Improvement and breeding
Mostafa Sarani Mallak; Maryam Allahdou; Leila Mehravaran; Halimeh Piri
Abstract
Background and objectives: Drought stress is the most critical factor limiting agricultural and medicinal plants' performance in arid and semi-arid areas. Silybum Marianum L. is a medicinal plant with antioxidant properties. In addition to the plant's genetic nature, flavonolignan ...
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Background and objectives: Drought stress is the most critical factor limiting agricultural and medicinal plants' performance in arid and semi-arid areas. Silybum Marianum L. is a medicinal plant with antioxidant properties. In addition to the plant's genetic nature, flavonolignan production and accumulation are affected by various environmental conditions. The accumulation of secondary metabolites under drought stress was studied concerning the antioxidant defense system at the biochemical level. The purpose is to evaluate the secondary metabolites of milk thistle under non-stress conditions and different levels of drought stress and different growth conditions, as well as to identify the best level of moisture stress and the time of harvesting the plant to increase the effective compounds.Methodology: Milk thistle seeds were disinfected and transferred to a Petri dish containing filter paper and placed in a germinator at 25°C for germination. The germinated seeds were transferred to the pots and put under controlled temperature and humidity in the greenhouse of Hirmand city, Shandel village, located 25 km from Zabul city, Sistan, and Baluchistan province. Evaluation of the effect of drought stress at four different levels of irrigation (25, 50, 75, and 100% of water requirement respectively severe stress, moderate stress, mild stress, and non-stress) and in 3 growth stages (6, 13 and 20 weeks after planting) on biochemical traits including proline content (PC), carbohydrates content (CC), total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity and activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CA), ascorbate peroxidase (AP), guaiacol peroxidase (GP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PO) was carried out. The experiment was done as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Data and errors were examined for normality. After confirming the normality of the data and errors, analysis of the variance of the traits and comparing the mean of the traits (LSR) was done at the 5% level.Results: The variance analysis of traits showed that the effect of different levels of irrigation, harvest time, and their interaction on all traits was significant. Comparison of the average interaction effect of irrigation treatment and harvest time of traits: proline content, carbohydrates content, phenol and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity increased in all growth stages and the lowest and highest values were respectively observed in the growth stage 6 weeks after planting in 100 Percentage of water requirement and growth stage 20 weeks after harvesting in the condition of 25% water requirement. Therefore, the drought stress factor can be used to improve the effective substances of this plant. In addition, the final growth stage is the most appropriate time to harvest this plant due to the accumulation of secondary metabolites at this stage. The interaction effect of irrigation treatment and harvest time was not significant for the activity of guaiacol peroxidase enzyme, and for other antioxidant enzymes it showed that the highest activity of catalase enzyme was at the growth stage 6 weeks after planting in conditions of 25 and 50% water requirement, for ascorbate peroxidase enzyme, it belonged to the growth stage 6 weeks after planting in the condition of 100% water requirement, and for polyphenol oxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes, it belonged to the growth stage 20 weeks after planting in the condition of 25% water requirement. These results indicate that antioxidant enzymes act differently at different growth stages and under various moisture stress conditions.Conclusion: The evaluation results of milk thistle in 4 irrigation regimes and three growth stages showed that most biochemical traits increased under stress conditions. This indicates that the milk thistle plant responds to drought stress through an enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense system. Milk thistle plants had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content at the final development stage (20 weeks after planting). Therefore, the best time to harvest is at the final stage of development, which has the most polyphenolic compounds.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Fatemeh Mahdi-Navasi; B. Abaszadeh; Vahid Abdossi; Razieh Azimi; Marjan Dyanat
Abstract
Bachground and objective: Satureja mutica Fisch & C.A. Mey is a perennial plant that can be cultivated under irrigation conditions and in rainfed drylands. It has anti-flatulent, appetizing, sexual enhancement, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial effects. Drying increases product ...
