H. Azarnivand; M. Ghavam Arabani; F. Sefidkon; A. Tavili
Abstract
Achillea millefolium L. subsp. millefolium is one of the valuable medicinal plants, belongs to Asteraceae family. This plant mainly grows in plaines, roadsides and mountainous regions. It is wound healer and because of having tannins, bitter and aromatic materials affects on the nervous system and heart. ...
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Achillea millefolium L. subsp. millefolium is one of the valuable medicinal plants, belongs to Asteraceae family. This plant mainly grows in plaines, roadsides and mountainous regions. It is wound healer and because of having tannins, bitter and aromatic materials affects on the nervous system and heart. Recent researches show that it has anti-cancer property. For sampling, this plant was selected from 2 height location with definite distance (100 meter) in Siahbisheh at full flowering stage in July 2007. The samples of inflorescences and leaves of plants and sample of soil of the root place were collected from 3 random points of each hieght at lenght of one transect (100 meter). Then air dried parts of the plants (80 gr) subjected to hydrodistillation for 2h using a Clevenger-type apparatus and essential oils analyzed by GC and GC/MC. There is no significant difference between the flower oil yields of Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium in 2 height, while there is significant difference between the oil yields of leaves (p<0.01) and the highest percentage of leaf oil (0.1%) belong to 2100m. Study of relation among soil characters and height to these quantity show that there is relationship between nitrogen of the soil and this quantity that has negative correlation. Major components of flower oils were 1,8-cineole (14.4% and 8.2%), cis-cadin-4-en-7-ol (4.6% and 15%), E-caryophyllene (5.5% and 4.8%), -γmuurolene (4/4% and 5.2%), camphor (2.6% and 4.1%), eudesma-4(15), 7-dien-1-β-ol (3.7% and 6.4%) in 2100 m and 2200 m, respectively. The main components of leaf oils were 1,8-cineole (5.6% and 4.7%), globulol (7.6% and 8.7%), E-caryophyllene (5% and 3.2%), cis-cadin-4-en-7-ol (25.5% and 0.4%) E-sesqui lavandulol (2.3% and 12.8%) and E-sesquilavandulyl acetate (2.4% and 8.1%) at 2100 m and 2200 m, respectively.
A. Akbarinia; F. Sefikon; S.R. Razaz Hashemi
Abstract
Satureja sahendica Bornm.is an endemic aromatic species in Iran. It isused very extensively in folk medicine of southern parts ofIran. In this study, chemicalcomposition of cultivated S. sahendica was investigated for the first time. Three accessions of S. sahendica collected from natural sites in Qazvin ...
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Satureja sahendica Bornm.is an endemic aromatic species in Iran. It isused very extensively in folk medicine of southern parts ofIran. In this study, chemicalcomposition of cultivated S. sahendica was investigated for the first time. Three accessions of S. sahendica collected from natural sites in Qazvin province and cultivated in research farm of Qazvin Research Station in 2005. An experiment was undertaken to determine the oil production of S. sahendica in complete randomized block design with three replications. Accessions consisted of Arochan, Abgarm and Shenein. Aerial parts of wild and cultivated plants harvested at flowering stage in 2007. Essential oils of dried aerial parts were distilled with water for 3 hours. Statistical analysis showed significant difference between cultivated and wild plants of accessions. In natural site, Shenien had the highest essential oil content (3.3%) and then Abgarm (3.0%) and Arochan with 2.21% was the least. In cultivated plants accessions had not similar trend in different harvests. Abgarm samples at first and second cuttings and Arochan samples in third cutting showed the highest essential oil contents. There was high difference between cultivated and wild accessions of Shenien. Thymol was 35 to 36% at cultivated and wild samples, while among cultivated plants, Abgarm sample in third cutting showed the highest amount of thymol (49.6%). Second cutting of Arochan sample and first harvest of Shenien sample had 38.8 and 38.1 % thymol respectively. Carvacrol in wild plants was nearly 1% and was higher than cultivated plants.
Sh. Ahmadi; F. Sefidkon; P. Babakhanlo; F. Asgari; K. Khademi; N. Valizadeh; M.A. Karimifar
Abstract
The genus of Satureja consist of 30 species in world. Satureja bachtiarica Bunge is one of the endemic species of this genus in Iran. In order to identify the quality changes of essential oil of Satureja bachtiarica, we planted the specimen in 1382 in Khorram Abad on the 36 plot, using the split factorial ...
