Agriculture and horticulture
B. Yousefi; M.H. Lebaschy; F. Sefidkon; H. Safari
Abstract
To investigate the effects of planting density and organic fertilizers on the yield traits of Satureja spicigera (K.Koch) Boiss. under the Kermanshah rainfed conditions, an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications in Kermanshah ...
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To investigate the effects of planting density and organic fertilizers on the yield traits of Satureja spicigera (K.Koch) Boiss. under the Kermanshah rainfed conditions, an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications in Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in 2016-2020 crop years. The main factor and sub-factor were fertilizer (rotten cow manure, enriched straw, and field soil (control)) and plant density (2.66, 4, and 8 plants.m-2), respectively. To have the desired densities, plants were grown with a distance of 50 cm between the rows and 25, 50, and 75 cm on the rows. The results showed that the traits including diameter, height, canopy area, fresh and dry weight of plant, fresh and dry yield per hectare, and essential oil yield per hectare were significantly different between the years, plant densities, and fertilizer treatments. The highest fresh yield (3639.3 kg.ha-1) was obtained in the rotten cow manure+ high plant density treatment and the highest dry yield (2105 kg.ha-1) and essential oil yield (72.59 kg.ha-1) in the enriched straw+ high plant density one. The results showed that the best fertilizer and plant density treatment for S. spicigera was straw enriched with ammonium sulfate and 8 plants.m-2.
Gh. Ramezan; B. Abbaszadeh
Abstract
Drought stress is an important environmental factor that reduces the yield of plants. Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad et Assadi is a perennial plant from Lamiaceae family. Iran is an arid and semiarid region and most of the agricultural lands are faced with drought stress; this is the main reason for reduced ...
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Drought stress is an important environmental factor that reduces the yield of plants. Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad et Assadi is a perennial plant from Lamiaceae family. Iran is an arid and semiarid region and most of the agricultural lands are faced with drought stress; this is the main reason for reduced yield. In order to investigate the effect of drought stress and planting interval on Nepeta pogonosperma, an experiment was conducted under field conditions in 2012, at Alborz research station, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Karaj, Iran. The experiment was conducted in factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Planting interval factor was in four levels (20×20, 30×30, 40×40 and 50×50 cm), and drought stress factor was in three levels (30, 60 and 90% of field capacity). Analysis of variance showed that the effect of interaction of drought stress × planting interval was significant on diameter of the main stem and the percentage of essential oil at P≤0.05. The effect of planting interval and drought stress was significant on leaf width and length, inflorescence length, yield, essential oil percentage and yield, number of flowering stems and total stems, and number of inflorescences. Mean comparison showed that the maximum leaf width (15.9 mm), leaf length (40.5 mm), and shoot yield (3391 kg/ha) were achieved in the control (90% FC), and the highest number of non-flowering stems (47), number of flowering stems (41), number of total stems (88), number of inflorescences (15), shoot yield (5185 kg/ha), essential oil percentage (3.21%) and essential oil yield (122 kg/ha) were related to 20×20 cm planting interval. The results of this study showed that in order to achieve the maximum shoot yield and essential oil yield, a planting interval of 20×20 cm at a drought level of 60%FC could be recommended.
M.T. Darzi; A. Akhani
Abstract
This research was aimed to study the effects of biofertilizer and plant density on yield and essential oil of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). The traits including 1000-seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, essential oil content, and essential oil yield were measured in a factorial experiment ...
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This research was aimed to study the effects of biofertilizer and plant density on yield and essential oil of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). The traits including 1000-seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, essential oil content, and essential oil yield were measured in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with twelve treatments and three replications. The study was conducted at the research field of Agriculture Company of Ran, Firouzkuh, Iran in 2011. The factors were nitroxin biofertilizer at four levels (non-inoculated, inoculated seeds, spraying on the plant at stem elongation stage and inoculated seeds+spraying on the plant at stem elongation stage) and plant density at three levels (12.5, 16.7 and 25 plants m-2). Results showed that the highest 1000-seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, essential oil content, and essential oil yield were obtained from nitroxin inoculation with seeds together spraying on the plant at stem elongation stage. Plant density also showed significant effects on the mentioned traits, as the highest biological yield, seed yield and essential oil yield were obtained in a density of 25 plants m-2 and the maximum essential oil content was recorded in a density of 16.7 plants m-2. According to the results of this study, two- time consumption of nitroxin biofertilizer and a density of 25 plants m-2 were identified as the most suitable treatment.
