Agriculture and horticulture
J. Hashempour; Samaneh Asadi-Sanam; M. Mirza; M. Ghanbari Jahromi
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 April 2022
Abstract
This experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands of Iran in 2018. Treatments included Control, NPK (N50P25K25; N75P35K35 and N100P75K75 kg per hectare), manure (30, 60 and 90 tons per hectare), vermicompost ...
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This experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands of Iran in 2018. Treatments included Control, NPK (N50P25K25; N75P35K35 and N100P75K75 kg per hectare), manure (30, 60 and 90 tons per hectare), vermicompost (5, 10 and 15 tons per hectare), N50P25K25 fertilizer + 30 tons per hectare manure, N50P25K25 + 5 tons per hectare vermicompost, biological fertilizers including Glomus. intraradaices + G. mosseae, Azopirillum + Pseudomonas, Thiobacillus + 5 tons per hectare vermicompost and Thiobacillus + 250 kg per hectare of sulfur (S). Parameters such as plant height, leaf, stem and flower numbers, root penetration depth, root volume, leaf, stem, root and flower dry matter, leaf, stem and flower essential oil, essential oil yield of leaves, stem, and flower were evaluated. The results showed that the highest leaf and stem dry matter were obtained in 15 tons per hectare vermicompost treatment. Also, the highest flower dry matter was observed in 5 tons per hectare vermicompost with NPK fertilizers treatment. On the other hand, the highest root dry matter was obtained in treatment of 30 tons of manure + NPK fertilizers. The highest flower essential oils yield was obtained in 30 tons manure + NPK fertilizers. The highest leaf + stem oil yields were obtained at flowering stage in treatment of 15 tons per hectare vermicompost. Also, NPK treatment + 30 tons per hectare of manure resulted in the highest yield of flower essential oil and 15 tons of vermicompost treatment caused the highest yield of stem and leaf essential oil. It was concluded that biological fertilizers treatment combined with organic fertilizers could be a suitable alternative to the chemicals ones in sustainable production of this valuable medicinal plant
Agriculture and horticulture
J. Maleki; E. Sharifi Ashoorabadi; M. Mirza; H. Heydari Sharif Abad; M.H. Lebaschy
Volume 39, Issue 1 , March 2023, , Pages 38-54
Abstract
To investigate the effects of soil fertility methods on economic yield and essential oil compositions of Nigella sativa L., an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments included different levels of NPK chemical fertilizer, manure, ...
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To investigate the effects of soil fertility methods on economic yield and essential oil compositions of Nigella sativa L., an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments included different levels of NPK chemical fertilizer, manure, NPK+ manure, and NPK+ manure+ inoculation of Azorizobium biofertilizer. Seed yield, aerial parts yield, and percentage, yield, and essential oil compounds were studied. The results showed that the highest seed yield (1270.43 kg.ha-1) was obtained in the 40 kg.ha-1 N+ 32 kg.ha-1 P+ 40 kg.ha-1 K+ 30 ton.ha-1 manure treatment. The highest percentage (0.25%) and essential oil yield (2.8 kg.ha-1) was obtained in the 40 kg.ha-1 N+ 32 kg.ha-1 P+ 40 kg.ha-1 K+ 30 ton.ha-1 manure+ Azurizobium treatment. The highest thymoquinone percentage (14.9%) was observed in the 30 ton.ha-1 manure treatment. Overall, the integrated and biological treatments had the most positive effects on seed yield and essential oil percentage of N. sativa. The use of suitable fertilizer sources not only increased the yield, essential oil percentage, and thymoquinone content in Nigella sativa, but also reduced the consequences of excessive use of chemical fertilizers. The use of integrated fertilization methods is an effective step to achieve the sustainable agriculture goals.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
F. Askari; F. Sefidkon; M.A. Soltanipour; M. Mirza; S. Fekri Qomi
Volume 38, Issue 2 , June 2022, , Pages 191-199
Abstract
The genus Pycnocyla belongs to the Apiaceae family and has eight perennial species in Iran. In this study, the essential oil content and chemical compounds of P. nodiflora Decne ex. Boiss. and P. flabellifolia Boiss. were investigated. The aerial parts of plants at seeding stage were collected from two ...
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The genus Pycnocyla belongs to the Apiaceae family and has eight perennial species in Iran. In this study, the essential oil content and chemical compounds of P. nodiflora Decne ex. Boiss. and P. flabellifolia Boiss. were investigated. The aerial parts of plants at seeding stage were collected from two habitats in Hormozgan province through two consecutive years and Kermanshah province in one year, respectively. Stem+leaf [SL] and seed [S] were separated and shade-dried. The essential oil was extracted by Clevenger apparatus and hydrodistillation method for three hours. Percentage and chemical composition of the essential oils were determined by GC and GC/MS. The essential oil content of P. nodiflora was obtained [SL]: 0.23 and 1.21% (two years) and [S]: 0.23% in Tangzagh habitat of Hormozgan and [SL]: 0.02 and 0.06% (two years) and [S]: 0.01% in Abmah habitat. Caryophyllene oxid (7.8-28.1%) and b-eudesmol (15.5-57.2%) were recognized as the main compounds of [SL] and [S] essentials oils of both habitats in this species. In P. flabellifolia, the essential oil content of [SL] and [S] was 0.66 and 0.76%, respectively. The main compounds in [SL] essential oil of this species were cis-β-ocimene (33.8%), trans-β-ocimene (39.6%), and terpinolene (12.9%) and in [S] essential oil were trans-β-ocimene (28%), cis-β-ocimene (31%), and terpinolene (12.6%). According to previous reports on the antimicrobial properties of trans-β-ocimene and cis-β-ocimene compounds on bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis and the predominance of these compounds in the essential oil of P. flabellifolia, studies on antimicrobial properties of this species essential oil is recommended.
