Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Mahmood Barati; Majid Sharifi-Rad; Saeede saeedi
Abstract
Due to the importance of rangeland medicinal plants, the present study was conducted to assess the chemical profile and antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of rangeland-medicinal plant Artemisia absinthium L. root and aerial parts extracts at different phenological stages (vegetative, ...
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Due to the importance of rangeland medicinal plants, the present study was conducted to assess the chemical profile and antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of rangeland-medicinal plant Artemisia absinthium L. root and aerial parts extracts at different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and seeding). Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods were used for determination of total phenol and flavonoids contents, respectively. The ethanol extract biological activities were investigated at different phenological stages: the antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods; the antibacterial activity by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods; and the anti-inflammatory activity using human red blood cell stabilization. The results showed that the highest amount of total phenol (86.4 ± 2 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight) and total flavonoids (36.2 ± 1.3 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g dry weight) was recorded for the root at flowering stage. Also, the root extract at flowering stage had the highest antioxidant (IC50 = 15.4 μg.mL-1) and antibacterial activities. The largest inhibition zone (22 mm) was observed for this extract against Staphylococcus aureus. This extract MIC and MBC were recorded 18.7 mg.mL-1 and 37.5 mg.mL-1 against S. aureus and Bacillus cereus, respectively. The bacteria Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli showed less sensitivity to the mentioned extract. Also, the results showed that the flowering stage had the highest anti-inflammatory activity compared to the other phenological stages. The root extract at the all phenological stages showed higher anti-inflammatory activity than the aerial parts. Overall, it could be concluded that A. absinthium, particularly at flowering stage, can be considered as a suitable alternative source for synthetic antioxidants, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory agents.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Sharifi-Rad
Abstract
Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. is one of the medicinal plants belonging to the fam. apiaceae that has been recommended as a treatment for the neurological disorders. The present study was aimed at investigating the changes in the phytochemicals content and the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory ...
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Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. is one of the medicinal plants belonging to the fam. apiaceae that has been recommended as a treatment for the neurological disorders. The present study was aimed at investigating the changes in the phytochemicals content and the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties of D. anethifolia ethanolic extract at the different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and seeding). The plant shoots were collected at each stage randomly. The total phenols and flavonoids contents of the ethanolic extracts were measured using the spectrophotometry method and the antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH free radical scavenging method. The disk diffusion method was used to investigate the antibacterial activity of the plant extract against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Also, the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extract was assessed using the human red blood cell stabilization method. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the different phenological stages in terms of the total phenols and flavonoids contents and the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties (P <0.05). The highest amount of total phenols and flavonoids (148 ± 1.7 mg Gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight and 97 ± 1.5 mg Quercetin equivalents (QE)/g dry weight, respectively) and antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities was observed at the flowering stage. The results also showed that the plant extract studied had a greater inhibitory effect on the Gram-positive bacteria than the Gram-negative ones. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract of D. anethifolia could be used as a promising agent with the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties to treat many diseases. Also, the flowering stage could be introduced as the best harvest time for the medicinal use of this species.
F. Najafi; S. Mehrabian; R. Khavari-Nejad; Y. Ghorbani
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of different concentrations of NaCl (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 100mM) were investigated on some physiological parameters and antibacterial activities of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Ten-days-old seedlings, prepared in sterilized petri dishes, were transferred into pots ...
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In the present study, the effects of different concentrations of NaCl (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 100mM) were investigated on some physiological parameters and antibacterial activities of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Ten-days-old seedlings, prepared in sterilized petri dishes, were transferred into pots containing washed sand and irrigated with Hoagland nutrient solution. Pots were located in a growth chamber (at 25°C for 16h in light and 18°C for 8h in darkness) and after certain growth period, plants were harvested for analyses. For antibacterial analyses, the plants were treated throughout flowering and fruit production stages. Results showed that in all treated plants, proline content was increased and photosynthetic pigments were decreased in high concentrations of NaCl. Also, the studies on growth factors showed that in dill, these parameters were affected by NaCl. Studies on antibacterial activities showed that in most of the cases, the zone of inhibition was increased by increasing of salt concentration and the antibacterial effect of extract was significant in high concentrations. Of course, choosing the best way and solute for preparing the extract is important for reaching a noticeable antibacterial effect.
N. Ansari; N. Hasanzadeh; M.B. Rezaee
Abstract
One of the modern methods for biological control of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) brown blotch disease is using plant's essential oil. Therefore, antimicrobial properties of essential oil and extracts obtained from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. leaves were evaluated against the plant pathogenic ...