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Bachground and objective: Satureja mutica Fisch & C.A. Mey is a perennial plant that can be cultivated under irrigation conditions and in rainfed drylands. It has anti-flatulent, appetizing, sexual enhancement, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial effects. Drying increases product shelf life by stopping enzymes, pathogens, and microorganisms. The factors that affect essential oils and their content are temperature, drying time, and the type of plant. Microwaves for drying are one of the newer methods. Their advantages include shortening drying time, maintaining quality, reducing energy consumption, preserving dried plants' color, and improving effective ingredients.Methodology: The flowering shoots were collected from the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands research farm in 2019. Plants in the insectarium were exposed to UV-B light treatment through UV-B lamps. The plants were turned over every half hour. Irradiation agents were selected based on the preliminary test, including durations of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 hours. After irradiation, the samples were stored in sealed bags under two conditions: refrigerator at 4°C and room temperature. The storage time was 0, 120, and 240 hours. Therefore, the sources of variation include irradiation duration in four levels (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 hours), storage conditions in two conditions (room temperature 25-27°C and fridge with a temperature of 4°C), and storage duration factor in three levels (0, 120 and 240 hours).202 grams of fresh samples (equivalent to 80 grams of dry matter) and 80 grams of dried samples in other treatments were extracted by water distillation in 3 repetitions for 2 hours. The obtained essential oils were stored in sealed bottles inside the refrigerator at 4 °C until injected into GC and GC/MS devices for quantitative and qualitative analysis. Carbohydrate, phenol, and free radical inhibition (by the DPPH method) were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18, and the means were compared with the LSD test at P ≥ 0.05.Results: Variance analysis of essential oil percentage showed that UV-B factor, storage condition (SC), storage time (ST) at the 1% level, and SC ST interaction at the 5% level had a significant effect. Due to the increase in irradiation duration, the percentage of essential oil extracted from the plant increased. This percentage increased to 0.42% in the control and 0.71% in the 10-hour treatment. Based on a mean comparison, the amount of essential oil in the shade increased from 0.48% to 0.54%. Mean comparison of the effect of storage conditions (SC) on storage time (ST) revealed that the highest percentage was related to the shade storage treatment for 240 hours with 0.61%. The mean comparison of the interaction effect of the three treatments showed that the percentage of thymol was the highest at 45% in the conditions without irradiation refrigerator×without storage. The results of the simple correlation of the traits demonstrated that thymol had a significant negative relationship with α-thujone, α-terpenine, and carvacrol. Carvacrol showed a significant negative correlation with major compounds, paracymene and thymol. It was observed that the highest antioxidant activity was obtained from 10 hours of UV-B radiation. A mean comparison of the effect of UV-B rays on the amount of phenol indicated that its amount increased in the 2.5-hour treatment compared to the other treatments. The highest antioxidant percentage could be achieved after 10 hours of irradiation in the refrigerator for 240 hours.Conclusion: The conversion of compounds occurs by irradiation of UV-B rays in the drying stages, and the amount of paracymene and thymol is reduced, and the amount of carvacrol is increased. Therefore, in S. mutica, which has thymol and carvacrol compounds, drying treatments aiming to increase the specific composition can be very effective. Also, the amount of thymol and carvacrol in dried plants may decrease compared to fresh plants. The increase in antioxidant activity in the treatment of 10 hours of UV-B radiation confirms the viability of plant cells and their efforts to prevent environmental stress through the increase of antioxidant enzymes.
Agriculture and horticulture
M.H. Rad; R. YazdaniBiouki; V. Soltany gerdeframarzi; N. Besharat
Abstract
To investigate the effects of irrigation water salinity (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 dS.m-1) on morphophysiological characteristics of seedless barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) aerial parts, an experiment was conducted using drained big pots in a completely randomized design with three replications at the central ...
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To investigate the effects of irrigation water salinity (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 dS.m-1) on morphophysiological characteristics of seedless barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) aerial parts, an experiment was conducted using drained big pots in a completely randomized design with three replications at the central station of National Salinity Research Center, Yazd during 2018-2021 years. The salinity levels affected the height, diameter, area, and volume of plants canopy, number of new branches, number of new basal shoots, number of leaves per plant, total leaves area, leaf area index, leaf dry weight, leaves damage percentage at high temperature, amount of total chlorophyll, chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids, proline, total sugar, leaf anthocyanins, leaf phenols, and antioxidant activity significantly (P<0.01). Based on the results, B. vulgaris tolerated the salinity stress well. Despite the growth reduction at salinity levels above 9 dS.m-1, plant physiological resistance was observed through the production of secondary osmolytes and survival under saline conditions up to 12 dS.m-1. Accordingly, in suitable barberry production habitats, it is possible to take advantage of water resources and saline soil to grow seedless barberry, especially to increase phenolics, by ture management of the root environment and control of the saturated soil extract salinity up to 12 dS.m-1.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
Mahmood Barati; Majid Sharifi-Rad; Saeede saeedi
Abstract
Due to the importance of rangeland medicinal plants, the present study was conducted to assess the chemical profile and antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of rangeland-medicinal plant Artemisia absinthium L. root and aerial parts extracts at different phenological stages (vegetative, ...