Agriculture and horticulture
B. Yoosefi; F. Sefidkon; M. Mirza; M.H. Lebaschy
Volume 38, Issue 1 , March 2022, , Pages 102-113
Abstract
Satureja mutica Fisch. & C. A. Mey. is one of the native savory species of Iran that has received much attention due to its high essential oil content and phenolic compound of thymol. Determination the most suitable and best planting density as well as soil fertility is very important in increasing ...
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Satureja mutica Fisch. & C. A. Mey. is one of the native savory species of Iran that has received much attention due to its high essential oil content and phenolic compound of thymol. Determination the most suitable and best planting density as well as soil fertility is very important in increasing the quantitative and qualitative yield of medicinal plants. In this study, to investigate the effects of plant density and feeding with organic fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of essential oils in Satureja mutica Fisch. & C. A. Mey. under rainfed conditions, an experiment was conducted as split plots in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Research and Education Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Kermanshah province in 3 crop years (2018-2020). The main factor included 3 fertilizer treatments and the sub-factor was 3 densities (2.66, 4, and 8 plants per square meter) in rows with a distance of 50 cm and with 3 planting distances (25, 50, and 75 cm). Plant aerial parts were harvested at full flowering stage and their essential oil (EO) was extracted by hydrodistillation method. EO yield was calculated according to the plant dry weight and its chemical compounds were identified using GC and GC/MS. The results showed that percentage and EO chemical composition did not show any difference between the years. There was a significant difference between the fertilizer treatments for the percentage and EO yield and thymol, carvacrol, and other EO chemical compounds at the level of 1%. There was a significant difference between the planting densities only for EO yield. Thymol had a positive relationship with the treatments of enriched straw and then rotten cow manure and the highest amount (53.2%) was observed in the enriched straw treatment. Carvacrol with the highest amount of 9.2%, showed a positive relationship with the rotten cow manure treatment.
Agriculture and horticulture
A. Rahmani; E. Sharifi Ashourabadi; A. Ebrahimi; M. Mirza
Volume 37, Issue 1 , March and April 2021, , Pages 83-97
Abstract
To investigate the effects of soil fertility methods on the yield and yield components of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) in the different harvests, an experiment was conducted as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj (Alborz province) in 2017. The experimental ...
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To investigate the effects of soil fertility methods on the yield and yield components of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) in the different harvests, an experiment was conducted as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj (Alborz province) in 2017. The experimental treatments included the harvest time and soil fertility methods. The results showed that the first harvest had higher plant height, number of sub-branches, and leaf area index and the second harvest had higher plant dry matter weight and chlorophyll content. With the soil fertility, the plant height, number of sub-branches, plant dry matter weight, leaf area index, chlorophyll content, essential oil yield, and nutrients uptake increased significantly. The highest plant height and number of sub-branches was obtained from the application of 120 kg ha-1 nitrogen+ 96 kg ha-1 phosphorus+ 120 kg ha-1 potassium treatment. The maximum dry matter weight of the plant was allocated to the combination of 20 t ha-1 manure with 80 kg ha-1 nitrogen+ 64 kg ha-1 phosphorus+ 80 kg ha-1 potassium. The highest essential oil yield was obtained from the 120 kg ha-1 nitrogen+ 96 kg ha-1 phosphorus+ 120 kg ha-1 potassium treatment which was statistically in the same group as the treatments including 40 t ha-1 manure, combination of 30 t ha-1 manure with mycorrhiza, and combination of 40 kg ha-1 nitrogen+ 32 kg ha-1 phosphorus+ 40 kg ha-1 potassium with 30 t ha-1 manure. Based on the results, the desired quantitative and qualitative yield in hyssop could be achieved with the integrated feeding method and use of biological and organic fertilizers.
Agriculture and horticulture
J. Maleki; E. Sharifi Ashourabadi; M. Mirza; H. Heydari Sharifabad; M.H. Lebaschy
Volume 36, Issue 6 , January and February 2021, , Pages 958-974
Abstract
To investigate the effects of soil fertility methods on the quantitative yield and oil of medicinal plant black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Experimental treatments included different levels of NPK chemical fertilizers, ...
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To investigate the effects of soil fertility methods on the quantitative yield and oil of medicinal plant black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Experimental treatments included different levels of NPK chemical fertilizers, different levels of manure, combination of NPK+manure, and combination of NPK+manure with Azorhizobium biofertilizer inoculation. The results showed that plant nutrition increased plant height, plant dry weight, number of lateral branches, leaf area index, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, grain yield, biological yield, relative leaf water content, and percentage and oil yield. The highest quantitative and qualitative characteristics were obtained in the chemical nutrition in the treatment of NPK: 120-96-120 (kg ha-1) and in the manure nutrition in the treatment of manure: 20 ton ha-1. In the chemical+manure combined method, the treatment of NPK: 40-32-40 (kg ha-1)+manure: 30 ton ha-1 was the best one. In the chemical+manure+biological combined method, the treatment of manure: 30 ton ha-1+ Azorhizobium+ NPK: 40-32-40 (kg ha-1) was observed as the most appropriate treatment. Overall, the combined treatment of NPK: 40-32-40 (kg ha-1) + manure: 30 ton ha-1+ Azorhizobium had the most positive effect on improving the biological yield and black cumin oil percentage, which also had the lowest amount of chemical fertilizer.
