Improvement and breeding
E. Chamani; F. Narimaniyan; Y. Pourbairami Hir; H.R. Heydari
Abstract
To investigate the effects of different nitrogen sources including ammonium nitrate, asparagine, and glutamine in five concentrations of 0, 50, 100,150, and 200 mg l-1 on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), an experiment was conducted in a completely ...
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To investigate the effects of different nitrogen sources including ammonium nitrate, asparagine, and glutamine in five concentrations of 0, 50, 100,150, and 200 mg l-1 on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five repliacations. The indices including plant height, shooting rate, number of leaves, necrotic leaf size, chlorophylls a, b, and total chlorophyll content, and the content of carotenoids, phenols, and flavonoids were measured. The results showed that the nitrogen sources significantly (P≤0.01) affected the all measured indices except the necrotic leaf size. The results of means comparison showed that the highest shooting rate and number of leaves were obtained at 100 mg l-1 of glutamine and asparagine and the highest plant height was obtained at 200 mg l-1 of ammonium nitrate. Also, the highest amount of photosynthetic pigments was obtained at 50 mg l-1 of asparagine and the highest amount of phenols and flavonoids was related to 200 mg l-1 of glutamine. In general, the results showed that the various nitrogen sources studied could positively and significantly improve the morphological and physiological characteristics of rosemary under in vitro conditions.
Improvement and breeding
S.G. Sajjadi; A. Tavassoli; M. Dadmehr
Abstract
To investigate the effects of hydrogel on growth, yield, and some secondary metabolites of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted in a farm located in the south of Dalgan city, Sistan and Baluchestan province in the 2017-2018 crop year. This research ...
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To investigate the effects of hydrogel on growth, yield, and some secondary metabolites of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted in a farm located in the south of Dalgan city, Sistan and Baluchestan province in the 2017-2018 crop year. This research was carried out as a split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included drought stress as main plot at four levels (irrigation at FC (field capacity), 85% of FC, 70% of FC, and 55% of FC), and hydrogel consumption as sub plot at three levels (A200 hydrogel consumption, silicate hydrogel consumption, and no hydrogel consumption). The quantitative traits including plant height, number of sub-branches per plant, number of flower per plant, plant fresh and dry weight, sepal fresh and dry yield, and harvest index and qualitative traits including content of anthocyanin and sepal phenolic compounds were measured. The results showed that the highest amount of quantitative traits was obtained from full irrigation treatment with the consumption of A200 hydrogel. But there was no significant difference between this treatment and the treatments of full irrigation with silicate hydrogel consumption and full irrigation without hydrogel. Also, no significant difference was observed between the above three treatments and the treatments of both types of hydrogels application in 85% and 70% of FC. The qualitative traits increased with increasing the stress intensity. The hydrogel consumption in comparison with not consuming it led to a decrease in the amount of anthocyanin and sepal phenolic compounds due to the modification of stress conditions by hydrogel.
Improvement and breeding
H. Asgarian; V. Abdossi; E. Danaee; A. Ladan Moghadam
Abstract
Salinity stress is one of the most important factors in reducing the crop yield in the world. The application of humic acid along with selenium can improve the plant yield under salinity stress conditions by increasing the antioxidant capacity. To evaluate the effects of humic acid and selenium application ...
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Salinity stress is one of the most important factors in reducing the crop yield in the world. The application of humic acid along with selenium can improve the plant yield under salinity stress conditions by increasing the antioxidant capacity. To evaluate the effects of humic acid and selenium application under salinity stress conditions in Calendula officinalis L., a factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in Islamshahr city in 2018. The experimental treatments included sodium chloride (0, 50, and 100 mg l-1), humic acid (0, 100, and 200 mg l-1), and selenium (0, 5, and 10 mg l-1) and their combined effects. The results showed that increasing the salinity significantly reduced the fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots and number of flowers per plant. The foliar application of 200 mg l-1 humic acid and 10 mg l-1 selenium improved carotenoids content of the petals and total chlorophyll of the leaves at all salinity levels. Also, with increasing the sodium chloride level up to 100 mg l-1, the amount of proline increased significantly. Meanwhile, the interaction treatments of humic acid and selenium had significant effects (P≤0.0.1) on improving the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes at different salinity levels. The highest amount of essential oil (1.37%) was obtained in the interaction treatment of 200 mg l-1 humic acid and 10 mg l-1 selenium under salinity stress of 50 mg l-1 sodium chloride. In general, the results of this study showed that the foliar application of 200 mg l-1 humic acid and 10 mg l-1 selenium could be effective in reducing the negative effects of salinity stress on C. officinalis.