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Due to the importance of rangeland medicinal plants, the present study was conducted to assess the chemical profile and antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of rangeland-medicinal plant Artemisia absinthium L. root and aerial parts extracts at different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and seeding). Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods were used for determination of total phenol and flavonoids contents, respectively. The ethanol extract biological activities were investigated at different phenological stages: the antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods; the antibacterial activity by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods; and the anti-inflammatory activity using human red blood cell stabilization. The results showed that the highest amount of total phenol (86.4 ± 2 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight) and total flavonoids (36.2 ± 1.3 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g dry weight) was recorded for the root at flowering stage. Also, the root extract at flowering stage had the highest antioxidant (IC50 = 15.4 μg.mL-1) and antibacterial activities. The largest inhibition zone (22 mm) was observed for this extract against Staphylococcus aureus. This extract MIC and MBC were recorded 18.7 mg.mL-1 and 37.5 mg.mL-1 against S. aureus and Bacillus cereus, respectively. The bacteria Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli showed less sensitivity to the mentioned extract. Also, the results showed that the flowering stage had the highest anti-inflammatory activity compared to the other phenological stages. The root extract at the all phenological stages showed higher anti-inflammatory activity than the aerial parts. Overall, it could be concluded that A. absinthium, particularly at flowering stage, can be considered as a suitable alternative source for synthetic antioxidants, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory agents.
Improvement and breeding
H. Mohammadi; M.R. Pirmoradi; M. Moghaddam; M.H. Shamshiri; M.A. Mirzaabolghasemi
Abstract
Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the important plants from Lamiaceae family which is used as a medicinal spicy plant and also as a fresh vegetable. Salicylic acid (SA) is one of the most important plant growth regulators that regulates growth and physiological development and metabolic processes ...
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Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the important plants from Lamiaceae family which is used as a medicinal spicy plant and also as a fresh vegetable. Salicylic acid (SA) is one of the most important plant growth regulators that regulates growth and physiological development and metabolic processes of the plant. Its application under salinity stress conditions decreases the effects of salinity toxicity and makes resistance in the plants. To investigate the basil (O. basilicum cv. Keshkeny luvelou) physiological and biochemical responses to salinity stress and SA, a factorial pot experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan. Experimental treatments included salinity at four levels (0, 30 ,60, and 90 mM) and SA at five levels (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mM). The results showed that salinity stress reduced the amount of chlorophyll florescence, chlorophylls a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, relative water content, and essential oil percentage. The SA treatment decreased the negative effects of salinity stress on the plant and improved essential oil percentage. Also, salinity stress increased the amount of proline, soluble carbohydrate, phenol, antioxidant activity, electrolyte leakage, leaf and root sodium, and chlorine, but the SA treatment at some salinity stress levels caused to decrease and/or increase these traits. Overall, SA improved the physiological and biochemical characteristics of basil under salinity stress through increasing osmolytes production and resulted in increasing nutrient uptake and essential oil percentage of the plant.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
M. Sharifi-Rad
Abstract
Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. is one of the medicinal plants belonging to the fam. apiaceae that has been recommended as a treatment for the neurological disorders. The present study was aimed at investigating the changes in the phytochemicals content and the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory ...
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Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. is one of the medicinal plants belonging to the fam. apiaceae that has been recommended as a treatment for the neurological disorders. The present study was aimed at investigating the changes in the phytochemicals content and the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties of D. anethifolia ethanolic extract at the different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and seeding). The plant shoots were collected at each stage randomly. The total phenols and flavonoids contents of the ethanolic extracts were measured using the spectrophotometry method and the antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH free radical scavenging method. The disk diffusion method was used to investigate the antibacterial activity of the plant extract against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Also, the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extract was assessed using the human red blood cell stabilization method. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the different phenological stages in terms of the total phenols and flavonoids contents and the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties (P <0.05). The highest amount of total phenols and flavonoids (148 ± 1.7 mg Gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight and 97 ± 1.5 mg Quercetin equivalents (QE)/g dry weight, respectively) and antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities was observed at the flowering stage. The results also showed that the plant extract studied had a greater inhibitory effect on the Gram-positive bacteria than the Gram-negative ones. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract of D. anethifolia could be used as a promising agent with the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties to treat many diseases. Also, the flowering stage could be introduced as the best harvest time for the medicinal use of this species.
Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
P. Hanachi; A. Aghababaie; M. Noroozi
Abstract
The production of secondary metabolites varies under the different environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pH and temperature on the content of antioxidant compounds in a species of microscopic algae. First, the microalgal strain Monoraphidium sp. was cultured ...
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The production of secondary metabolites varies under the different environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pH and temperature on the content of antioxidant compounds in a species of microscopic algae. First, the microalgal strain Monoraphidium sp. was cultured under the different temperature and pH treatments. The biochemical assays were then performed on the compounds such as photosynthetic pigments, phenolic compounds, and total flavonoids. The total antioxidant activity was evaluated by FRAP and DPPH methods. The results of this study showed that the microalgae Monoraphidium sp. had the maximum growth and high content of antioxidant compounds at the acidic pH and temperature 28°C. The results indicated that the optimal conditions can be achieved for the high production of antioxidant compounds in microalgae by changing the environmental factors, which can be used in the pharmaceutical, medical, and production of nutritional supplements industries.