B. Bahreininejad; M. Mirza
Volume 35, Issue 2 , May and June 2019, , Pages 196-208
Abstract
Thymus daenensis Celak is one of the Iranian endemic plants. Since this species is one of the most valuable medicinal plants in the central Zagros region, extra-human exploitation has put it at risk of extinction. Ordination technique is one of the methods showing the relationship between plant and environmental ...
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Thymus daenensis Celak is one of the Iranian endemic plants. Since this species is one of the most valuable medicinal plants in the central Zagros region, extra-human exploitation has put it at risk of extinction. Ordination technique is one of the methods showing the relationship between plant and environmental variables. In order to study the effects of ecological variables on essential oil components, eight growing regions of Thymus daenensis in Isfahan province were identified and after collecting the aerial parts of plant materials, the essential oil was extracted and their components were detected. Twenty four bio-climatical, edaphical and topographical factors in each habitate were collected for ordination analysis. Results showed that elevation, mean temperature of the wettest season, isothermality, precipitation of the wettest season, annual precipitation, precipitation of the driest season and annual temperature range, clay, gravel, organic matter, available nitrogen and potassium were the most effective variables on the essential oil components. Thymol content as the main component in the essential oil was affected by annual temperature range, elevation, and slope. Soil sand percentage and the mean temperature of wettest quarter were the most effective variables on carvacrol. The result of this study could have valuable role in Thymus daenensis cultivation management in nature or farm regarding to its chemical components needed in the medicinal and hygienic industries.
F. Askari; M. Mirza; M. Golipour; S. Fekri Qomi
Volume 35, Issue 1 , March and April 2019, , Pages 1-11
Abstract
The genus Achillea has 19 species of herbaceous, perennial and aromatic plant in Iran. This genus of compositae family has complex characteristics. Chamazolene is a major component of essential oil of inflorescence and leaf, reported to be used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. A. millefolium ...
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The genus Achillea has 19 species of herbaceous, perennial and aromatic plant in Iran. This genus of compositae family has complex characteristics. Chamazolene is a major component of essential oil of inflorescence and leaf, reported to be used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. A. millefolium L. subsp. elbursensis is an endemic subspecies of Iran and no studies have been conducted on the cultivation of this species; therefore a preliminary study was conducted on the cultivation and its effect on secondary metabolites. For this purpose, the seeds of Achillea were collected from Dizine area in October 2016. The seeds of Achillea were cultivated in a greenhouse at the beginning of March and seedlings were transplanted to the farm in late April 2017.At flowering stage in August, aerial parts were collected in two consecutive years to obtain the essential oils. To compare the essential oil of cultivated samples with habitat samples, the aerial parts of Achillea were collected from Dizin at the flowering stage in August 2017. The plant parts including leaf and inflorescence were dried in laboratory and were crushed to particles. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. The color of A. millefolium essential oils was dark blue. The yields of A. millefolium essential oils of leaf and inflorescence (w/w dried weight) from habitat samples were 0.11% and 0.53%, respectively, and from cultivated samples were 0.28% and 0.50% in 2017 and 0.26% and 1.30% in 2018, respectively. Chamazulene was the major constituent of leaf (5.7%) and inflorescence (52.5%) oils in the habitat samples. The content of this compound in cultivated samples was 50.6% and 67.1% in the first year, and 59.6% and 71.3% in the second year, respectively. Another major constituents were caryophyllene alcohol, caryophyllene oxide, camphor, borneol and b-eudesmol. Chamazulene as major compound of the oil, found in all aerial parts of cultivated samples, while, it was found only in the inflorescence of wild sample.
J. Hasani; M. Mirza
Volume 34, Issue 5 , November and December 2018, , Pages 748-756
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the essential oil (EO) quality and quantity of six thyme species (Thymus spp.), growing in the natural habitats of Kurdistan province, in 2010. To conduct this research, six species of thyme were identified in different habitats and used for essential oil extraction. ...
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This study was conducted to evaluate the essential oil (EO) quality and quantity of six thyme species (Thymus spp.), growing in the natural habitats of Kurdistan province, in 2010. To conduct this research, six species of thyme were identified in different habitats and used for essential oil extraction. Water distillation (Clevenger-type apparatus) was used to obtain the EOs and the components were identified using the gas chromatography (GC) system and a gas chromatograph connected to mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The results showed that more than 30 components were identified in the EOs, among which thymol, carvacrol, geraniol, alpha terpinole and linalool were the most important components. The EO yields were 3.05%, 2.53%, 2.83%, 1.51%, 1.31% and 1.05% for T. fallax, T. daenensis, T. pubescens, T. transcaucasicus, T. fedtschenkoi and T. kotschyanus, respectively. The content of thymol was calculated to be 70.6%, 62.2%, 27.8% and 1.5 in the EOs of T. daenensis, T. fedtschenkoi, T. pubescens and T. kotschyanus, respectivelyand the content of carvacrol was recorded to be 3.43%, 4.80% and 0.74% in the EOs of T. daenensis, T. fedtschenkoi and T. pubescens, respectively.