A. Nikoupour; K. Jaimand; M.T. Darzi; F. Rejali
Abstract
In order to evaluate the performance of biological phosphorus fertilizer and plant density on the quantity and quality of essential oils in Ajowan (Trachyspermum copticum L.), this research was performed as a two factors factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications ...
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In order to evaluate the performance of biological phosphorus fertilizer and plant density on the quantity and quality of essential oils in Ajowan (Trachyspermum copticum L.), this research was performed as a two factors factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field of the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands in spring 2010. The treatments consisted of four levels of the phosphorus bio-fertilizer (Control (non-inoculated) seed soaked with liquid fertilizer, soluble fertilizer to the plants and seed soaked with liquid fertilizer & soluble fertilizer to the plants) and three levels of density (250000, 125000, 83000 plants per hectare). The studied characteristics included essential oil percentage, oil yield, percentage of thymol, terpinolene and p-cymene were in volatil oils. Results showed that the effect of bio-fertilizer phosphorus on the studied characteristics were significant at 1% , so that the highest amounts of oil percentage (4.34%) and oil yield (143.12 kg per hectare) were obtained in double inoculation treatment (seed soaked with liquid fertilizer & soluble fertilizer to the plants). In addition, the highest percentages of thymol (33.9%), terpinolene (41.5%), and p-cymene (23.3%) were obtained in the treatments of seed soaked with liquid fertilizer, double inoculation treatment, and soluble fertilizer, respectively. The effect of plant density on the studied characteristics was significant at 1% level of significance, so that the highest amounts of oil percentage (4.1%), oil yield (104.07 kg ha-1), thymol (37.4%), terpinolene (44.5%) and p-cymene (23.9%) were obtained in plant density treatments of 83000, 250000, 125000, and 83000 plants per hectare, respectively. However, significant interaction effects were also observed on oil percentage (5.37%), oil yield (149.5 kg per hectare), percentage of thymol (40%), percentage of terpinolene (49.1%) and percentage of para-cymene (25.6%).
N. Kazerani; M.J. Saharkhiz; J. Javanmardi; B. Heidari; M. Rezaei; P. Bayat
Abstract
Holy basil (Ocimium sanctum L.) is a medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to Lamiaceae family. This study was conducted to determine the most suitable plant density and nitrogen fertilizer rate to improve the qualitative and quantitative traits of Holy basil. The experiment was a randomized complete ...
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Holy basil (Ocimium sanctum L.) is a medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to Lamiaceae family. This study was conducted to determine the most suitable plant density and nitrogen fertilizer rate to improve the qualitative and quantitative traits of Holy basil. The experiment was a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement with two factors and four replications. The factors were plant density (D) at 26.6, 19, 14.8, and 12.1 plant per m2, and nitrogen (N) at three levels of 0, 50 and 100 kg/ha. At full flowering stage, plant height, shoot number and length, inflorescence length, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, and essential oil content and yield were measured. According to the results, the plant density and nitrogen treatments had significant effects (P≤0.05) on fresh and dry matter weights, secondary shoot length, essential oil content and yield, and the number of inflorescences. However, the studied treatments did not affect the number of branches, plant height, and root and shoot, root dry matter, chlorophyll content and leaf area. The interaction effects of row spacing and nitrogen levels on all traits with the exception of chlorophyll content and leaf area were significant (P≤0.05). The highest amounts of fresh and dry matter weights, shoot length, number of inflorescences, essential oil content and yield were obtained in 14.8 plant per m2 with application of 50 kg N/ha. Essential oil contents (w/w%) varied between 0.6-1.1%.
S. Taherniaye Mozhdehi; M. Esfahani; D. Bakhshi; B. Rabiei
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of planting date and plant density on phyllochron and active integradients of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.), two field factorial experiments based on a randomized complete blocks design were carried out in two sites (Rudbar and Rasht) in Guilan province, Iran, ...
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In order to investigate the effects of planting date and plant density on phyllochron and active integradients of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.), two field factorial experiments based on a randomized complete blocks design were carried out in two sites (Rudbar and Rasht) in Guilan province, Iran, with three planting dates (Sep., 23; Oct., 12 and Nov., 1) and three plant densities (4, 6 and 8 plant.m-2) during 2008-2009. In this experiment it was observed that phyllochron was affected by planting date and plant density and with delay in planting date (from Sep., 23 to Nov., 1), phyllochron decreased and the rate of leaf appearance increased. The highest rate of leaf appearance was obtained in Oct., 12 (8.6 and 7.7 days in Rasht and Rudbar, respectively). Phyllochron increased with increasing plant density and the lowest phyllochron and, in other words, the maximum rate of leaf appearance was obtained in Rudbar site at a plant density of 4 plant.m-2 (7.7 days). The effect of planting date on silibin content of seeds in Rudbar site was significant (maximum 1.872 mg.g.-1DW) but it wasn’t significant on silibin content in Rasht. Effect of plant density was not significant on silibin yield.ha-1 and silibin content at both sites. Results of combined analysis showed that the effect of planting date on silibin and interaction effect of site and planting date on silibin yield.ha-1 was significant. The maximum silibin yield (1.31 kg.ha-1) was obtained from Sep., 23 in Rudbar site. According to the results of this experiment, although a delay in planting enhanced the rate of leaf appearance and increased plant's readiness to over-wintering, but it had no increasing effect on silibin content of seeds.