Z. Noroozi; M. Moslehisahd; M.H. Salehi Surmaghi
Abstract
Rosa foetida Herrm. is one of the native Rosa species in Iran known as Iranian yellow rose. The main growth area of this plant in Iran is the western parts especially Kurdistan. It is used for kidney disorders treatment and as a source of vitamin C. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of ...
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Rosa foetida Herrm. is one of the native Rosa species in Iran known as Iranian yellow rose. The main growth area of this plant in Iran is the western parts especially Kurdistan. It is used for kidney disorders treatment and as a source of vitamin C. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of free radical scavenging, determination of phenolic compounds, and antimicrobial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of yellow rose flowers. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds of extracts of yellow rose were determined using ABTS free radical scavenging assay and Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively. Dilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Salmonella enterica, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed a significant positive correlation between free radical scavenging percentage and the concentration of the extracts (P<0.05). In the range of 0.39-12.50 mg ml-1 concentrations, the aqueous extract had more antioxidant activity than ethanolic extract (P<0.05). The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of aqueous and ethanolic extracts was calculated to be 217.069 and 223.116 μmol, respectively. The results of total phenolic compounds test in extracts showed a positive and significant relationship between the concentration of the extracts and their phenolic compounds content, and the aqueous extract contained more phenolic compounds as compared with the ethanolic extract (P<0.05). The highest antimicrobial effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts was observed against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica, respectively (P<0.05). Due to the favorable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of this plant, its use as a natural additive in the food industry is recommended.
J. Ghanbari; Gh. Khajoei-Nejad
Abstract
In addition to the stigma, other parts of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) flower including petals, as by-products of the saffron production process, contain bioactive and antioxidant compounds that are usually left unused. This experiment was conducted at the research field of Shahid Bahonar University of ...
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In addition to the stigma, other parts of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) flower including petals, as by-products of the saffron production process, contain bioactive and antioxidant compounds that are usually left unused. This experiment was conducted at the research field of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran, to increase the productivity of this crop as well as investigate the variation in corm origin in terms of flower yield and bioactive compounds of saffron petals. In this regard, different corms from nine different regions of Iran (Bajestan, Estahban, Ferdows, Gonabad, Natanz, Qaen, Sarayan, Torbate-Heydarieh and Zarand) were evaluated during the three growing seasons of 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18. Based on the results, phenolic compounds ranged from 2.83 to 5.24 mg gallic acid/g dry weight and flavonoid compounds ranged from 0.38 to 1.81 mg quercetin/g dry weight in petals. The results also demonstrated that flower-related traits, bioactive compounds and radical scavenging activity were significantly affected by the growing season, corm origin and their interaction. In all the traits studied (except reducing power ability), corms of different origins showed different responses to the growing season. The highest yield was obtained from the corms of Ferdows in the first and third growing seasons and Bajestan in the second growing season. The corms of Bajestan and Gonabad (the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents) and Estahban (the least phenolic and flavonoid contents) showed, respectively, the highest (216 and 217 mg/L, respectively) and lowest antiradical activity in 2016-17 growing season. The corms of Ferdows, Sarayan, Bajestan, and Gonabad origin based on high yield and bioactive compounds content, Qaen and Estahban due to low bioactive compounds content and antioxidant activity, and Natanz, Torbate-Heydarieh and Zarand with the lowest flower production were grouped into three main clusters according to cluster and principal component analyses.
F. Salimi; M. Fattahi; J. Hamzei
Abstract
In this research, the effect of time (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min) and temperature (35, 45, 55, 65 and 75 oC) of ultrasonic waves, ethanol to water ratio (20, 35, 50, 65 and 80%) of extracting solvent and dry matter to solvent ratio (1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20 and 1:25 mg/ml) was investigated on total phenol ...
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In this research, the effect of time (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min) and temperature (35, 45, 55, 65 and 75 oC) of ultrasonic waves, ethanol to water ratio (20, 35, 50, 65 and 80%) of extracting solvent and dry matter to solvent ratio (1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20 and 1:25 mg/ml) was investigated on total phenol and flavonoids and antioxidant capacity (in two methods of DPPH and FRAP) of hydroalcoholic extract of celery (Apium graveolens L.) aerial parts by using the response surface method. Based on the results, ultrasound for 10 min at 55 °C, ethanol to water ratio of 80%, and dry matter to solvent ratio of 1:5 were considered as the best treatment. The highest amount of total phenol (471.1 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoid (187.7 mg quercetin/gDW) content, and antioxidant activity of the extract was obtained under optimized conditions using DPPH (68.5%) and FRAP (4210.4 μM Fe+2/50 μl extract). In general, the high values of adjusted R2 and P-value in fitting models indicated that the drawn models of response surface were ideal. In other words, the high amounts of these parameters indicate the existence of a correlation between the observed values and the predicted ones.
