Phytochemistry (extraction, identification and measurement of active components)
A. Talafi; F. Abdolahi; A. Yavari
Abstract
Mangifera indica L. belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. The various organs of this plant, especially the leaves, contain valuable flavonoid compounds that are used in the treatment of diabetes. In the present study, to evaluate the amounts of rutin and quercetin in the leaves of different M. indica ...
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Mangifera indica L. belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. The various organs of this plant, especially the leaves, contain valuable flavonoid compounds that are used in the treatment of diabetes. In the present study, to evaluate the amounts of rutin and quercetin in the leaves of different M. indica genotypes in the habitats of southern Iran, four major habitats including Manoojan and Roodan from Kerman province, Minab from Hormozgan province, and Bushehr port from Bushehr province were selected. From each habitat, 10 mature and healthy trees were selected and from each tree, three groups of leaf samples were taken from a height of two meters. Extraction of dried mango leaves was performed by methanol-acetic acid solvent and injected into HPLC for analysis. The amounts of rutin and quercetin in 40 samples of M. indica extracts were determined. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design using SPSS statistical software and cluster analysis was performed by Ward method to group the populations and genotypes. There was a statistically significant difference (P <0.05) between the four M. indica populations in terms of both rutin and quercetin. The highest levels of rutin and quercetin were obtained in Manoujan (124.03 ppm) and Bushehr (6.05 ppm) populations, respectively. Cluster analysis divided the four populations into three independent groups: populations Rudan and Minab in group 1, Bushehr in group 2, and Manoujan in group 3. Evaluation of phytochemical diversity can provide valuable information in the management of M. indica germplasm and be useful in identifying suitable populations for different breeding purposes in this species.
K. Jaimand; H. Ahrabi Asli; Z. Behrad
Abstract
This research was aimed to extract and measure the quercetin and kampferol in Foeniculum vulgare Mill. For this purpose, in the end of May 2010, samples were collected from Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, and then various organs (flowers, leaves, stems, and seeds) were extracted with different ...
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This research was aimed to extract and measure the quercetin and kampferol in Foeniculum vulgare Mill. For this purpose, in the end of May 2010, samples were collected from Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, and then various organs (flowers, leaves, stems, and seeds) were extracted with different methods. In the first method, samples were extracted with chloroform solvent by Soxhlet for 72 hours. In the second method, after removing the solvent, methanol was added to the previous sample extracted with chloroform solvent and extraction was repeated. In the third method, depending on the amount of dry matter, different organs of fresh fennel were weighted; then they were grounded with the solvents of methanol and acetic acid (ratio 1:9) by electric mill and were filtered simoltaneously. In the fourth method, new plants, in accordance with dry matter content of each organ, were grounded by electric mill and soaked for a week with the solvents of methanol and acetic acid (ratio 1:9) and then were filtered. Then, all samples were concentrated to 30 ml. A total of 32 samples were obtained and the composition of quercetin and kampferol was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that most of the quercetin in Foeniculum vulgare Mill., obtained in flower (2990ppm), leaves (1223ppm) and seed (1779ppm) was related to the method of extraction with methanol, and in stem (1316ppm) was related to the method of maceration with methanol-acetic acid. Also, the lowest quercetin obtained in flower (17ppm), leaves (15ppm), stem (9ppm), and seed (50ppm) was related to the first method (extraction with chloroform). In the same culture conditions, the highest value of kampferol obtained in flower (912ppm), leave (273ppm), stem (184ppm) and seed (1142ppm), was related to the method of maceration with methanol-acetic acid while the lowest kampferol obtained in flower (209), leave (55), stem (45) and seed (427), was related to the chloroform extraction method.
K. Jaimand; H. Ahrabi Asli; A. Monfared
Abstract
Flavonoids, are a large class of polyphenols, with more than 4000 combinations. They have a antioxidant role in plant photosynthesis and in human body have such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and profection of the heart. Quercetin is in flavonol group, is used to fight with viruses and ...
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Flavonoids, are a large class of polyphenols, with more than 4000 combinations. They have a antioxidant role in plant photosynthesis and in human body have such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and profection of the heart. Quercetin is in flavonol group, is used to fight with viruses and cancer cells. In this study, extraction and measurement of quercetin were carried out in A. millefolium L., A. biebersteinii Afan. and A. Tenuifolia Lam. species. Samples were collected in early June 2010 from experiment farms, in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran. Various extraction methods were tested using different organs (flowers, leaves and stems) performed. The extraction from stem is reported for the first time. In the first extraction was performed soxhlet apparatus using with chloroform solvent for 72 hours. In the second method the previous sample with chloroform solvent extraction had been performed after separating the solvent, adding methanol extraction surgery was performed again. The third method, depending on the amount of plant matter with solvents methanol and acetic acid (ratio 9:1) by small electric mill and was filtered, in the end a new method with solvents, methanol and acetic acid (ratio 9:1) by electric mill crushed and then soaked for a week and was filtered. Then all samples were concentrated into 30 ml. Totally 36 samples were obtained by the amount quercetin contents in 36 obtained samples were measured combined with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The highest amount of quercetin (2164 ppm) obtained in flower of A. millefolium. In second method with methanol by soxhlet apparatus were 2064 ppm in leaves, and was 2034 ppm in stem, in fourth method Macerated with methanol related to first method in A. millefolium was lowest 127 ppm amount, in stem of A. biebersteinii was 110 ppm and 23 ppm was btained from A. tenuifolia stem.