M. Mottaghi; P. Salehi Shanjani; A.A. Jafari; M. Mirza; M.R. Bihamta
Volume 34, Issue 2 , May and June 2018, , Pages 272-285
Abstract
Molecular, morphological and phenological markers were used to detect genetic diversity in several populations of Anthemis haussknechtii' Boiss. & Reut. growing in six different provinces in center and west of Iran. Variance analysis of morphologicalandphenological traits showed that all traits were ...
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Molecular, morphological and phenological markers were used to detect genetic diversity in several populations of Anthemis haussknechtii' Boiss. & Reut. growing in six different provinces in center and west of Iran. Variance analysis of morphologicalandphenological traits showed that all traits were significantly different among populations. Essential oil percentage, number of flowering stems and flower diameter showed the highest coefficient of variation (45.76, 38.76 and 32.86%, respectively). Six ISSR primers revealed 55 polymorphic bands, of which 38 (69.1%) were polymorphic. The ranges of distance between populations were varied from 0.009 to 0.439. According to the derived dendrogram from UPGMA, at a similarity level of 0.66, the populations were divided into two main groups. Grouping populations based on molecular markers was in accordance with geographical grouping. Among the populations, Ilam population is recommended for tropical areas with proper irrigation conditions, Ardakan and Khorramabad populations for commercial operators and research centers and Maybod population for cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions. Wide domain of genetic variation in this study could be considered as an available gene pool for A. haussknechtii improvement through selection and hybridization programs. Therefore, conservation strategies should be provided to maintain such diversity to apply in future breeding programs.
F. Askari; M. Mirza; M. Najafpour Navaei; Sh. Ahmadi
Volume 33, Issue 6 , January and February 2018, , Pages 1003-1016
Abstract
Both Centaurea pterocaula Trautv. and Centaurea urvillei DC. are a type of cornflower. The aim of this study is to determine the chemical composition of essential oils of C. urvillei and C. pterocaula for food, cosmetics-health industry and medicinal uses. The plant parts of C. urvillei and C. pterocaula ...
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Both Centaurea pterocaula Trautv. and Centaurea urvillei DC. are a type of cornflower. The aim of this study is to determine the chemical composition of essential oils of C. urvillei and C. pterocaula for food, cosmetics-health industry and medicinal uses. The plant parts of C. urvillei and C. pterocaula were collected at flowering stage from Urmia (Ghasemloo Valley) and Zanjan in 2010 and 2011. The plant parts including stem, leaf and inflorescence were dried in laboratory and crushed to particles. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. The essential oil yield of stem plus leaf and inflorescence of Centaurea pterocaula (w/w dried weight) were 0.06% and 0.09%, respectively. The major constituents of stem plus leaf and inflorescence essential oils were germacrene D (20.4% and 5.4%), thymol (10.6% and 3.8%), cyperene (3.5% and 11.5%), spathulenol (7.7% and 4.9%), caryophyllene oxide (6.8% and 13.4%) and E-caryophyllene (4.9% and 8.1%), respectively. The essential oil yield of stem plus leaf and inflorescence of Centaurea urvillei (w/w dried weight) were 0.023% and 0.065%, respectively. The major constituents of stem plus leaf oils were benzyl benzoate (38.7%), caryophyllene oxide (17.9%) and b-eudesmol (19.8%) and the major constituents of inflorescence oil were caryophyllene oxide (25.7%), spathulenol (14.8%) and eudesma-4(15)-7-dien-1-β-ol (21.0%).
M. Mirza; M. Najafpour Navaei; M. Dini
Volume 20, Issue 4 , January 2018, , Pages 417-423
Abstract
Scutellariais a member of Labiatae, distributed in mediteranean region and south of Asia. In Iran 20 species are present in center, northern, northwest and western districts. The aerial parts of Scutellaria pinnatifida. were collected from Touchal in Tehran province at full flowering stage ...
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Scutellariais a member of Labiatae, distributed in mediteranean region and south of Asia. In Iran 20 species are present in center, northern, northwest and western districts. The aerial parts of Scutellaria pinnatifida. were collected from Touchal in Tehran province at full flowering stage in May 2004. Essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of plant and analysed by a combination of capillary GC and GC/MS. The yeild of essential oil was obtained in 0.07% (w/w). 29 compounds in the oil have been identified representing 96.6% of the oil. The main constituent was germacrene D (39%). Other main components were β-caryophyllene, farnesene and bicyclogermacrene.
Sh. Ahmadi; M. Mirza; F. Askari
Volume 33, Issue 1 , May 2017, , Pages 139-147
Abstract
N. elymatica Bornm. is one of the endemic species in the genus Nepeta in Iran. This genus has important aromatic species. So far, 79 species have been reported from Iran, of which 39 species are endemic. The aim of this study was to identify the chemical composition of the essential oil of N. elymatica ...