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The genus of Satureja consist of 30 species in world. Satureja bachtiarica Bunge is one of the endemic species of this genus in Iran. In order to identify the quality changes of essential oil of Satureja bachtiarica, we planted the specimen in 1382 in Khorram Abad on the 36 plot, using the split factorial design in randomized complete block with 3 replications. Aerial parts of plants were collected in two stages (before and full flowering) from field and provenance in the second year. The plant materials were dried and hydro-distilled in order to obtain their essential oils. The oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The main component of essential oil before flowering stage were carvacrol (20٪), P-cymene (36.5٪) and thymol (19.2.(٪ In the flowering stage 21 compounds were characterized in the oil with carvacrol (25.5٪), p-cymene (23.2٪), thymol (0.5(٪ and mentone (18.5 (٪as the main constituents. Fifteen compounds were characterized in the oil of field sample (Khorram Abad). The main constituents of the oil were carvacrol (48.6٪) and p-cymene (28.6٪) before flowering stage. In the flowering stage 13 compounds were characterized in the oil with carvacrol (62.3٪) and p-cymene (21.2٪) as the main constituents. The oil yields of cultivated and wild S. bachtiarica samples were 1.1, 2.08% and 1.8, 1.1% before and full flowering stages, respectively. The amount of carvacrol in Satureja bachtiarica oils were 48.6%, 62.3% and 20%, 25.8%before and full flowering stages, in field and provenance, respectively. These results showed that variation of ecological characters like altitude, temperature, humidity and climate had effect on percentage of carvacrol.
M. Naderi Hagibaghercandi; F. Sefidkon; M.R. Poorherave; M. Mirza
Abstract
Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) is an evergreen tree and growing in favorable condition to a height of about 15-20 meter. This ornamental tree is indigenous to the Mediterranean area and southeast part of Europe. The essential oil obtained from Laurus nobilis has been used for anti larvae, rheumatic pains ...
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Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) is an evergreen tree and growing in favorable condition to a height of about 15-20 meter. This ornamental tree is indigenous to the Mediterranean area and southeast part of Europe. The essential oil obtained from Laurus nobilis has been used for anti larvae, rheumatic pains and muscular convulsion. Laurel is usually considered as the natural source of this compound, used in the flavor, cosmetic and fragrance industries. In the present study the leaves of Laurus nobilis were collected from two locations (Botanical Garden of Noshahr and National Botanical Garden of Iran in Tehran) in March 2009 and dried in shade. In addition the green stems and fruits were collected from Noshahr. The essential oil of all samples were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The oil yields based on dry weight for stem, leaf and fruit are respectively 0.22%, 0.43% and 1.35% (for Noshahr samples) and 3.86% for the leaves of Tehran sample. Twenty-fore, 27, 37 and 20 components were identified in the essential oils of stem, leaf, fruit (for Noshahr) and leaf (for Tehran) of Laurus nobilis (representing 95%, 98.5%, 95.6% and 98.4% of the oils), respectively. The major components in the stem oil were 1,8-cineole (42.9%), α-terpinyl acetate (16.8%) and sabinene(4.7%). The main compounds in leaf oil were 1,8-cineole (58.2%), α-terpinyl acetate (10%) and sabinene(7.2%) and main compounds in leaf oil in Tehran sample were 1,8-cineole (47%), sabinene(13.9%) andα -terpinyl acetate (11.5%). The major components in fruit oil were E-β-ocimene (20.8%), 1,8-cineole (14.4%), α-terpinyl acetate (8.5%), germacrene B (7.8%), α-pinene (6.6%), germacrene D (6%), sabinene(5.4%) and β-pinene (5.1%). The results obtained from this study showed that the oil yields from the stem was lower than leaves but in both stem and leaf oils the major components were similar. The fruit oil contained high amount of E-β-ocimene.
M.T. Darzi; A. Ghalavand; F. Sefidkon; F. Rejali
Volume 24, Issue 4 , February 2009, , Pages 396-413
Abstract
In order to study the effects of biofertilizers on quantity and quality of essential oil in fennel containing essential oil content and anethole content, fenchone content and limonene content in essential oil, an experiment was conducted at Hamand Research station in Damavand in 2005 and 2006. The factors ...
