertilizer. Percentage of essential oil was also significantly affected by fertilizer treatments as the most percentage of essential oil was respectively obtained at chemical fertilizer (2.07%), combination of biofertilizer and 50% chemical fertilizer (1.91%) and biofertilizer (1.90%). Application of different nitrogen sources significantly increased essential oil yield compared to the control treatment and the highest essential oil yield was obtained at combinations of biofertilizer and 50% chemical fertilizer (30.23 kg/ha). Afterward, chemical fertilizer and biofertilizer respectively produced the most essential oil yield. Our results indicated thatapplication of bio-fertilizers alone or in combination with chemical fertilizer has positive effects in improvement of qualitative and quantitative traits of Summer savory; so it could be considered instead of continuous use of chemical fertilizersas a shift towards sustainable agriculture and reduce pollution from chemical fertilizer.
M. Makkizadeh Tafti; R. Farhoudi; M. Rastifar
Abstract
With regard to the importance of Melissa officinalis L. as a medicinal plant and abundance of saline soil and water in the country, the current research was conducted to study the effect of osmopriming on seed germination of Melissa officinalis under salinity stress in two separate experiments. The aim ...
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With regard to the importance of Melissa officinalis L. as a medicinal plant and abundance of saline soil and water in the country, the current research was conducted to study the effect of osmopriming on seed germination of Melissa officinalis under salinity stress in two separate experiments. The aim of the first experiment was to determine the best osmopriming conditions for seeds of Melissa officinalis carried out in a completely randomized design. The treatments were combination of osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with four levels (-4, -8, -12 and -16 bar), duration of priming with three levels (3, 5 and 7 day) and temperature of priming with two levels (25 and 30/20oC). The results showed significant differences among osmopriming treatments with regard to the germination percentage, germination velocity and radicle length. Mean comparisons showed that osmotic potential treatment of -16 bars in 5 days and 25oC significantly increased the germination percentage and germination velocity compared with other treatments. The aim of the second experiment was to study the effect of osmopriming on seed germination of Melissa officinalis under salinity stress based upon a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were water salinity (control, 4, 8 and 12 dS/m) and type of seeds (control and primed seeds). The results indicated that primed seeds in all salinity levels had higher germination percentage, germination velocity and radicle length compared to non-primed seeds. According to the results, the interaction effect of salinity and seed treatments was significant with regard to the germination percentage, germination velocity and radicle length.
M. Makkizadeh Tafti; R. Farhoudi; M. Rabiee; M. Rasifar
Abstract
Nowadays, in response to the consequences of herbicide application and gradual reduction of farm crops, suitable biological methods have been identified to control the weeds. This research was conducted to evaluate the allelopathic effect of harmel (Peganum Harmala L.) on seed germination of oat (Avena ...
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Nowadays, in response to the consequences of herbicide application and gradual reduction of farm crops, suitable biological methods have been identified to control the weeds. This research was conducted to evaluate the allelopathic effect of harmel (Peganum Harmala L.) on seed germination of oat (Avena fatua L.), fat hen (Chenopodium album L.) and pig weed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) in laboratory and greenhouse conditions using hydroalcoholic extracts of harmel dried fruit powder. The treatments were 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5% extract of harmel and distilled water (control). Laboratory results indicated that germination percentage and radicle and plumule lengths of weed species were significantly reduced by different harmel extracts in comparison with control. According to the results of greenhouse experiments, germination percentage, fresh and dry weight and height of weed species were significantly reduced by using hydroalcoholic extracts. Greenhouse results also showed that seed germination percentage of Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus and Avena fatua at concentration of 1% was reduced 60%, 50% and 40% respectively in comparison with control. Our results showed that harmel extract had strong allelopathic effects and inhibited seed germination of weeds recommended in production of natural herbicides.
M. Makkizadeh Tafti; M. Salimi; R. Farhoudi
Volume 24, Issue 4 , February 2009, , Pages 463-471
Abstract
The allelopathic effects of rue (Ruta graveolens L.) were evaluated on seed germination of velvet flower (Amaranthus retroflexus), flixweed (Descurainia Sophia) and purslane (Portulaca oleracea) in laboratory using the aqueous extracts of dried powdered of rue leaves. The treatments were 0.5, 1, 2.5, ...
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The allelopathic effects of rue (Ruta graveolens L.) were evaluated on seed germination of velvet flower (Amaranthus retroflexus), flixweed (Descurainia Sophia) and purslane (Portulaca oleracea) in laboratory using the aqueous extracts of dried powdered of rue leaves. The treatments were 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15% extract of Ruta graveolens and distilled water (control). According to the results, extracts significantly inhibited seed germination of weed species and the degree of inhibition increased with increasing concentration of extracts. Germination of Amaranthus retroflexus seeds was inhibited at concentrations greater than 5%. In addition, radicle and plumule lengths of Amaranthus retroflexus were significantly reduced at 1% compared to the distilled water. Results indicated germination percentage, germination rate and radicle and plumule lengths of Portulaca oleracea were significantly reduced by the extracts compared to the distilled water. Results confirmgermination of Descurainia sophia seeds was inhibited at concentrations greater than 2.5%. Accordingly germination rate and radicle lengths of Descurainia sophia were significantly reduced by the extracts compared to the distilled water. Therefore, extract of rue might be useful as natural herbicides and might also contain numerous growth inhibitors that could be used for the development of biological herbicides.