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N. elymatica Bornm. is one of the endemic species in the genus Nepeta in Iran. This genus has important aromatic species. So far, 79 species have been reported from Iran, of which 39 species are endemic. The aim of this study was to identify the chemical composition of the essential oil of N. elymatica Bornm. The flowering branches of this species were collected in July from Oshterankuh, Kamandan region of Azna. After drying at room temperature, the flowering branches of the plant were subjected to hydro-distillation. The oil yield was calculated and the oil composition was identified by GC and GC/MS analysis and retention index. Results showed that the yield oil of this species was 0.95% w/w and 27 components were identified, among which 1,8-cineole (20.6%), 4a-a,7-a,7a-a-nepetalactone (17.5%), E-caryophyllene (15%) and linalool (5.8%), were the main compounds.
A. Zarezadeh; A. Mirhossaini; M. Mirza; Z. Jamzad; M. Arabzadeh
Volume 32, Issue 6 , February 2017, , Pages 937-947
Abstract
Thymuskotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. is a perennial medicinal shrub growing wild in some regions of Iran including Yazd province. This research was carried out in order to analyze oil quantity and quality of cultivated Thymuskotschyanus in the Medicinal Plants Farm, Yazd, Iran. The seeds of 19 accessions ...
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Thymuskotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. is a perennial medicinal shrub growing wild in some regions of Iran including Yazd province. This research was carried out in order to analyze oil quantity and quality of cultivated Thymuskotschyanus in the Medicinal Plants Farm, Yazd, Iran. The seeds of 19 accessions collected from natural habitats were sown in a greenhouse and the seedlings were planted in the farm. Shoots were harvested at 50% flowering stage in the second year and dried under shadow. Essential oil was extracted with water distillation method and oil components were identified after determining oil content. The highest amounts of oil content respectively were related to accessions TK7 (3.42%), TK12 (3.22%), TK17 (2.66%) and the lowest amount was observed in accession TK6 (0.79%). The highest amounts of oil production respectively were recorded in accessions TK5 (38.3kg/ha), TK7 (36.4kg/ha) and TK12 (36.1 kg/ha) and the lowest amount was related to TK1 (1.3 kg/ha). Cluster analysis based on eleven oil components classified the accessions into three groups. The first group, (TK2, TK6, TK13, TK18, TK16, TK19), was rich for thymol-p-cymene, the scond group (TK1, TK3, TK4, TK5, TK7, TK11, TK14, TK15, TK17) for carvacrol-thymol and the 3rd group (TK8, TK9, TK10, TK12) was rich for Geraniol-linalool. In general, accessions TK7, with 3.42% oil content, 36.4 kg/ha oil production and 63.8% carvacrol; TK14, with 2.2% oil content 35.5 kg/ha oil production and 47.2% carvacrol and thymol, TK5 with 2.4% oil content, 38.3 kg/ha oil production and 57% thymol and carvacrol are proposed as superior accessions.
M.A. Soltanipoor; S.M. Hesamzadeh Hejazi; P. Jonoubi; M. Mirza
Volume 32, Issue 3 , August 2016, , Pages 483-500
Abstract
Zhumeria majdae Rech. f. & Wendelbo is the medicinal, endemic, and endangered plant, distributed on very sharp slopes of mountains at an altitude of 520 to 1450 meters a.s.l in the south of Iran. This species is used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders like diarrhea, bloating, abdominal ...
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Zhumeria majdae Rech. f. & Wendelbo is the medicinal, endemic, and endangered plant, distributed on very sharp slopes of mountains at an altitude of 520 to 1450 meters a.s.l in the south of Iran. This species is used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders like diarrhea, bloating, abdominal pain and sour stomach, heartburn, and cold. The mashed fresh leaves are used to improve headaches and wound healing. To study the variation of essential oils of individuals among different populations, the aerial parts of five individuals of Z. majdae were collected at full flowering stage from 11 habitats of Hormozgan province, and then were dried at room temperature. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistilation method using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Results showed that the essential oil yield varied for both different habitats and individuals. The highest and lowest essential oil yields were obtained in the Abmah (5.9%) and Sirmand area (1.9%), respectively. In addition, the highest and lowest essential oil yields were recorded for the second individual from Abmah (7.9%) and the third individual from Sirmand (0.9), respectively. Totally, twenty-five components were identified for the individuals of different habitats. The individuals of a population differed in terms of chemical compositions. Among the existing chemical components in the essential oil of 55 individuals, Linalool (42.4-71.8%), Camphor (17.2-40.9%), Nerol (0.4-5.7%), and Borneol (0.9-4.9%) showed more variation. According to the results of the analysis of chemical data with PCA software, the study individuals of different populations were classified into two groups. A number of 12 individuals, having almost similar values of Linalool and Camphor, were placed in the first group, and the others, whose values of the two major components mentioned above were far from each other, were placed in the second group.
F. Sefidkon; R. Taebnia; M. Mirza
Volume 32, Issue 1 , April 2016, , Pages 1-13
Abstract
Satureja species are aromatic plants, belonging to Lamiaceae family. The green parts and essential oils of Satureja species are used in medicinal and food industries. Satureja rechingeri Jamzad is an endemic species growing wild in Ilam province. In this research, the seeds of six populations were collected ...