S.G.R. Mosavi; M.J. Segatoleslami; M. Pooyan
Abstract
In order to study the effect of planting date and plant density on yield and seed yield components of isabgol (Plantago ovata L.), an experiment was conducted at Agricultural research center of Islamic Azad University Birjand Branch, in 2008. The experimental design was split-plot based on randomized ...
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In order to study the effect of planting date and plant density on yield and seed yield components of isabgol (Plantago ovata L.), an experiment was conducted at Agricultural research center of Islamic Azad University Birjand Branch, in 2008. The experimental design was split-plot based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. Main plots consisted of three planting date (18 April, 9 and 30 May), and sub-plots included three density levels (16.6, 22.2 and 33.3 plants. m-2). The results showed that delay in planting date from 18 April to 30 May significantly decreased number of spikes per plant (35.2%), number of seed per spike (39.8%), seed yield (60.2%), biological yield (49.3%) and harvest index (19.7%). Plant density had significant effect on number of spikes per plant and per m2 biological yield, seed yield, harvest index and seed yield per plant. According to the results, it could be concluded that planting date and plant density are effective parameters in crop performance. In this research, planting date of 18 April and plant density of 33.3 plants m-2 had the highest seed yield (558.99 kg ha-1).
A. Nematian; F. Ghoushchi; A. Farnia; A Ariapour; M. Mashhadi Akbar Boujar
Abstract
Aloe vera gel and extract has been used in cosmetics and medicine since ancient times. Aloe vera gel has numerous biological and physiological properties including treatment of burns and skin wounds, anti wrinkle effect, stopping the growth of some bacteria and parasites, resistance against chemical ...
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Aloe vera gel and extract has been used in cosmetics and medicine since ancient times. Aloe vera gel has numerous biological and physiological properties including treatment of burns and skin wounds, anti wrinkle effect, stopping the growth of some bacteria and parasites, resistance against chemical synthesis due to the presence of Antrakinon compounds and stopping AIDS virus activity. In order to study the effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer on the active ingredients (Aloenin, barbaloin, and Maleic acid) in the medicinal plant Aloe vera L., an experiment was done in Mazandaran, Noshahr in 2009. The experiment was performed as factorial on the basis of randomized complete blocks design in three replications. Nitrogen treatment (urea fertilizer, 46% net nitrogen) was in three levels of 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha and density treatment was in three levels of 2, 4 and 6 plant/m². After extracting the gel from Aloe barbadensis leaf, the amounts of effective material (Aloenin, Barbaloin and Maleic acid) were evaluated by High Performance (Pressure) Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The highest amount of the active substances and maleic acid obtained from the treatment of 150kg/ha and density of 4 plants /m2 was as follows respectively: 1133/3µg/g aloenin, 429/3 µg/g barbaloin and 312 g/100g maleic acid.
M.J. Seghatoleslami; Kh. Ahmadi Bonakdar
Abstract
In order to understand the effects of sowing dates and plant density on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum gracum L.), an experiment was conducted at Torbat-e-Jam region in 2005. Four sowing dates (28 February, 19 March, 9 April and 29 April) and four plant densities (10, 20, 30 and 40 plants/m2) were compared ...
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In order to understand the effects of sowing dates and plant density on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum gracum L.), an experiment was conducted at Torbat-e-Jam region in 2005. Four sowing dates (28 February, 19 March, 9 April and 29 April) and four plant densities (10, 20, 30 and 40 plants/m2) were compared in a split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with 4 replications. Sowing date had significant effects on seed yield and its components. The earliest and the latest sowing dates had the greatest and the lowest seed yield, respectively (88.34 and 22.3 g/m2). Also, these treatments had the greatest and the lowest 1000 seed weight (12.0 and 9.9 g) and pod number per plant (25.8 and 6.8). Harvest index was the lowest in the latest sowing date (29 April), because flowering and seed formation happened contemporary with high temperature. In addition, delay in sowing time reduced plant height, significantly. Plant density had significant effect on seed yield. Seed yield was the highest at 40 plants/m2. There was no significant interaction on different characters.
