S. Kazemian; V. Zarrinnia; M. Khosroshahli; N. Hasanzadeh
Abstract
Tomato gray mold disease, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the most important tomato diseases. In recent years, the application of nanoparticles for the control of plant diseases has been given special attention. In this research, the effect of copper oxide nanoparticles biosynthesized by plant ...
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Tomato gray mold disease, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the most important tomato diseases. In recent years, the application of nanoparticles for the control of plant diseases has been given special attention. In this research, the effect of copper oxide nanoparticles biosynthesized by plant extract of eucalyptus was investigated. Three experiments were conducted in order to control the severity of gray mold disease under different growth conditions. In the first experiment, the effects of nanoparticles at concentrations of 100, 200, 400 and 600 ppm were investigated. In the second experiment, two more concentrated extracts i.e. 800 and 1200 were investigated. In the third experiment, the effect of three concentrations of 400, 600 and 800 ppm of copper oxide nanoparticles on the severity of mildew disease on detached leaves was investigated. The results of all three experiments indicated that 1) Copper oxide nanoparticles can control the growth of B. cinerea and gray mildew disease in both in vitro and in vitro conditions. 2) The relationship between the concentration of copper oxide nanoparticles and the inhibitory effect on fungal growth and disease control was invertible and significant at 1% probability level (P≤1%). In fact, the most effective concentrations were obtained at 400 and 600 ppm, 800 and 1200 ppm, and 600 and 800 ppm under in vitro, in vivo,and detached leaf assay, respectively. Accordingly, with increasing concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles, the rate of growth of the fungus colony decreased and the severity of the disease decreased. Based on these results, the application of green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles was recommended in controlling of gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea.
F. Yousefi; N. Hasanzadeh
Abstract
This research was aimed to study the effects of essential oil of Lavandula (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) flowers, fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds, and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) shoots on the fungus Botrytis cinerea, causing strawberry gray mold. The study ...
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This research was aimed to study the effects of essential oil of Lavandula (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) flowers, fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds, and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) shoots on the fungus Botrytis cinerea, causing strawberry gray mold. The study was conducted in PDA medium. The results showed that the essential oils of fennel and cumin had the highest antifungal activity. The essential oil compounds were isolated and identified by GC and GC/MS. The results obtained for the fruits inoculated with a spore suspension (1×105 spores in ml) indicated that the cumin oil was more effective in controlling the fungus B. cinerea on strawberry fruits as compared with fennel oil. The cumin oil had the highest effect in controlling strawberry gray mold, placed in one statistical group with thiabendazole.
N. Ansari; N. Hasanzadeh; M.B. Rezaee
Abstract
One of the modern methods for biological control of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) brown blotch disease is using plant's essential oil. Therefore, antimicrobial properties of essential oil and extracts obtained from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. leaves were evaluated against the plant pathogenic ...
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One of the modern methods for biological control of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) brown blotch disease is using plant's essential oil. Therefore, antimicrobial properties of essential oil and extracts obtained from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. leaves were evaluated against the plant pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas tolaasii both In vitro and In vivo conditions. 0.3 g/ml of each leaf samples was macerated in water and organic solvents (acetone, methanol and ethanol) to obtain the relevant extracts. The extraction of essential oil from leaves was performed Hydro-distillation method using Clevenger apparatus. Bioassays for inhibition activities of EO were carried out in five concentrations (0/1, 0/01, 0/001, 0/0001 and pure mg/ml) on two agar media of NA and KB. According to the isolation and identification of the main components in essential oils by gas chromatography (GC-MS), Cineol (58.1%) and α-phellandrene (6%) were identified as the main components. The most efficient In vitro results obtained by pure essential oil of Eucalyptus with 17 mm inhibition zone on KB and methanol extract with 8mm on NA. These were more pronounced when compared to inhibition effects of antibiotics erythromycin, penicillin and gentamycin and not with tetracycline in both concentrations of 0.1 and 0.01 mg/ml. This was reversed by subsequent increase of the antibiotics tetracycline and gentamicin to the level of 1, 5 and 10 mg/ml. In vivo assays were conducted in order to evaluate the efficacy of essential oil and methanol extract in two dilutions of 0/1 and 0/01 mg/ml. 20µl of each plant extracts was pre-treated on mushroom caps and after 24 h, the bacterial suspension at ca 105 cfu/ml was inoculated the same pre-treated sites. After a two day incubation period at 25°C, the 0/01 concentration of both extracts showed a satisfactory result.
S. Sayad; N. Hassanzadeh; A. Ghasemi; E. Nazerian
Abstract
In order to control soft rot disease of syngonium ornamental plant caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum, six essential oils namely, thym, Summer savory, Anise, Eucalyptus, Dill, Cumin and two antibiotics of erythromycin and streptomycin were evaluated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. ...
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In order to control soft rot disease of syngonium ornamental plant caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum, six essential oils namely, thym, Summer savory, Anise, Eucalyptus, Dill, Cumin and two antibiotics of erythromycin and streptomycin were evaluated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. MICs of all essential oils were determined and different concentrations of each compound were prepared. In laboratory assays, among 6 different concentrations of essential oils, pure thym oil with 15mm inhibition zone and erythromycin (15mg/disk) with 15mm inhibition zone exhibited the most antibacterial activities. On the other hand, erythromycin (400mg/ml) with 3-5 mm inhibition zone showed the same result as treated with thym essential oil (10-2). The syngonium seedlings treated with erythromycin (400mg/ml) gave a healthy and long root growth of 70mm and 3mm of soft rot symptoms on roots. The seedlings treated with thym oil promoted root growth to 32mm and soft rots of 7mm. According to the results, erythromycin and thym oil were identified as the most effective compounds compared to the others.
J. Ashrafi; N. Hassanzadeh
Abstract
During 2005-2006, many grapevine plants and soil samples were collected from Qazvin vineyards for A. tumefaciens. All plant samples have been surface sterilized prior culturing on nutrient agar medium (NA). The soil samples have been cultured on semi-selective D1M medium for ease isolation. All suspected ...
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During 2005-2006, many grapevine plants and soil samples were collected from Qazvin vineyards for A. tumefaciens. All plant samples have been surface sterilized prior culturing on nutrient agar medium (NA). The soil samples have been cultured on semi-selective D1M medium for ease isolation. All suspected colonies were restreaked on NA for pure culture collections. Based on key biochemical and pathogenicity tests, the crown gall bacterial isolates have been identified as A. tumefaciens. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of 15 plant essential oils and 2 copper compounds i.e. Bordeaux mixture (0.5%) and copper oxychloride (0.3%) against crown gall bacterium, different laboratory, greenhouse and field trails were conducted. Among these, the essential oil of the plant savory (Satureia officinalis) with 9 cm inhibition zones on NA exhibited the most promising antibacterial effect. Similar results were obtained with carrot discs, sunflower seedling assays and also grapevine gall treatments under natural single season field trail. In later case, gall development suppression was doubled compared to two copper compounds. This approach may lead to an alternative control measurement on bacterial crown gall disease management.