H.A. Ghasemi; I. Hajkhodadadi
Abstract
It is essential to maintain proper nutrition and increase the health of the ostrich flock during the fattening period to increase meat production and thus to reduce the cost of breeding. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of combined essential oils (containing an equal level of Zataria ...
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It is essential to maintain proper nutrition and increase the health of the ostrich flock during the fattening period to increase meat production and thus to reduce the cost of breeding. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of combined essential oils (containing an equal level of Zataria multiflora, Mentha piperita, Foeniculum vulgare and Eucalyptus globules essential oils) on the concentrations of blood metabolites and electrolytes, blood enzymes activity and antioxidant status of ostrich chicks from 5 to 7 months of age. A total of 18 ostriches were used in a completely randomized design with three treatments and six replicates (six birds). Experimental treatments were addition of 0 (control), 200 and 400 parts per million (ppm) combined essential oils (CEO) into drinking water. The results showed that addition of CEO into drinking water at 200 ppm significantly increased body weight gain compared to control group (P=0.019). Supplementation of drinking water with 400 ppm CEO resulted in higher concentration of uric acid and higher lipase activity in the serum (P<0.05). The higher blood glutathione peroxidase activity and lower serum malondialdehyde level were also observed in the birds receiving 200 and 400 ppm of CEO in their drinking water compared with that of the control birds (P<0.05). Moreover, serum total antioxidant capacity tended to be higher (P=0.085) in the ostriches receiving 200 and 400 ppm CEO compared with that of the control group. However, the blood values of total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma glutamyltransferase, superoxide dismutase, amylase, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and chloride were not affected by experimental treatments (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results indicate that an addition of 200 ppm CEO into drinking water for ostrich chicks improves growth rate and antioxidant activities without impairing metabolic health status.
Z. Nasiri; A.R. Farokhzad; M. Fattahi
Abstract
In this study, 19 wild-grown populations of Prangos (P. acaulic, P. ferulacea, P. uloptera andP. asperula) from North-West of Iran were collected and total phenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, chlorophyll a and b, total carotenoid and essential oil content were evaluated. According to ...
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In this study, 19 wild-grown populations of Prangos (P. acaulic, P. ferulacea, P. uloptera andP. asperula) from North-West of Iran were collected and total phenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, chlorophyll a and b, total carotenoid and essential oil content were evaluated. According to the results, the highest total phenol content (12.5 mg GAE/g DW) was recorded in the population of Ghoshchi from P. uloptera collected from West Azarbaijan province and the lowest content (4.18 mg GAE/g DW) was observed in Showt population (P. Ferulacea), collected from Showt, West Azarbaijan. The highest (5.51mg/g DW) and lowest (1.2 mg/g DW) amount of total flavonoid content recorded in the population of Baneh from Kurdistan province (P. Ferulacea) and Naghadeh population of West Azarbaijan (P. asperula), respectively. In addition, the highest level of chlorophyll a (0.41 mg/g DW) and b (0.69 mg/g DW) was recorded in the population of Showt3 (P. uloptera), located in West Azarbaijan province, and the highest level of carotenoid (61.36 mg/g DW) was observed in Saqqez population (P. ferulacea) from Kurdistan province. The highest antioxidant activity (77.08 %) was obtained in the Showt population (P. Ferulacea). The highest percentage of essential oil was observed in the population of Maku (P. acaulic) and Showt2 (P. ferulacea) collected from West Azarbaijan province. According to the results of cluster and factor analysis, there were high phytochemical variations in different populations collected from different regions of the North-West of Iran, which can be used in breeding programs of this plant.
M.B. Amiri; P. Rezvani Moghaddam; M. Jahan; M. Salehabadi; N. Naseri
Abstract
This research was aimed to investigate the effects of plant density and organic and chemical fertilizers on some phytochemical characteristics of Iranian ox-tongue (Echium amoenum Fisch. & Mey.). The study was conducted as a split plot experiment based on RCBD design with three replications, conducted ...