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One of the modern methods for biological control of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) brown blotch disease is using plant's essential oil. Therefore, antimicrobial properties of essential oil and extracts obtained from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. leaves were evaluated against the plant pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas tolaasii both In vitro and In vivo conditions. 0.3 g/ml of each leaf samples was macerated in water and organic solvents (acetone, methanol and ethanol) to obtain the relevant extracts. The extraction of essential oil from leaves was performed Hydro-distillation method using Clevenger apparatus. Bioassays for inhibition activities of EO were carried out in five concentrations (0/1, 0/01, 0/001, 0/0001 and pure mg/ml) on two agar media of NA and KB. According to the isolation and identification of the main components in essential oils by gas chromatography (GC-MS), Cineol (58.1%) and α-phellandrene (6%) were identified as the main components. The most efficient In vitro results obtained by pure essential oil of Eucalyptus with 17 mm inhibition zone on KB and methanol extract with 8mm on NA. These were more pronounced when compared to inhibition effects of antibiotics erythromycin, penicillin and gentamycin and not with tetracycline in both concentrations of 0.1 and 0.01 mg/ml. This was reversed by subsequent increase of the antibiotics tetracycline and gentamicin to the level of 1, 5 and 10 mg/ml. In vivo assays were conducted in order to evaluate the efficacy of essential oil and methanol extract in two dilutions of 0/1 and 0/01 mg/ml. 20µl of each plant extracts was pre-treated on mushroom caps and after 24 h, the bacterial suspension at ca 105 cfu/ml was inoculated the same pre-treated sites. After a two day incubation period at 25°C, the 0/01 concentration of both extracts showed a satisfactory result.
F. Oroojalian; R. Kasra-Kermanshahi; M. Azizi; M.R. Bassami
Abstract
Essential oils of three medicinal plants species, including Carum copticum (L.) C. B. Clarke, Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch. and Cuminum cyminum L., were obtained by hydrodistillation and their constituents were analyzed by GC and GC/MS using retention indices and fragmentation patterns. The antibacterial ...
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Essential oils of three medicinal plants species, including Carum copticum (L.) C. B. Clarke, Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch. and Cuminum cyminum L., were obtained by hydrodistillation and their constituents were analyzed by GC and GC/MS using retention indices and fragmentation patterns. The antibacterial effects (MIC and MBC) of the essential oils were assessed on several food-borne pathogens, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes by microdilution technique using ELISA reader. Because of the combinatory usage of Bunium persicum and Cuminum cyminum in folk medicine, the affect of essential oil on food organoleptic properties and MIC values of the plants, interaction of Bunium persicum and Cuminum cyminum essential oils were also studied by FICindex determination using modified dilution checkboard method. The results showed that there are noticeable differences between the essential oils as their constituents as concerned, while ρ-cymen and γ-terpinene detected in all essential oils in different percentage. The main components of essential oils of C. copticum were thymol (48.4%), ρ-cymene(21.8%) and γ-terpinene (21.3%). The major constituents of B. persicum were γ-terpinene (44.2%), cuminaldehyde (16.9%), γ-terpinen-7-al (10.5%), and ρ-cymen (8%) while those of C. cyminum were cuminaldehyde (30.2%), ρ-cymene(14.1%), γ-terpinene (12.8%), and safranal (9.4%). The ranges of minimum inhibitory concentrationof the oils were 0.03-0.5,0.18-3.0, and 0.37-3.0 mg/ml, respectively, for C. copticum, B. persicum and C. cyminum. Moreover, the combination of B. persicum and C. cyminum essential oils confirmed synergistic and additive activities against the pathogens. In conclusion, although the MIC of Bunium persicum and Cuminum cyminum essential oils were lower than C. copticum, but combinatory usage of these essential oils especially against gram-positive bacteria produced promissing results. So application of these essential oils is recommended in combination as an efficients and complementary method for control of food borne pathogens with lower side effects on organolpetic properties of food.
F. Chalabian; A. Monfared; K. Larijani; S. Saldoosi
Abstract
Essential oil from aerial parts of Chenopodium botrys L. (Chenopodiacea) was obtained by two methods, hydro-distillation and solvent extraction using n-hexane. From the first oil 29 compounds constituting 91.84% of the total components (34 compounds.) were identified, of which α-eudesmol (15.23%), ...
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Essential oil from aerial parts of Chenopodium botrys L. (Chenopodiacea) was obtained by two methods, hydro-distillation and solvent extraction using n-hexane. From the first oil 29 compounds constituting 91.84% of the total components (34 compounds.) were identified, of which α-eudesmol (15.23%), epi-α-muurolol (11.06%) and cubenol (10.16%) were the major constituents. In the second oil 14 compounds were identified thet representing 91.05% of the oil with α-chenopodiol acetate (34.99%) and eudesma-3, 11-dien-6- α-ol (18.92%) as the major constituents. Essential oil from aerial parts of Ferulago subvelutina Rech. F. (Apiaceae) was obtained by hydro-distillation method. Thirty six from 39 compounds constituting 98.29% were identified, which limonene (26.99%), α-phellandrene (23.11%) and α -pinene (13.3%) were the major components. Essential oil from flower of Rosa gallica L. (Rosaceae family) was obtained by solvent extraction method by n-Hexane. Twelve from 13 components constituting 98.01% were identified which nonadecene (23.76%), isopropyl tiglate (17.47%), 2-methyl-4-heptane (14.86%) and n-nonane (11.85%) were the majors. Antibacterial activities of essential oils were investigated on pathogens including three species of Staphylococcus genus, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi and Echerichia coli.