K. Jaimand; M.B. Rezaee; M.H. Asareh; S.R. Tabaei Aghdaei; S. Meshkizadeh
Abstract
Flavonoid components are the largest phenolic groups in nature. Pigments are primarily responsible for the color of rose petals (the colorless flavonoids aid the intensification and stabilization of petals color). The aim of this research was extraction and determination of flavonoid compounds kaempferol ...
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Flavonoid components are the largest phenolic groups in nature. Pigments are primarily responsible for the color of rose petals (the colorless flavonoids aid the intensification and stabilization of petals color). The aim of this research was extraction and determination of flavonoid compounds kaempferol and quercetin in petals of Rosa damascena from western of Iran and cultivated in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Samples were collected on late April 2006. A 5 g fresh flower petals was blended with 30 ml of 9:1 methanol:acetic acid, the extract was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two flavonoids kaempferol and quercetin glycoside compounds were extracted from ten samples. The highest kaempferol content were obtained from Kordestan (595 ppm), Qazvine (505 ppm), West Azarbaijan (484 ppm), and Ilam (483 ppm), and the lowest from Kermanshah (74 ppm), Hamedan (88 ppm) and Lorestan (Poldokhtar) (252 ppm). The highest quercetin glucoside contents were obtained from Ardabil (322 ppm), West Azarbaijan (312 ppm), Ilam (302 ppm), and Chahar Mehal (239 ppm), and lowest were from Lorestan (Poldokhtar) (77 ppm), Hamedan (80 ppm), Kermanshah (117 ppm) and Kohkiluyeh (Gachsaran) (158 ppm). According to these results, the best samples were obtained from west Azarbaijan (484 ppm kaempferol, 312 ppm quercetin), Ilam (483 ppm kaempferol, 302 ppm quercetin) and Ardabil (447 ppm kaempferol, 322 ppm quercetin).
S. Asgary; Gh. Naderi; N. Askari
Abstract
Flavonoids which are polyphenolic substances are found in different vegetable and fruits and they have anti-oxidant properties. Epidemiological studies showed that flavonoids reduce the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, the usage of synthetic antioxidants have been limited because ...
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Flavonoids which are polyphenolic substances are found in different vegetable and fruits and they have anti-oxidant properties. Epidemiological studies showed that flavonoids reduce the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, the usage of synthetic antioxidants have been limited because of their toxicity and, there are different researches to find better natural antioxidants. This survey investigates the effect of some pure flavonoids such as kaempferol, quercetin, morin and rutin on red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis and their -SH capacity as membrane protection indicator. The flavonoids solutions were prepared. Rate of RBC hemolysis and -SH capacity of cell membrane were determined by spectrophotometer. 2,2´azobis2 amidino propane dihydrechloride (AAPH) was used to induce RBC peroxidation. The effect of each flavonoids on RBC hemolysis was examined in 3 concentrations (0.15, 5, 10) μg/ml but for investigating the effect on -SH groups only the highest concentration (10 μg/ml) of each flavonoids were used. In all cases, the antioxidant activity was dose-dependent. Rutin showed the highest inhibitory effect on RBC hemolysis than other flavonoid, that was 42.5. Also kaempferol, rutin, morin protect -SH groups 6%, 23.3%, 26.4% respectively. Results showed that flavonoids and plants contain flavonoids can be used as natural antioxidants for treatment and prevention of diseases which their pathogenesis are lipid peroxidation.
F. Sefidkon; A. Agha-Vali Jamaat; M. Alinia Rodsari; K. Jimand
Volume 20, Issue 1 , April 2004, , Pages 19-38
Abstract
Robinia pseudoacacia (Black locust ) is an ornamental tree with beautiful flowers. It,s main distribution is North America which spreads to Europe , Asia and Iran. Today, it is naturalized in Iran and grows in every where. Previously, we reported ...
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Robinia pseudoacacia (Black locust ) is an ornamental tree with beautiful flowers. It,s main distribution is North America which spreads to Europe , Asia and Iran. Today, it is naturalized in Iran and grows in every where. Previously, we reported chemical composition of the essential oil and absolute of hexan extract of R. pseudoacacia. In this research, the flavonoids from flowers and leaves of Robinia pseudoacacia were investigated. The extracts of flowers and leaves of R. pseudoacacia were obtained by Sochselet apparatus (by petroleum ether, benzen, chlorform, acetone and methanol) and also by macceration in methanol-water (9:1) and then methanol-water (1:1) and extraction with chlorform and hexan. After purification and separation of the extracts by P.C, HPLC, column and flash chromatography, two flavonoids, Quercetine and Robinine were obtained as pure compounds. Structure of the compounds were charachterized by HPLC (using standards), U.V. and 1HNMR .