Improvement and breeding
B. Yoosefi; S.R. Tabaie-Aghdaie; A. Amiri
Abstract
Forty eight damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) accessions from different parts of Iran (11 native accessions of Kermanshah and 37 accessions from other provinces of the country) were cultivated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Mehregan research station, Kermanshah province ...
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Forty eight damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) accessions from different parts of Iran (11 native accessions of Kermanshah and 37 accessions from other provinces of the country) were cultivated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Mehregan research station, Kermanshah province in 2006-2011 and their yield, morphological, and phenological traits were studied. Each experimental plot consisted of three individual plants with a distance of 3 m × 3 m. The drip irrigation was carried out once every 10 days. Also, the chemical fertilizers and pesticides were not used in the field. The desired traits were recorded and analyzed after the seedlings establishment in the third to fifth years. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that all the studied traits were significantly different (P<0.01) between the experimental years and between the different accessions. The variance of accession × year interaction in all the traits was significant (P<0.01). According to the results, the accessions Kermanshah codes 10, 11, 2, and 3, Kurdistan 1, and Isfahan codes 7 and 4 could be introduced for the cultivation in the climatic conditions of Kermanshah province as the compatible accessions with suitable flower and essential oil yield.
Improvement and breeding
N. Khaledi; A. Dehshiri; F. Hassani
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the effects of biopriming with a number of native isolates of Trichoderma harzianum on the germination and seed vigor indices of a native cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) population. Also, the effects of extracellular enzymes produced by these isolates as elicitors on ...
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This study was aimed at investigating the effects of biopriming with a number of native isolates of Trichoderma harzianum on the germination and seed vigor indices of a native cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) population. Also, the effects of extracellular enzymes produced by these isolates as elicitors on the production and accumulation of secondary metabolites in the seedlings obtained from bioprimed seeds were studied. Based on the results, all the T. harzianum isolates were able to produce the enzymes amylase, protease, cellulase, xylanase, chitinase, and lipase. The results also showed that the cumin seed biopriming significantly affected the germination and seed vigor indices and improved the quality and health of seeds and seedlings. In this study, the essential oil of seedlings obtained from the bioprimed seeds was extracted by water distillation and its chemical compounds were identified by GC and GC/MS. The results showed that the main compounds identified included β-pinene, ρ-cymene, limonene, γ-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, cuminaldehyde, and β-farnesene. Also, T. harzianum and the enzymes secreted by it as elicitors increased the expression of genes associated with the production and accumulation of secondary metabolites in cumin. This is the first report on the effects of seed biopriming with the native isolates of T. harzianum on the essential oil compounds of cumin seedlings. The findings of this research showed that the amount of extracellular enzymes secreted by the T. harzianum isolates is different and affects the production and accumulation of secondary metabolites in cumin.
Improvement and breeding
S. Rashvand; A.A. Jafari; A.R. Fakhr-Vaezi
Abstract
Lallemantia Fisch. et Mey. is one of the most important medicinal plant genera in Iran, which is highly demanded by Iranian people due to its health benefits. This study was aimed at regenerating and domesticating some wild ecotypes of Lallemantia spp. species. The seeds of nine ecotypes from L. royleana ...
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Lallemantia Fisch. et Mey. is one of the most important medicinal plant genera in Iran, which is highly demanded by Iranian people due to its health benefits. This study was aimed at regenerating and domesticating some wild ecotypes of Lallemantia spp. species. The seeds of nine ecotypes from L. royleana (Benth.) Benth., five ecotypes from L. iberica (M.Bieb.) Fisch. & C.A. Mey., and five ecotypes from L. peltata (L.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. were prepared from the Natural Resources Gene Bank, Iran and planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Qazvin Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Iran in 2018. The studied traits included total plant dry weight, seed yield, plant height, plant canopy diameter, and phenological traits including days to flowering and days to seed ripening. The ANOVA between the species was performed first, then the nested ANOVA between the ecotypes within each species. The means comparison of different traits among the ecotypes within each species was done using the Tukey method. In this study, the ecotypes were divided into three separate clusters based on the cluster analysis and biplot diagram. The cluster1 ecotypes belonging to L. iberica had higher seed yield than the other two ones. In L. iberica, the highest seed weight belonged to the ecotype ‘Azadshahr’ (4.5 g plant-1) with an estimated yield of 375 kg ha-1. Finally, the superior class a ecotypes were identified in terms of seed yield and put in the process of seed propagation and certification.
Improvement and breeding
E. Danaee; V. Abdossi
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic environmental stresses which restricts the growth and production of plants. On the other hand, silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in the soil and alleviates the biotic and abiotic stresses in the plants. For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment ...