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Satureja species are aromatic plants, belonging to Lamiaceae family. The green parts and essential oils of Satureja species are used in medicinal and food industries. Satureja rechingeri Jamzad is an endemic species growing wild in Ilam province. In this research, the seeds of six populations were collected from natural habitats for domestication of this species and study the essential oil content and composition in cultivated plants. The seeds were cultivated in the research farm of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands in three replications in a complete randomized blocks design. For comparing the yields and constituents of essential oil, the aerial parts of each accession were collected in full flowering stage at three consecutive years. The plant materials were subjected to hydro-distillation after drying in room temperature. The oil yields were calculated and the oil compositions were identified by GC and GC/MS analysis and retention indices. Our results showed an increasing pattern for the oil yields of four populations during three years after cultivation and then it reached to 4.8%-6% in the third year. The major compound in all oils was carvacrol accounted for 80 to 88% in two- and three- year-old plants. According to the obtained results and improved yield of essential oil in cultivated samples compared to the wild ones as well as high levels of carvacrol, the cultivation of S. rechingeri in the same condition could be recommended.
M. Mirza; E. Sharifi Ashoorabadi; B. Allahverdi Mamaghani
Volume 31, Issue 5 , December 2015, , Pages 864-880
Abstract
In order to investigate the quality and quantity of essential oil of Thymus species, an experiment was conducted under field condition at Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. This project was related to national project, entitled extraction, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the essential ...
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In order to investigate the quality and quantity of essential oil of Thymus species, an experiment was conducted under field condition at Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. This project was related to national project, entitled extraction, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the essential oil of different Thymus species in some provinces of Iran. For This purpose, seeds of 75 accessions, collected from various provinces, were cultivated under greenhouse condition. Then, seedlings were transferred to the experimental field and cultivated under field condition. Flowering shoots were collected at 50% of flowering stage, dried in shadow and grinded. Essential oil extraction was carried out by hydro distillation method (Clevenger apparatus-Britain pharmacopeia) for three hours. Chemical compounds were identified with GC and GC-MS. According to the results, essential oil yield was between 0.04%-2%. The highest essential oil yield in relation to dry weight belongs to T. kotschyanus (2%), T. daenesis (1.92%) and T. vulgaris (1.69%) from west Azerbaijan province, Lorestan province and Markazi province, respectively. Linalool, geraniol, α-terpineol, Thymol, carvacrol, α-terpinyl acetate and geranyl acetate chemotypes were recognized among accessions. During two years, the highest Thymol (76.6%), carvacrol (82.9%) and geraniol (62.7%) were observed in T. daenesis from Markazi province, T. daenesis from Semnan province and T. lancifolius from Fars province.
F. Bahadori; E. Sharifi Ashorabadi; M. Mirza; M. Matinizade; V. Abdosi
Volume 31, Issue 3 , August 2015, , Pages 527-538
Abstract
In order to study the effects of interactions between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on some elements content, dry matter yield and root colonisation in organic cultivation of Thymus daenensis Celak, an experiment was conducted at semnan natural resource ...
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In order to study the effects of interactions between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on some elements content, dry matter yield and root colonisation in organic cultivation of Thymus daenensis Celak, an experiment was conducted at semnan natural resource research field at shahmirzad, in 2011-2012. Treatments included: A: the fungus of Glomus moseae (1-inoculated (AM) and 2- no inoculated) and B: PGPR inoculums (1- Bacillus subtilis 2- Pseudomonas fluorescens 3- control). A factorial experiment design was applied in a randomized complete blocks design with six treatments and three replications. Results showed that foliar K contents and root colonisation increased significantly with the G. moseae inoculation and the foliar P contents increased significantly with the B. subtilis inoculation alone. There was negative interactions between G. moseae and P. fluorescens on dry matter yield and nutrient uptake. The most effective treatment was observed in the co- inoculation with G. moseae and B. subtilis, which synergistically increased dry matter yield and nutrient uptake campared with singly inoculated or non- inoculated plants.
M. Peyvandi; H. Parandeh; M. Mirza
Volume 31, Issue 2 , June 2015, , Pages 185-193
Abstract
Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Sweet basil essential oil is used in food, medicine, and hygiene industries. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of nano iron chelate fertilizer (1, 3, 5 Kg.ha-1) and iron chelate fertilizer (1.5, 4.5, 7.5kg.ha-1) on ...
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Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Sweet basil essential oil is used in food, medicine, and hygiene industries. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of nano iron chelate fertilizer (1, 3, 5 Kg.ha-1) and iron chelate fertilizer (1.5, 4.5, 7.5kg.ha-1) on the quantity and quality of O. basilicum essential oil (EO) were investigated. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in a farm located in Saveh. After collecting the aerial parts of O. balilicum, the EO was extracted via water distillation method. Then, the EO was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Sixteen components were identified in the EO of O. basilicum. The major components were methyl chavicol (37%), geranial (26%), neral (21%) and caryophyllene oxide (3.5%), respectively. Among different treatments, the means of 10 components showed significant differences. The mean of EO percentage in all samples, treated by Fe and nano Fe fertilizers, was more than that of control.
M. Dashti; M. Mirza; M. Kafi; H. Tavakkoli
Volume 31, Issue 2 , June 2015, , Pages 262-274
Abstract
The effects of water deficit on yield, essential oil contents and composition of Noroozak (Salvia leriifolia Benth.) were investigated at Khorasan-e-Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Mashhad-Iran. The treatments were deficit irrigation based on actual evapotranspiration (ETc) ...