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This research was aimed to investigate the effects of plant density and organic and chemical fertilizers on some phytochemical characteristics of Iranian ox-tongue (Echium amoenum Fisch. & Mey.). The study was conducted as a split plot experiment based on RCBD design with three replications, conducted in 2011-2014, in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The main and sub plots included three plant densities (10, 5 and 3 plants per m2) and three types of organic fertilizers and one type of chemical fertilizer (compost, vermicompost, cow manure, nitrogen chemical fertilizer and control), respectively. The results showed that the highest antioxidant activity was obtained in a density of 10 plants per m2 (79 mg/ml) and the highest total phenols was observed in a density of 5 plants per m2 (51 mg GAE/g flower DW). Compost, vermicompost, cow manure and chemical fertilizer increased total phenols to 51, 35, 40 and 63%, respectively compared to control. Application of vermicompost and cow manure in a density of 3 plants per m2 increased total flavonoid up to 39 and 38%, respectively compared to control. The highest total anthocyanin was obtained in a density of 5 plants per m2. Vermicompost and cow manure increased the seed oil (10 and 13%), and seed protein content (34 and 13%), respectively compared to control. In general, according to the findings of this research, it seems that the use of eco-friendly inputs and determining the optimal density of Iranian ox-tongue could result in improving the quality and health of product and minimizing the damage caused by chemical inputs.
I. Jafari Footami; M. Akbarlo; M. Mazandarani; M.R. Foroozeh
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the essential oil composition, total phenol and flavonoid, antioxidant activities and the effect of ecological factors on distribution of Salvia aethiopis L.in Hezar Jerib region of Behshahr, Mazandaran province. Five samples of flowering branches were collected ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the essential oil composition, total phenol and flavonoid, antioxidant activities and the effect of ecological factors on distribution of Salvia aethiopis L.in Hezar Jerib region of Behshahr, Mazandaran province. Five samples of flowering branches were collected in early June 2016 from the highlands of the study area and extracted with water distillation method. In addition, five soil samples were taken to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of soil. Oil composition was identified by (GC) and (GC/MS). The ethanol samples were extracted by percolation method. Total phenol (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) of methanolic extracts were measured by spectrophotometry and antioxidant activity was measured by scavenging free radicals of DPPH. The most important of ecological factors affecting the distribution of species were identified by PCA method. Seven compounds were identified in the essential oil. The major components in the flower essential oil were β-caryophyllene (28.64) and 1,6-cyclodecadiene (24.98) while β-caryophyllene (30.3) and copaene (23.3) were the major components in the leaf essential oil. Ecological factors affecting the distribution of Salvia aethiopis werealtitude, Caco3, organic matter, pH, calcium, silt, sand, and direction.
M. Babalar; S. Mohtashami; S.M. Ebrahimzadeh Musavi; M.H. Mirjalili
Abstract
In this research, in order to study the effect of different packaging on essential oil content, antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, total flavonoid, flavone and flavonol content, microbial load and color characteristics of Dracocephalum moldavica L., an experiment in a randomized complete design ...
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In this research, in order to study the effect of different packaging on essential oil content, antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, total flavonoid, flavone and flavonol content, microbial load and color characteristics of Dracocephalum moldavica L., an experiment in a randomized complete design (RCD) with nine treatments and three replications was carried out. The packaging treatments were P1: control (without definite packaging), P2: polyethylene packaging with ambient gas combination exposed in light conditions P3: Polyethylene-polyamide package with ambient gas combination exposed in light conditions, P4: polyethylene-polyamide packaging with ambient gas combination exposed in dark conditions, P5: polyethylene-polyamide packaging with 5% O2 and 95% N2 gas combination exposed in light conditions, P6: polyethylene-polyamide packaging with 5% O2 and 95% N2 gas combination exposed in dark conditions, P7: polyethylene-polyamide packaging and vacuum gas combination exposed in light conditions, P8: polyethylene-polyamide packaging and vacuum gas combination exposed in dark conditions, P9: dried material before of packaging. All packages were stored at room temperature for three months. Results showed that packaging treatments had significant effects on some factors. The maximum essential oil content (0.73 and 0.72%, respectively v/w) was related to pre-packaged sample and P8 treatments and minimum essential oil content belonged to control, P2 and P5 treatments (0.28, 0.37 and 0.39%, respectively). Maximum antioxidant activity was obtained in pre-packaged, P1 and P5 treatments while P2 and P4 treatments showed minimum antioxidant activity. The highest (188.8) and the lowest (72/8) content of phenolic compounds (mg Quercitin/g DW) were measured in P9 and P2 treatments respectively. The maximum (78.6) and the minimum (14.1) content of flavonoids (mg Quercitin/g DW) were detected in P9 and P7 treatments, respectively. Fungal colony in P9 treatment (4× 103 Cfu) was higher than other packaging methods while the quantity of this contamination was not significantly different among other packaging treatments.
A. Saboora; kh. Dadmehr; M. Ranjbar
Abstract
Methanolic extracts (80%) were prepared from dried powder of leaves and stems of 9 different populations of six Dianthus L. species in Iran. Then, phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured by Foline-ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Antioxidant activity was investigated using ...