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Salinity is one of the most important abiotic environmental stresses which restricts the growth and production of plants. On the other hand, silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in the soil and alleviates the biotic and abiotic stresses in the plants. For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized statistical design with three replications to investigate the effects of silicon and nano-silicon (50 and 100 mg l-1) on some morphophysiological and phytochemical properties of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) under salinity stress at the different levels of sodium chloride (0, 50, and 100 mg l-1) in 2019. The results showed that the salinity stress significantly reduced the fresh and dry weight of aerial parts and root, and chlorophyll, total phenol, and protein contents. The activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes and essential oil percentage differed at the different salinity levels. The amount of proline also increased significantly due to the sodium chloride treatment of 100 mg l-1. The plants treatment with the different levels of silicon and nano-silicon reduced the negative effects of salinity stress on the evaluated indices. The nano-silicon treatment of 100 mg l-1 showed the highest inhibition of salinity stress effects on the growth indices, antioxidant enzymes activity, and essential oil percentage. Therefore, according to the results of this research, the foliar application of silicon and nano-silicon could be recommended to reduce the negative effects of salinity stress on peppermint.
Improvement and breeding
M.M. Fattahi; R. Mahdavi; M. Rezaei; Y. Esmaeilpour
Abstract
This study aimed at determining the optimal cultivation pattern of medicinal plant species using hybrid model of AHP-TOPSIS (Analytic Hierarchy Process-Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) in Qom province. First, among the various, diverse and priority criteria for determining ...
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This study aimed at determining the optimal cultivation pattern of medicinal plant species using hybrid model of AHP-TOPSIS (Analytic Hierarchy Process-Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) in Qom province. First, among the various, diverse and priority criteria for determining the optimal cultivation pattern of medicinal plants, according to the ecological and economic conditions of the study area and with a survey of a number of experts familiar with medicinal plants, screening of criteria and options that were more important and effective in this regard, was done. Finally, six criteria including heat stress threshold, cold stress threshold, soil texture, water EC, water needs, and economic issues and 10 options including Thymus vulgaris, Matricaria chamomilla, Berberis vulgaris, Crocus sativus, Cuminum cyminum, Cichorium intybus, Sesamum indicum, Echium amoenum, Rosa damascena, and Mentha spicata were selected. At first, the weight of each criterion was determined by the paired comparisons with an incompatibility rate of 0.02 using the AHP model and Expert Choice software. Then the TOPSIS technique was used. The results showed that among the criteria for determining the optimal cultivation pattern of medicinal plants in Qom province, the highest and lowest weight belonged to the economic issues (cost-benefit) and the soil texture criteria, respectively. Also, C. sativus was the best among the options, and R. damascena, C. cyminum, and E. amoenum were placed in the next ranks. This study showed that the hybrid model of AHP-TOPSIS can be used to evaluate and prioritize the options for determining the optimal cultivation pattern of medicinal plants and use the strengths of both models and cover their weaknesses.
Improvement and breeding
H. Hasan-beigi; M. Saidi; M. Mohammadi
Abstract
To investigate the effects of foliar application of gibberellic acid (GA3) and salicylic acid (SA) on the morphophysiological, biochemical, and yield characteristics of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, an experiment began as a factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at ...
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To investigate the effects of foliar application of gibberellic acid (GA3) and salicylic acid (SA) on the morphophysiological, biochemical, and yield characteristics of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, an experiment began as a factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the research farm of Agriculture Faculty, Ilam University, Iran, by sowing the plants in 2018 and continued by evaluating the plant characteristics for the two consecutive years (2018 & 2019). The experimental treatments included the foliar spray of plants during vegetative growth period with GA3 (0, 100, and 200 ppm) and SA (0, 100, and 200 ppm) as well as their combinations. The results showed that the highest plant height, number of flowers, and fresh and dry weight of the plants (in both years) were obtained in the GA3-200 ppm treatment and the highest amount of total chlorophyll and carotenoids (in both years) in the GA3-100 ppm one. The highest capitol diameter and fresh and dry weight of flowers in the first year and the highest anthocyanins content in the second year were observed in the GA3-200 ppm treatment. Also, the highest capitol diameter in the second year and the highest anthocyanins content in the first year were obtained in the SA-100 ppm treatment. In addition, the highest fresh and dry weight of flowers in the second year was recorded in the SA-200 ppm treatment. The highest essential oil amount of flowers, shoots (without flowers), and total essential oil (in both years) were obtained in the GA3-100 ppm+SA-100 ppm combination treatment. Considering that increasing the plant dry matter yield as well as essential oil content were the most important objectives of this study, the GA3-200 ppm treatment for the plant dry weight increase and the GA3-100 ppm+SA-100 ppm combination treatment for the essential oil content increase could be suggested as the best treatments.