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The effects of water deficit on yield, essential oil contents and composition of Noroozak (Salvia leriifolia Benth.) were investigated at Khorasan-e-Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Mashhad-Iran. The treatments were deficit irrigation based on actual evapotranspiration (ETc) at the rate of 100% (fully irrigated), 66.6% (moderate stress), 33.3% (severe stress) and non-irrigated (control). The experiment was analyzed in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results indicated that the essential oil percentage of green leaves and flowering stem in severe stress and control was significantly (P≤0.05) higher than that of fully irrigated treatment. The highest and lowest dry matter yields were obtained in fully irrigated and control treatments, respectively. Severe deficit (P≤0.05) decreased the essential oil yield significantly but it was not affected in moderate stress. Results also showed that 1, 8-cineol, β-pinene and borneol were the main essential oil constituents in all water deficit treatments, included nearly 50% of total essential oil contents. The above essential oil constituents in control treatment increased by 21.1%, 7% and 15.3% in green leaves and 39%, 12% and 55% in flowering stems in comparison with fully irrigated treatment. However cedren-13-ol and δ-cadinene decreased by 58.5% and 46% in green leaves and 52% and 14% in flowering stems, respectively.
M. Yousefi; V. Nazeri; M. Mirza
Volume 30, Issue 6 , February 2015, , Pages 861-878
Abstract
In this study, 12 populations of Salvia leriifolia Benth. were collected to investigate the effects of environmental factors on the quantity and quality of essential oil. Oil was extracted using hydrodistillation based on the British Pharmacopoeia method. Chemical compositions of essential oils were ...
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In this study, 12 populations of Salvia leriifolia Benth. were collected to investigate the effects of environmental factors on the quantity and quality of essential oil. Oil was extracted using hydrodistillation based on the British Pharmacopoeia method. Chemical compositions of essential oils were detected using the GC-FID and GC-MS techniques. The influence of environmental factors on essential oil and chemical composition was analyzed using canonical correlation by SAS v. 9.1. Results showed that the average yield of essential oil were between 0.69-1.5% (v/w) for Tabas Sabzevar and Bajestan, respectively. Twenty-two compounds were identified, among which the concentration of juniper camphor (12.0-39.9%), 1,8-cineole (3.6-21%), β-pinene (8.7-18.1%) and α-pinene (4.4-10%) was high. Canonical correlation analysis among eight morphological traits and nine chemical properties revealed that the first six canonical variables had a significant canonical correlation. Canonical correlation coefficients of the first variable showed that high levels of α-pinene and β-pinene and low percentage of δ-cadinole had a direct and positive relationship with low amounts of soil calcium and potassium. In other words, the cultivation of S. leriifolia in soils rich in calcium and potassium increases δ-cadinole and α-pinene content and decreases β-pinene content in the essential oil.
F. Askari; E. Sharifi Ashorabadi; M. Mirza; M. Teimouri; E. Ehsani
Volume 30, Issue 5 , December 2014, , Pages 756-770
Abstract
This research was aimed to investigate the effect of collection locality and essential oil concentration of Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak on antimicrobial activity against some microorganisms. The statistical design used in this study was a factorial experiment in a completely randomized ...
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This research was aimed to investigate the effect of collection locality and essential oil concentration of Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak on antimicrobial activity against some microorganisms. The statistical design used in this study was a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications. In this experiment, collection locality at six levels including the habitats of West Azarbaijan, Tehran, Zanjan, Qazvin, Kurdistan and Guilan, essential oil dilution at three levels including one fifth (1:5), one twenty-fifth (1:25), one fiftieth (1:50) and comparison with the antibiotics of ciprofloxacin and ceftizoxime, and studied microorganisms at five levels including Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Candida albicans were investigated. The seeds were collected from different habitats and cultivated in the field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. The essential oil was isolated from shoots by hydro-distillation. Chemical compositions of the oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The essential oil yield obtained from different localities varied between 0.39% to 0.83% (w/w). The major constituents of the essential oil obtained from the samples collected from West Azarbaijan, Tehran, Zanjan, Qazvin, Kurdistan and Guilan were as follows: West Azarbaijan: E-caryophyllene (26.0%) and camphor (24.2%); Tehran: geranial (30.9%) and geranyl acetate (23.9%); Zanjan: linalool (23.5%) and 1,8-cineol (22.2%); Qazvin: thymol (30.3%) and carvacrol (30.1%); Kurdistan: linalool (17.2%) and geranyl acetate (12.7%), and Guilan: α–terpineol (31.2%) and geraniol (11.2%). Analysis of variance of inhibition zone diameter of T. pubescence essential oil showed significant difference (p<0.05) among collection locality, microorganism type, essential oil dilution and their interaction. Mean comparisons of the collection locality, microorganism type and essential oil dilution showed that the highest inhibition zone diameter (35.5mm) was recorded for the essential oil obtained from West Azarbaijan, ciprofloxacin against Bacillus subtilis. The lowest inhibition zone diameter (8.0 mm) was observed in the essential oil obtained from West Azerbaijan with essential oil dilution of 1:50 against P. aeruginosa. According to the MIC and MBC results, the most and the least antimicrobial activity was recorded for the essential oils obtained from the seeds collected from Tehran and Kurdistan, respectively.
A. Mohammadian; R. Karamian; M. Mirza; A. Sepahvand
Volume 30, Issue 4 , October 2014, , Pages 519-528
Abstract
Thymus is one of the most important genera of the Lamiaceae family, belonging to the Nepetoideae sub family. In this study, the relationship between altitude from sea level and soil physical and chemical characteristics as important factors affecting the quantitative and qualitative essential oils of ...