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In order to study the effects of biofertilizers on quantity and quality of essential oil in fennel containing essential oil content and anethole content, fenchone content and limonene content in essential oil, an experiment was conducted at Hamand Research station in Damavand in 2005 and 2006. The factors were mycorrhizal inoculation (inoculated and non-inoculated), phosphatic biofertilizer (0, 30, 60 kg/ha) and vermicompost (0, 5 , 10 ton/ha). The experiment design was factorial experiment in the base of randomized complete blocks design with eighteen treatments and three replications. In addition, one plot was allocated to control in each replication and only chemical fertilizers (NPK: 90, 60 and 90 kg/ha) were used. Data obtained from control plots were used for comparing other plots. Mean comparison was carried out using Duncan multiple range test (at 5% level). Results showed that the highest essential oil content in seed and anethole content in essential oil and the lowest fenchone content and limonene content in essential oil were obtained with mycorrhiza treatment. Phosphatic biofertilizer also showed significant effects on essential oil content and anethole and limonene contents in essential oil (except fenchone content). The maximum essential oil content in seed and anethole content in essential oil were related to the plots with consumption of 60 kg/ha. The lowest limonene content in essential oil was obtained with consumption of 30 kg/ha phosphatic biofertilizer. The highest essential oil content in seed and anethole content in essential oil and minimum fenchone content and limonene content in essential oil were obtained with consumption of 10 ton/ha vermicompost. Comparison of control versus biofertilizer treatments was significant, as two biofertilizer treatments include inoculation with mycorrhiza, application of 30 kg/ha phosphatic biofertilizer and 10 ton/ha vermicompost and inoculation with mycorrhiza and application of 60 kg/ha phosphatic biofertilizer and 10 ton/ha vermicompost in relation to quantity and quality of essential oil were better than control.
S. Davazdahemami1; F. Sefidkon; M.R. Jahansooz; D. Mazaheri
Volume 24, Issue 3 , November 2008, , Pages 263-270
Abstract
In order to compare biological yield, essential oil content, composition and phonological stages of moldavian balm in three planting date seasons, a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in 2006-2007 in Isfahan province. Biological yield per date and area unit, allocation ...
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In order to compare biological yield, essential oil content, composition and phonological stages of moldavian balm in three planting date seasons, a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in 2006-2007 in Isfahan province. Biological yield per date and area unit, allocation index, percentage and yield of essential oil, dry matter to fresh matter ratio and essence components and period of sowing to flowering were measured. According to results, the majority of seedlings were injured in autumn planting date (November). Fresh and dry biological yields, essential oil quality per m2 of moldavian balm had significant differences and in spring (March) were 12.7 kg, 10.3cc and 4.1kg and in summer (June) were 4.1, 1 kg and 4.1cc, respectively. Essential oil quantity were significantly higher than summer sowing date (June). 46.7% and 62.2% fresh biological matter changed to dry matter in spring sowing date and summer sowing date, respectively. Sum of five major components (neral, geraniol, geranial, neryl acetate and geranyl acetate) in essence were 92% and 64.4% in spring and summer sowing date and maximum change was seen in geranyl acetate (from 35.3% in spring to 14% in summer). Growth periods from sowing to flowering stage were 122 and 61 days in spring and summer sowing date, respectively. Thus, summer sowing date is comparable with spring sowing date.
K. Ahmadi; F. Sefidkon; M.H. Assareh
Volume 24, Issue 2 , August 2008, , Pages 162-176
Abstract
Rosa damascena Mill. commonly known as rose plant belonging to the family Rosaceae, is an important cultivated aromatic plant. This plant has been cultivated in Iran from many years ago. Due to literature, distillation of rose and obtaining rose water was done in Iran for the first time. In this investigation, ...
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Rosa damascena Mill. commonly known as rose plant belonging to the family Rosaceae, is an important cultivated aromatic plant. This plant has been cultivated in Iran from many years ago. Due to literature, distillation of rose and obtaining rose water was done in Iran for the first time. In this investigation, the effect of different drying methods (shade, oven 30, 40 and 50°C) on quantity and quality of essential oils of three genotypes of Rosa damascena were studies for the first time. The oils of all samples were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results showed no significant difference between the oil yields of fresh and dried petals, but there was significant difference between percentages of main aromatic compounds. The oil of fresh petals had the highest percentage of geraniol and citronellol and the lowest percentage of stearoptens (heavy hydrocarbons). Therefore the best time for extraction of essential oil from Rosa damascena, is right after collection. Comparison of oil content and composition of dried samples showed drying in shade was better and produce higher percentage of oil and aromatic compounds.