F. Heidari; S. Zehtab Salmasi; A. Javanshir; H. Aliari; M.R. Dadpoor
Volume 24, Issue 1 , May 2008, , Pages 1-9
Abstract
Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) from Lamiaceae family is one of the most important medicinal plants, used in food, sanitary and cosmetic industries. A field experiment was carried out in Tabriz University in 2005. In this study, the effects of four plant densities (8, 12, 16 and 20 plants/m2) and microelements ...
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Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) from Lamiaceae family is one of the most important medicinal plants, used in food, sanitary and cosmetic industries. A field experiment was carried out in Tabriz University in 2005. In this study, the effects of four plant densities (8, 12, 16 and 20 plants/m2) and microelements of two level (nonspraying, spraying) on yield and essential oil production of peppermint were evaluated at two cuttings. The data obtained from each harvests by factorial experiment on the basis of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and two cutting analysis of compound variance (split plot on time). The results of the first cutting showed that microelements of spraying dry yield, bush and leaf essential oil percentage and essential oil yield increased. In the first cutting dry yield, the oil yield increased by increasing the plant density. In second cutting, microelement spraying cause dry yield and leaf essential oil percentage and essential oil yield of significant affected. Also dry yield increased by increasing the plant density .The results of two cutting indicated that peppermint plants grown better in the first cutting than the second cutting. Plants harvested in first cutting had higher dry yield and essential oil yield, but had lower bush and leaf essential oil. The maximum leaf essential oil percentage (2.96%) obtained with spraying in the second cutting. The maximum essential oil yield was obtained (20.02 li.ha-1) in the first cutting.
A. Akbarinia; J. Daneshian; F. Mohmmadbiegi
Volume 22, Issue 4 , February 2007, , Pages 410-419
Abstract
In order to study the effect of nitrogen levels and plant density on seed yield, essential oil and oil content of Coriander seeds, an experiment was conducted in agricultural station of Qazvin and natural resources research center in 2005. The experiment was laid out by adopting split plot design with ...
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In order to study the effect of nitrogen levels and plant density on seed yield, essential oil and oil content of Coriander seeds, an experiment was conducted in agricultural station of Qazvin and natural resources research center in 2005. The experiment was laid out by adopting split plot design with four replications, main plots were nitrogen: 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha and subplots were plant density including: 20, 30, 40 and 50 plant/m2. Seed yield, essential oil, oil content and yield were determined. Results showed nitrogen and plant density effected on Seed yield, essential oil, fatty acids. With increasing of nitrogen to 60 kg/ha, there was a significant increase in seed yield. The seed yield was decreased with more nitrogen. But the highest essential oil content and fatty acids were obtained with 90 kg nitrogen /ha. With increasing of plant density, seed yield and oil content had a significant decrease. Seed yield and oil content were higher in 30 plant/m2, while essential oil was higher in 40 plant/m2 that there was no difference with 30 plant/m2 in this respect. Comparing of treatments showed that the highest seed yield and essential oil yield were obtained by using 60 kg nitrogen/ha while there was the highest essential oil content, content and yield of oil with the application of 90kg nitrogen/ha with 30 plant/m2.
M. Shareh; M.H. Rashed Mohasel
Volume 19, Issue 3 , October 2003, , Pages 213-226
Abstract
In order to study the effect of plant density and times of weed control, an experiment was conducted in spring 1998 at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, agricultural college, experimental station. this study had a factorial arrangement with 2 factores based on completely randomized ...
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In order to study the effect of plant density and times of weed control, an experiment was conducted in spring 1998 at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, agricultural college, experimental station. this study had a factorial arrangement with 2 factores based on completely randomized block design with 4 replicates. Factors were: plant density with 3 levels(60,120 and 180 plants/m2) and weed control times with 4 levels(uncontrolled (w0), one time weed control at 3rd week(w1), two times weed control at 3rd ,6th (w2) and three times weed control at 3rd 6th and 9th week(w3). Yield was increased by increasing of plant density which in turns reduced the no. of lateral branches, no. of umbell per plant, no. of seed per umbell, weight of 1000 seed and harvest index. Yield, no. of lateral branches, no. of umbell per plant, no. of seed per umbell, weight of 1000 seed and harvest index were increased by increasing time of weed control. The results of this study indicated that 180 plants/m2 and two times weed control at 3rd, 6th week after emergence resulted the maximum yield in Mashhad area.