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Thymus is one of the most important genera of the Lamiaceae family, belonging to the Nepetoideae sub family. In this study, the relationship between altitude from sea level and soil physical and chemical characteristics as important factors affecting the quantitative and qualitative essential oils of Thymus fallax Fisch.et C.A. Mey.were examined. Four natural habitats of this species (Zagheh, Alashtar, Razan and Rhimeleh) were selected. Aboveground samples were collected in flowering stage and the essential oils were extracted with hydrodistilation method. Essential oils composition was determined using GC & GC/MS. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software, and Duncan's Multiple Range Test was used for mean comparison. According to the obtained results, the highest essential oil was recorded for Rhimeleh (2.8 %w/w) as compared to other habitats. The main components in the essential oils were carvacrol, thymol, gamma- terpinen, p-cymen, champhen and geranial. With increasing altitude, the percentage of carvacrol and thymol increased significantly. Some soil characteristics were correlated with the essential oils, presented in a linear regression model.
A. Zarezadeh; A. Mirhossaini; M. Mirza; M.R. Arabzadeh
Volume 30, Issue 4 , October 2014, , Pages 634-649
Abstract
The essential oil of Thymus spp has valuable components such as thymol and carvacrol. The aerial parts of different thymus accessions, cultivated in Shahedied research station of medicinal plants, were collected at flowering stage and then dried in shadow and hydro-distilled for obtaining their essential ...
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The essential oil of Thymus spp has valuable components such as thymol and carvacrol. The aerial parts of different thymus accessions, cultivated in Shahedied research station of medicinal plants, were collected at flowering stage and then dried in shadow and hydro-distilled for obtaining their essential oils. Analysis and identification of chemical composition of the oil were performed by GC and GC/MS. Among 74 cultivated accessions in 2011, the highest amount of oil yield was related to the accessions CFTNJI (4.17%), ZELP (4%), Q (3.72%), NJICFT (3.71%), XDRMKO (3.54%), respectively and the lowest was related to BHUZSE (0.66%). The highest amount of oil production per hectare was related to the accesstions XDRVGY (87.5kg/ha), NJICFT(45.42kg/ha), ZSECFT(40.86kg/ha), BHUMKO (38.31kg/ha), respectively and the lowest was related to CFTMKO (0.9kg/ha). Para-cymene, 1,8-cineol, gamma terpinene, borneol, thymol, carvacrol, geraniol, limonene, acetate geranil, terpineol, linalool, caryophyllene, respectively with values of 28.41%, 31.66%, 20.44%, 29.35%, 71.1%, 81.45%, 76.99%, 43%, 28%, 38.6%, 55.56%, 81%, 20%, were related to the accessions VGYCFT, NJIBHU, MKOMKO, CFTCFT, ZSEQ, NJICFT, CFTQ, MKOQ, CFTZSE, NJIBHU, ZSEQ, NJICFT, CFTQ, MKOQ, CFTZSE, NJIBHU, ZSELP, VGYMKO. In (2012), the highest amount of oil yield was recorded for the accessions Q (4.07%), CFTVGY (3.7%), MKOVGY (3.63%), ZSEQ (3.45%), ZSELP (%3.43), respectively and the lowest was found in VGYMKO (62.0%). The highest amount of oil production per hectare was related to the accessions BHUVGY (74.9kg/ha), XDRVGY (60.9kg/ha), XDRLP (51.78kg/ha), CFT (49.21kg/ha), Q (46.11kg/ha), respectively and the lowest was found in BHUZSE(2.36kg/ha). Generally, in terms of oil yield , oil production and main composition of essential oil, three accessions including NJICFT (Thymus Transcaspicus) with 3.71% essential oil and 45.42kg per hectare oil production and 81.5 % carvacrol, ZSEQ (T. daenensis) with 3.45% essential oil and 37.15 kg/h oil production and 73% thymol, and XDRVGY (T. vulgaris) with 2.75% essential oil and 78.5kg/h oil production and 45.8% thymol were selected as superior accessions.
M. Mirza; M. Najafpour Navaei; Z. Behrad
Volume 30, Issue 4 , October 2014, , Pages 650-655
Abstract
In this study, the analysis of seed and leaf essential oil of Heracleum anisactis Boiss. & Hohen., as an endemic species, was reported. The plant parts of H. anisactis were collected from Dizin Mountain at three altitudes of 2100, 2600 and 3200 m. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation ...
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In this study, the analysis of seed and leaf essential oil of Heracleum anisactis Boiss. & Hohen., as an endemic species, was reported. The plant parts of H. anisactis were collected from Dizin Mountain at three altitudes of 2100, 2600 and 3200 m. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Twenty and twenty-two components were identified in the leaf and seed essential oil, respectively. According to the results, the main constituents of leaf oil were octyl acetate (66/9%, 67.4% and 69.3%), octyl butyrate (3.7%, 3.5% and 5.6%) and hexyl isobutyrate (3.3%, 3.8%, 4.5%), at altitudes of 2100 m, 2600 m, and 3200m, respectively. In the seed oil, octyl acetate (69.4%, 72.4% and 76.5%) and hexyl butyrate (3.2%, 4.8%, 6.2%) were identified as the mail constituents at altitudes of 2100, 2600 and 3200m, respectively.