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Methanolic extracts (80%) were prepared from dried powder of leaves and stems of 9 different populations of six Dianthus L. species in Iran. Then, phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured by Foline-ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Antioxidant activity was investigated using two complimentary in vitro assays: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and β-carotene bleaching assay and then data were compared with BHT as the standard. Results showed that there were significant differences between means of phenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of the species by the both methods (p<0.01). Also, the results revealed that changes in climate, altitude and genetic pools had a significant effect on the phenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant properties of the extracts at genus level, but the content of the flavonoids was not changed noticeably within species level.
S. Abdolah zareh; E. Fateh; A. Aynehband
Abstract
To study the effects of different sowing dates and different fertilizing methods (chemical &organic) on yield and amount of active substance of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaerate), a field experiment was done at Agricultural College of Shahid Chamran University during 2009-2010. Experimental ...
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To study the effects of different sowing dates and different fertilizing methods (chemical &organic) on yield and amount of active substance of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaerate), a field experiment was done at Agricultural College of Shahid Chamran University during 2009-2010. Experimental design was split plot on RCBD with three replications. Main plot was sowing dates including (14Nov, 1 Dec and 15 Dec) and sub plot was different fertilization levels including: F1: control, F2:100% chemical fertilizer (100-120-150 kg/ha NPK, respectively), F3: %25 organic fertilizer + %75 chemical fertilizer (75-90-112.5 kg/ha NPK + 7.5 ton/ha animal manure), F4: %50 organic fertilizer + %50 chemical Fertilizer (50-60-75 kg/ha NPK + 15 ton/ha animal manure), F5: %75 organic Fertilizer + %25 chemical fertilizer (25-30-37.5 kg/ha NPK + 22.5 ton/ha animal manure), F6: %100 organic fertilizer (30 ton/ha animal manure). Results showed that sowing date had significant effect on the percentage of phenol and flavenoid and the amount of silymarin. Late sowing date (15 dec) decreased grain silymarin content, while the highest percentage of phenol and flavenoid was obtained at 15 Dec. Also, the highest percentage of flavenoid, flavenoid yield and silymarin yield were obtained at 100% chemical fertilizer and integrated fertilizer. In this regard, F2 treatment had no advantage compared to integrated fertilization levels. Also, the highest percentage and yield of phenol was obtained by integrated fertilizer methods. The highest silymarin content was related to F6, and the highest grain antioxidant activity was related to F4 and F6, respectively.
M. Ghaderi Ghahfarokhi; M Alami; A.R Sadeghi Mahoonak; M.H. Azizi; M. Ghorbani
Abstract
The species of oak, the Quercus genus, is classified into Fagaceae family. Acorns (Quercus branti var persica Lindl.) have been traditionally used for treatment of many diseases such as diarrhea, collywobbles, hemorrhoid, rickets, anemia, eczema and varix. The objective of this research was extraction ...
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The species of oak, the Quercus genus, is classified into Fagaceae family. Acorns (Quercus branti var persica Lindl.) have been traditionally used for treatment of many diseases such as diarrhea, collywobbles, hemorrhoid, rickets, anemia, eczema and varix. The objective of this research was extraction of phenolic compounds with various solvents and determination of antioxidant activity of the extracts in oxidative stability of sunflower oil. Phenolic compounds were extracted with methanol (80%), ethanol (70%) and water and total phenolic content was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu method. Extracts of acorns at three different concentrations (250, 500 and 1000 ppm), BHA and BHT at two concentrations of 100 and 200 ppm and TBHQ at 200 ppm were added to the sunflower oil and all samples were kept at 70°c for 12 days. Protective effects of the extracts in stabilizing sunflower oil were tested by measuring peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values at definite time intervals. Total phenolic content of water, ethanolic and methanolic extracts were 79.38, 138.49 and 183.96 (mg tannic acid equivalent/gr dry extract), respectively. During the experimental period, the peroxide and thiobarbitoric acid values of the control samples were raised from 26.23 to 328.88 (meq peroxide/ kg oil) and 0.073 to 0.58 (mg malon aldehyde/kg oil) respectively. TBHQ showed the highest oxidative stability at all days of the experiment. Methanolic extracts (at 500 and 1000ppm concentration) was the best among other extracts and stronger than BHT. Also, other extracts at various concentrations were comparable with BHA and BHT at different levels.
M. Hejazi Mehrizi; H. Shariatmadari; A.H. Khoshgoftarmanesh; F. Moattar
Abstract
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is one of the medicinal plants exhibiting potential for secondary metabolite production. In the present study, the interaction effects of zinc nutrition and salinity on growth of Rosemary, total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing ...