M. Makkizadeh Tafti; R. Tavakol Afshari; N. Majnoon Hosseini; H.A. Naghdi Badi
Volume 24, Issue 3 , November 2008, , Pages 253-262
Abstract
This study has been conducted in two experiments in order to evaluate salinity tolerance and absorption of salt by Borage (Borago officinalis L.).In first experiment, the effect of salinity on qualitative and quantitative yield of Borage was studied. The treatments were water salinity (Control, 4, 8 ...
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This study has been conducted in two experiments in order to evaluate salinity tolerance and absorption of salt by Borage (Borago officinalis L.).In first experiment, the effect of salinity on qualitative and quantitative yield of Borage was studied. The treatments were water salinity (Control, 4, 8 and 12 dS/m²).The measured parameters were: quantitative yields (percentage of germination, dry and fresh weight of root, stem and florescence, Root/shoot, height and number of flower and leaf per plant) and qualitative yields (content of mucilage, total ash, Na, Cl, Mg, Ca and K in plant tissues). The results indicated that salinity increased content of Na, Cl and total ash in plant tissues. The salinity reduced height, germination percentage, number of flower and content of mucilage, Ca and K. Because of high content of mucilage in plant tissue and stability of yield under salinity conditions, it can be deduced that borage is tolerant to salinity (to 12 dS/m²). High content of Na, Cl, total ash and mucilage is related to accumulation of solutes for osmoregulation that can be used as an index for salinity tolerance in Borage. Second experiment has been conducted to study the absorption of salt by Borage. Measured parameters were Na, Cl, Mg, K and Ca content in soil at pre and post planting of borage. The results indicated that content of Na, Cl, Mg and Ca reduced in soil after planting borage. Regarding the results of this study, it can be suggested that borage can uptake salt from soil and accumulate harmful ions in its plant tissues. Therefore it can be introduced for improvement of saline and sodic soils.
M. Makkizadeh Tafti; R. Tavakol Afshari; N. Majnoon Hosseini; H.A. Naghdi Badi; A. Mehdizadeh
Volume 22, Issue 3 , November 2006, , Pages 216-222
Abstract
In this experiment, the effect of osmopriming on germination percentage and mean time for germination (MTG) of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds was studied. This study had been conducted at Agronomy Department of Tehran University-Karaj during 2004 in four replications in factorial experiment on ...
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In this experiment, the effect of osmopriming on germination percentage and mean time for germination (MTG) of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds was studied. This study had been conducted at Agronomy Department of Tehran University-Karaj during 2004 in four replications in factorial experiment on the base of randomized complete design. The treatments were osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with four levels (Control, -4, -8 and -12 bar) and priming duration with three levels (24, 48 and 72 h). The results indicated that osmotic potential of PEG had significant effect on germination percentage and mean time for germination. According to the results, the highest percentage was in -8 bar concentration. Also priming duration didn’t affect the percentage of germination and mean time for germination. The results indicated that the interaction of osmotic potential and duration was not significant.
M. Makkizadeh; R. Farhoudi; H. Naghdi badi; A. Mehdizadeh
Abstract
This study has been conducted to overcoming seed dormancy of Rubia tinctourum L., Echinacea angustifolia D.C. and Myrtus communis L.. Treatments to break seed dormancy in Rubia tinctourum included: untreated seed (control), mechanical scarification with sandpaper, imbibitions in hot water at 70°C ...
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This study has been conducted to overcoming seed dormancy of Rubia tinctourum L., Echinacea angustifolia D.C. and Myrtus communis L.. Treatments to break seed dormancy in Rubia tinctourum included: untreated seed (control), mechanical scarification with sandpaper, imbibitions in hot water at 70°C and 90°C for 5 and 10 minutes, chemical scarification with concentrated sulfuric acid for 10, 15 or 20 minutes, pre-chilling (4°C) for 2, 4 or 6 weeks, soaking in gibberellic acid (500ppm) and continuous light. Treatments to break seed dormancy in Echinacea angustifolia included: untreated seed (control), soaking in gibberellic acid (250 and 500 ppm), continuous light, Potassium Nitrate (0/3%), pre-chilling (4°C) for 4, 7 or 10 weeks, continuous light and combined treatment (soaking in gibberellic acid (250ppm) and pre-chilling for 4 week). Treatments to break seed dormancy in Myrtus communis included: untreated seed (control), mechanical scarification with blade and sandpaper, chemical scarification with concentrated sulfuric acid for 3 minutes, pre-chilling (4°C) for 7 or 10 weeks and soaking in gibberellic acid (250 and 500ppm). According to results in R. tinctourum, sulfuric acid for 15 minutes was significantly efficient in promoting germination. From the above one can infer that dormancy of the seeds of R. tinctourum was probably associated with the seeds coat, since the treatment that induce germination were those that can effect disruption of the seed coat. This experiment also showed that combined treatment significantly increased E. angustifolia seed germination. As stratification and GA3 had main role on breaking of seed dormancy so it is known that dormancy is physiological and it is related to embryo and inhibitor factor or both of them. Results indicated that germination of M. communis seeds mechanically scratched with blade significantly increased. So, reason of seed dormancy is hard coated seeds. The seed coat is as one physical barrier against growth of embryo or radicle that inhibits in absorption of water and gas-exchanges. Therefore, type of dormancy is initial dormancy (induced dormancy).