P. Ramak; F. Sefidkon
Volume 24, Issue 2 , August 2008, , Pages 189-197
Abstract
Artemisia persica Boiss. is traditionally used for antipyretic, antimalarial, antihemorrhagic antihepatit, anticomplementary, antiulcerogenin and antispasmodic from ancient times. This investigation was carried out for investigating the changes of quantity and quality of essential oil of Artemisia persica ...
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Artemisia persica Boiss. is traditionally used for antipyretic, antimalarial, antihemorrhagic antihepatit, anticomplementary, antiulcerogenin and antispasmodic from ancient times. This investigation was carried out for investigating the changes of quantity and quality of essential oil of Artemisia persica in field and provenance. This research started from 1383 and lasted two years. Using randomized complete block design with 4 replication and carried out in 2 locations (Norabad & Brojerd). In second year the aerial parts of plants were collected from Borojerd and Norabad Fields and Garin Mountain at the altitude of 2900 m. Extracted Essential oil by water distillation (3h). The yields of essential oils in Borojerd (0.7%), Norabad (0.5%) and Garin provenance (0.9%) were calculated. Analysis and identification of chemical compositions of the essential oil were performed by GC and GC/MS. In all 31 compounds laciniata furanone E (17/1%), artedouglasia oxide C (13/2%), trans-pinocarveol (10/2%), pinocarvone (8/5%), α-pinene (5/8%), 1,8-cineole (5/6%) were the main components of Artemisia persica in Garin provenance. Laciniata furanone E spread mostly in Borojerd and Norabad fields. Quantity of laciniata furanone E in field of Brojerd compared with Norabad was significantly different at 5% probability level. Analysis of data with MSTATC indicated that the effect of location on essential oil was significantly different at 5% probability level.
B. Dadman; R. Omidbaigi; F. Sefidkon
Abstract
This field experiment was conducted from April to October 2005 in order to study the effects of different nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) on essential oil content and compositions of Mexican marigold (Tagetes minuta L.). The utilization of nitrogen significantly affected essential oil ...
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This field experiment was conducted from April to October 2005 in order to study the effects of different nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) on essential oil content and compositions of Mexican marigold (Tagetes minuta L.). The utilization of nitrogen significantly affected essential oil content and compositions of Mexican marigold compared to control samples without nitrogen fertilizer. The application of 200 kg ha-1 nitrogen gave the highest oil content (1.16%). The results of the oil analysis showed that the constituents of the oils varied between nitrogen levels. There fore it could be concluded that for maximum production of essential oil, Mexican marigold should be grown with 200 kg ha-1 nitrogen but in order to preserve environment by decrease consuming fertilizer and soil management it is better to suggest 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen to produce safer crops because of the little differences of 150 with 200 kg ha-1 nitrogen on oil content.
F. borna; R. Omidbaigi; F. Sefidkon
Volume 23, Issue 3 , November 2007, , Pages 307-314
Abstract
Due to study the effect of swoing dates on Dragonhead, this research trial was carried out on randomized complete block design with three replications. The effects of sowing dates on 6 of March, 19 of March, 4 of April, 20 of April, 5 of May, 21 of May, 5 of June and 21 of June were studied on growth ...
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Due to study the effect of swoing dates on Dragonhead, this research trial was carried out on randomized complete block design with three replications. The effects of sowing dates on 6 of March, 19 of March, 4 of April, 20 of April, 5 of May, 21 of May, 5 of June and 21 of June were studied on growth and herb yield of Dragonhead. The results showed that sowing dates has significant effect on growth and development of Dragonhead. The highest plant (82.5 Cm) and the largest number of branches per plant (18.14) was obtained from the plants which were sown on 19 of March and essential oil content (199.0 Kg/ha) was obtained from the plants which were sown on 4 of April. There was no significant effect among herb yield and essential oil percentage of different sowing dates. The highest essential oil content obtained from the plant were sown on 4 of April, therefore, sowing this plant is recommended.