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Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is one of the medicinal plants exhibiting potential for secondary metabolite production. In the present study, the interaction effects of zinc nutrition and salinity on growth of Rosemary, total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were studied in a Zn deficient soil. Two zinc levels (0 and 10 mg kg-1 Zn as ZnSO4) and three salinity levels (0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl in irrigation water) were used as treatments in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications. According to the results, salinity did not show significant effect on shoot dry weight production which indicates salinity tolerance of Rosemary. 100 mM NaCl salinity increased total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP up to 3, 8 and 5 percent respectively. 10 mg Zn added to the soil also increased total phenolic content (2%), DPPH radical scavenging activity (4%) and FRAP (3%). The results of correlation test showed that increase of antioxidant activity in Rosemary grown under salinity condition was due to the increase of total phenolic content. Our findings suggest that salt stress and suitable Zn nutrition increase antioxidant compounds in Rosemary.
A. Shafaghat
Abstract
One of the most important secondary metabolism products found in plants are flavonoids. They have medicinal and biological effects such as: purify blood, strengthen immune system, monitoring cholesterol level, regulate blood pressure, suppress acid secretion, prevent thrombus, suppress cytophy, antibacterial, ...
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One of the most important secondary metabolism products found in plants are flavonoids. They have medicinal and biological effects such as: purify blood, strengthen immune system, monitoring cholesterol level, regulate blood pressure, suppress acid secretion, prevent thrombus, suppress cytophy, antibacterial, prevent cancer, promote metabolism. In this study, the flavonoids and one chalcone from methanolic extract of flowers of Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh. (syn. Tanacetum parthenium L.)(Compositae Family) were separated and purified by column chromatography and TLC methods. Kaempferol and naringenin are two flavonoids and trans- 4- ethoxy- 4'- methoxy chalcone as a chalcone compound were extracted, separated and detected by spectroscopy methods (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, Mass and IR). Investigation of antioxidant activity included free radical scavenging activity towards 2, 2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazile (DPPH) radicals. Methanolic extract of flowers of Tanacetum parthenium showed free radical scavenging activity.
S.M. Nabavi; M.A. Ebrahimzadeh; S.F. Nabavi
Volume 24, Issue 3 , November 2008, , Pages 374-384
Abstract
Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Lam.) Spach (Juglandaceae) is widely distributed in northern area of Iran. Little information is available about its chemical composition and biological activity. In this paper, the antioxidant activity of Pterocarya fraxinifolia was determined. Bark and fresh leaves of Pterocarya ...
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Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Lam.) Spach (Juglandaceae) is widely distributed in northern area of Iran. Little information is available about its chemical composition and biological activity. In this paper, the antioxidant activity of Pterocarya fraxinifolia was determined. Bark and fresh leaves of Pterocarya fraxinifolia were collected from Dasht-e-Naz, Sari, Iran. Methanolc extract was used in different experiments. There was higher total phenol and flavonoid contents in leaves. IC50 for DPPH radical-scavenging activity was 15.59±0.09 for leaves and 166.24±2.30 mg ml-1 for bark, respectively.The leaves extract exhibited a good reducing power at 2.5 and 80 µg ml-1 that was comparable with ascorbic acid (p>0.05). The extracts also showed weak nitric oxide-scavenging activity and Fe2+ chelating ability. All tested extracts exhibited high antioxidant activity in peroxidation inhibition test. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) among extracts in antioxidative activity. All of extracts manifested almost the same pattern of activity as ascorbic acid and BHA at different incubation times (p>0.05). The leaves and bark extracts of Pterocarya fraxinifolia exhibited good but different levels of antioxidant activity in all the models studied. The extracts had good reducing power, anti-lipid peroxidation activity and DPPH radical-scavenging activity.
M. Modarres; P. Abrishamchi; R. Farhoosh; H. Ejtehadi
Volume 23, Issue 3 , November 2007, , Pages 285-294
Abstract
Salvia leriifolia (Lamiaceae) is an endemic plant of Khorasan and Semnan province with antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic and antinociceptive properties. In this research, antioxidant activity of root and leaves of S. leriifolia were investigated at different stages of plant growth ...
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Salvia leriifolia (Lamiaceae) is an endemic plant of Khorasan and Semnan province with antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic and antinociceptive properties. In this research, antioxidant activity of root and leaves of S. leriifolia were investigated at different stages of plant growth and development and finally the best time of harvesting for obtaining the maximum antioxidant activity was introduced. For this purpose, plant root and leaves were harvested at vegetative (mid March), flowering (mid April) and ripen seed phases (late May) Then, antioxidant activity in metanolic extract of root and leaves were measured by rancimat method at 110°C. Statistical analysis was performed according to the JMP software. The results showed that maximum antioxidant activity of root and leaves are coincident with vegetative and flowering phase. In vegetative phase, antioxidant activity of the root were significantly higher than the leaves .On the other hand, antioxidant properties of the leaves were markedly stronger than the roots at flowering phase. There was no significant difference between antioxidant activity of the roots and leaves in ripen seed phase. Therefore, it seems that March and April are the best time for obtaining the maximum antioxidant activity of root and leaves, respectively.