Improvement and breeding
J. Gheshlaghpour; R. Khademian; B. Asghari; B. Sedaghati
Abstract
To evaluate the silicon effects on morphological characteristics as well as the percentage and composition of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil under cadmium stress, a factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. The treatments included cadmium metal (Cd) as ...
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To evaluate the silicon effects on morphological characteristics as well as the percentage and composition of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil under cadmium stress, a factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. The treatments included cadmium metal (Cd) as the first factor at three levels of 0, 25, and 50 mg kg-1 soil and silicon (Si) as the second factor with concentrations of 0, 1, and 2 mM. The characteristics including root length, fresh and dry weight of roots, plant height, fresh and dry weight of stems, stem diameter, number of leaves, fresh weight of leaves, number of buds, number of sub-stems, and percentage and composition of essential oil were evaluated. The results showed that Cd had negative effects on all studied morphological characteristics and significantly decreased their values compared to the control. However, Si treatment improved all these traits and with increasing the concentration of this element, a significant increase in the values of these traits was observed. Application of Si in the concentration of 2 mM caused 63.8, 81, 61, and 61% increase in the number of sub-stems, root fresh weight, stem fresh weight, and number of buds compared to the control, respectively. The amounts of five major constituents of basil essential oil including 1,8-cineole, linalool, estragole, methyl eugenol, and eugenol were affected significantly with the Cd and Si treatments. However, the interaction of these two treatments showed a significant effect only on the three compounds 1,8-cineole, linalool, and methyl eugenol. The maximum amounts of 1,8-cineole (5.06%) and methyl eugenol (6.21%) were observed in the plants which simultaneously exposed to the highest concentrations of Cd and Si. The amount of linalool was also decreased with the presence of Cd and increased with the Si treatment. The Cd treatment increased the amount of estragole by 12.8% and decreased the amount of eugenol by 25.2%. The Si treatment also increased the amount of estragole by 23.9% and decreased the amount of eugenol by 18.3%.
Improvement and breeding
Sh. Ahmadi; M.J. Nazarideljou; A. Hassani
Abstract
Many studies have been conducted on the role of essential elements in various aspects of medicinal plant production. However, the role of silicon (Si) as a quasi-essential or beneficial element in the growth and development, quantity and quality of essential oil of many medicinal plants is unknown. In ...
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Many studies have been conducted on the role of essential elements in various aspects of medicinal plant production. However, the role of silicon (Si) as a quasi-essential or beneficial element in the growth and development, quantity and quality of essential oil of many medicinal plants is unknown. In this regard, different concentrations of silicic acid including 0 (control), 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 mg l-1 were added to the standard Hoagland and Arnone nutrient solution, and morphophysiological reactions and secondary metabolites production of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) were evaluated in soilless cultivation (hydroponic system). The fresh and dry weight of leaves and roots increased with the addition of Si to the nutrient solution compared to the control. The percentage of biomass changes varied depending on the concentration of Si, so that the plant fresh weight at 125 mg l-1 of Si increased by 41% compared to the control (without Si). However, the percentage of essential oil (fresh materials) in plants fed with Si increased significantly compared to control. Accordingly, the percentage of essential oil in different Si concentrations including 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 mg l-1 were 0.16, 0.21, 0.31, 0.33, 0.34 and 0.34(%), respectively. The reaction of lemon balm essential oil compounds to Si also indicated the important role of this element in the quality of the essential oil produced. The highest amounts of geraniol (21.27%) and citral (58.71%) were obtained in concentrations of 50 and 125 mg l-1 of Si, respectively. Also, the most important main compounds in various concentrations of Si (mg l-1) included citral+geraniol (Conc.0), citral+neryl (Conc.25), citral+linalool (Conc.50), citral+caryophyllene oxide (Conc.75), citral+geranyl acetate (Conc.100) and citral+geranyl (Conc.125). Based on the results of the experiment, Si as a beneficial element has a significant effect on the growth and development parameters, yield, and quality of essential oil of lemon balm.
Improvement and breeding
M. Beiranvandi; N. Akbari; A. Ahmadi; H. Mumivand; F. Nazarian
Abstract
To study the effect of biochar and superabsorbent on the chemical composition of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad essential oil, under drought stress conditions, a factorial split-plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 at the Medicinal Plant ...