Z. Abravesh; F. Sefidkon; M.H. Assareh
Volume 23, Issue 3 , November 2007, , Pages 323-330
Abstract
The fresh leaves of five cultivated Eucalyptus species, i.e. Eucalyptus stricklandii Maiden, E. brockwayii, E. sargentii Maiden, E. largiflorens F. Muelland E. kruseana F. Muell were collected in the spring from Shushtar in Khuzestan province (South region of Iran). After drying the plant materials in ...
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The fresh leaves of five cultivated Eucalyptus species, i.e. Eucalyptus stricklandii Maiden, E. brockwayii, E. sargentii Maiden, E. largiflorens F. Muelland E. kruseana F. Muell were collected in the spring from Shushtar in Khuzestan province (South region of Iran). After drying the plant materials in shade, their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Seventeen components were identified in the oil of E. stricklandii with 1,8-cineole (71.2%) and α-pinene (9.2%) as the main constituents. Twenty-five compounds were identified in the oil of E. brockwayii with 1,8-cineole (17.8 %), isopentyl isovalerate (17.2%), α-pinene (14.0%), trans-pinocarveole (12%), β-pinene(7.5%) and ρ-cymene ( 5.3%) as major components. Sixteen compounds were characterized in the oil of E. sargentii with 1,8-cineole (56.7%), β-eudesmol (6.0%) and α-pinene (4.9%) as the main constituents. Fifteen components were identified in the oil of E. largiflorens with 1,8-cineole (41.3%), spathulenol (11.6%) and virdiflorol (15.9%) as major components. Fifteen components were identified in the oil of E. kruseana with 1,8-cineole (63.3%) and α-pinene (15.9%) as the main constituents. The results showed, although 1,8-cineole was the main component of the essential oils of all the studied Eucalyptus species, its relative content was higher in the oil of E. stricklandii.
M.T. Darzi; A. Ghalavand; F. Rejali; F. Sefidkon
Volume 22, Issue 4 , February 2007, , Pages 276-292
Abstract
In order to study the effects of biofertilizers on yield and yield components in fennel, an experiment was conducted at Hamand Research Station in Damavand in 2005. The factors were mycorrhizal inoculation (inoculated and non-inoculated), biophosphate fertilizer (0, 30 , 60 kg/ha) and vermicompost (0 ...
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In order to study the effects of biofertilizers on yield and yield components in fennel, an experiment was conducted at Hamand Research Station in Damavand in 2005. The factors were mycorrhizal inoculation (inoculated and non-inoculated), biophosphate fertilizer (0, 30 , 60 kg/ha) and vermicompost (0 , 5 , 10 ton/ha). The experiment design was factorial experiment in the base of randomized complete blocks design with eighteen treatments and three replications. Also, these treatments with a fertilizer control treatment (NPK: 90, 60 and 90 kg/ha) was evaluated using a randomized complete blocks design with nineteen treatments and three replications. The measured traits were plant height, umbel no./plant, 1000 seed weight, biological yield, haevest index and seed yield. Mean comparison was conducted using duncan multiple range test (at 5% level). Results showed that the highest plant height, umbel no./plant, 1000 seed weight, biological yield and seed yield were obtained through mycorrhization but reduced harvest index. Biophosphate fertilizer also showed significant effects on plant height and biological yield. The maximum plant height and biological yield were obtained with consumption of 60 kg/ha from biophosphate fertilizer. The highest plant height, umbel no./plant, 1000 seed weight, biological yield and seed yield were obtained from vermicompost (10 ton/ha). Intractions of two factors of mycorrhizal inoculation and biophosphate fertilizer on 1000 seed weight and mycorrhizal inoculation and vermicompost on harvest index were significant. Comparison of control versus biofertilizer treatments was significant and umbel no./plant, biological yield and seed yield in two treatments of fifteenth (mycorrhizal inoculation-30 kg/ha biophosphate fertilizer-10 ton/ha vermicompost) and eighteenth (mycorrhizal inoculation-60 kg/ha biophosphate fertilizer-10 ton/ha vermicompost) from biofertilizer treatments were higher than that of control. There was a positive and significant correlation between seed yield with plant height, umbel no./plant, 1000 seed weight and biological yield.
E. Rajabbeigi; F. Ghanati; F. Sefidkon; P. Abdolmaleki
Volume 22, Issue 4 , February 2007, , Pages 341-350
Abstract
The effects of electromagnetic field (1 kHz) on the growth and the amounts and composition of essential oils of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) were studied. Basil plants were exposed to the electromagnetic field for 6 days, each 5 hours, discontinuously. Compared to the control plants, the growth of ...