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To study the effect of biochar and superabsorbent on the chemical composition of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad essential oil, under drought stress conditions, a factorial split-plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 at the Medicinal Plant Research Farm of Lorestan University. Treatments included drought stress as the main plot at three levels (100, 80, and 60% of water requirement) and cow manure biochar at two levels (0 and 10 ton ha-1), and stockosorb hydrogel at three levels (0, 60, and 120 mg plant-1) as subplots. Twenty-four compounds were identified in aerial parts essential oil of the plant using GC-MS. The main constituents included carvacrol (76.6%), γ-terpinene (5.8%), p < /em>-cymene (3%), terpinen-4-ol (2.5%), 1,8-cineole (2%), and linalool (0.9%). The results showed that the highest amount of carvacrol (90.8%) was observed in severe moisture stress+biochar+60 mg stockosorb and the lowest (73.8%) was observed in stress-free control treatment with biochar+120 mg stockosorb. The results showed that interactions between drought stress and biochar had a significant effect on essential oil yield. Also, no correlation was observed between the presence and absence of stockosorb superabsorbent with different compounds of Satureja rechingeri essential oil.
Improvement and breeding
A. Barghi; A. Gholipouri
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most common abiotic stresses, which causes a high decrease in crop production. Growth regulators play an important role in plant growth and development under normal and stress conditions. To study the effects of foliar application of jasmonic acid and 24-epibrassinolide on yield ...
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Salinity is one of the most common abiotic stresses, which causes a high decrease in crop production. Growth regulators play an important role in plant growth and development under normal and stress conditions. To study the effects of foliar application of jasmonic acid and 24-epibrassinolide on yield and yield components, oil and essential oil percentage and some physiological characteristics of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) under salinity stress conditions, a factorial experiment based on the randomized complete block design was conducted in the research greenhouse of Mohaghegh Ardabili University with three replications. The treatments included salinity at four levels (0, 5, 10 and, 15 ds.m-1 NaCl) and plant growth regulators at three levels (control, 0.1 mmol 24-epibrassinolide, and 0.5 mmol jasmonic acid). Results of mean comparisons indicated that salinity stress decreased plant yield, number of seeds per capsule, number of capsules per plant, and seed oil percentage, while significantly increased 1000-seed weight and proline content. Growth regulators also increased 1000-seed weight and seed oil percentage and decreased proline content. Chlorophylls a and b contents of the leaves decreased with increasing salinity levels, and the use of jasmonic acid and 24-epibrassinolide increased their amounts at all salinity levels. Malondialdehyde content increased with increasing salinity levels, and plant growth regulators foliar spray decreased its content at all stress levels. Besides, the percentage of seed essential oil increased with increasing salinity levels and also with plant growth regulators application at all salinity levels. It is recommended to foliar spray the plant with 24-epibrassinolide and jasmonic acid growth regulators under salinity conditions to avoid stress damages and increase black cumin essential oil, which is a very important compound in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as to enhance seed oil percentage, 1000-seed weight, and photosynthetic pigments of black cumin.
Improvement and breeding
B. Esmaielpour; M. Shiekhalipour; M. Torabi-Giglo
Abstract
Soil salinity in arid and semi-arid regions is one of the most important abiotic stresses causing negative effects on the growth and yield of medicinal plants. To investigate the effect of Zn nanoparticles foliar spray at different levels on growth characteristic, antioxidant enzymes, and essential oil ...
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Soil salinity in arid and semi-arid regions is one of the most important abiotic stresses causing negative effects on the growth and yield of medicinal plants. To investigate the effect of Zn nanoparticles foliar spray at different levels on growth characteristic, antioxidant enzymes, and essential oil yield of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) under salinity stress conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse of Mohaghegh Ardabili University during 2018-2019. Experimental treatments included salinity stress at four levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM of NaCl) and foliar spray with Zn nanoparticles at three levels (0, 100, and 500 mg.l-1). Traits including plant height, aerial parts fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll, cell membrane electrolyte leakage, relative water content, proline, antioxidant enzymes, and percentage and yield of essential oil were measured. Results showed that salinity significantly decreased plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll, the relative water content of leaves, and essential oil yield, and increased electrolyte leakage from cell membranes and proline content of the leaves. While nano-Zn foliar spray reduced the negative effects of salinity stress by increasing the growth and activity of antioxidant enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Treatment of 500 mg.l-1 nano-Zn caused the best-improving effect on traits including plant height, stem dry weight, chlorophyll, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzymes, and essential oil yield under salinity stress conditions. Therefore, the use of 500 mg.l-1 nano-Zn is recommended as a reduction of the negative effects of salinity stress in dragonhead.