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The effects of electromagnetic field (1 kHz) on the growth and the amounts and composition of essential oils of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) were studied. Basil plants were exposed to the electromagnetic field for 6 days, each 5 hours, discontinuously. Compared to the control plants, the growth of treated plants and their essential oils were decreased. This may be resulted from decrease in the activity of certain enzymes involved in the essential oil biosynthesis pathway. Methyl chavicol, geraniol, and nerol were three major components of essential oil of basil. Treatment with electromagnetic field, however, increased the content of methyl chavicol, suggesting an increase in the activity of chavicol-o-methyl transferase. This in return, suggests that the electromagnetic field can effect on the metabolism of essential oils indirectly i.e., through enzymatic proteins such as chavicol-o-methyl transferase. The results of the present study indicate that the electromagnetic field can be considered as a tool to increase methyl chavicol and probably other medicinal compounds in the desired plants.
F. Hooshidari; F. Sefidkon; Z. Jamzad
Volume 22, Issue 3 , November 2006, , Pages 209-215
Abstract
The aerial parts of Salvia bracteata were collected in two stages of plant growth (before flowering and full flowering) from Chenareh-marivan (Kurdistan province) in west of Iran .The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation method. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The yields of essential ...
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The aerial parts of Salvia bracteata were collected in two stages of plant growth (before flowering and full flowering) from Chenareh-marivan (Kurdistan province) in west of Iran .The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation method. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The yields of essential oils were 0.22% before flowering stage and 0.28% full flowering stage. Before flowering stage 17 compounds and full flowering stage 19 compounds were characterized. In both of stages, β-caryophyllen and γ-muurolene devoted the highest rates of the compounds. β-caryophyllen had a decreasing trend from before flowing to flowering so that it changes from 49.59% to 41.64% vs. γ-muurolene so the rate of latter compound changed from 18.30% to 22.78%. In samples from Chenareh, Marivan, 17 constituents were common at two stages. (E)-β-ocimene was only before flowering stage and bornyl-acetate, δ-elemene, β-bourbonene were found only at full flowering stage.
B. Abbaszadeh; E. Sharifi Ashourabadi; M.R. Ardakani; M.H. Lebaschi; F. Safikhani; M. Naderi Hadjibagher Kandi; F. Sefidkon
Volume 22, Issue 3 , November 2006, , Pages 223-230
Abstract
In order to investigation of application methods of nitrogen fertilizer on essential oil content and composition of Balm, the experiment was conducted during 7 months in field condition at Alborze Research complex in 2004. This experiment was carried out at two levels of suspension nitrogen (4.5% and ...
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In order to investigation of application methods of nitrogen fertilizer on essential oil content and composition of Balm, the experiment was conducted during 7 months in field condition at Alborze Research complex in 2004. This experiment was carried out at two levels of suspension nitrogen (4.5% and 6%) spraying on shoot and two levels of solid nitrogen (60 and 90 kg N/ha) application in soil with control. Treatment was implicated to three equal divisions. This experiment was carried out in complete randomized block design with 4 replications. In floral imitation, plants harvested and essential oil were extracted by water distillation. The essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results showed a significant difference (1%) among nitrogen rates application on essential oil yield. Identification of essential oil components showed that some compounds of the oil decreased with more application of nitrogen in two methods of nitrogen application, whereas some other compounds increased with most application nitrogen in both methods.
R. Abbas Azimi; F. Sefidkon; Z. Jamzad; Gh. Bakhshi Khaniki
Abstract
Vitex L. (250 species) is a large tropical genus with a few temperate species. Examining the morphological characters of leave, stem, corolla and calyx together, with the micro-morphological observations, revealed the occurrence of four species in the flora of Iran. These species are V. agnus-castus, ...
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Vitex L. (250 species) is a large tropical genus with a few temperate species. Examining the morphological characters of leave, stem, corolla and calyx together, with the micro-morphological observations, revealed the occurrence of four species in the flora of Iran. These species are V. agnus-castus, V. negundo, V. trifolia and V. pseudo-negundo. In this research, four species of Vitex werecollected in flowering stage from their natural habitats. Hydro-distillation method was used to obtaining the essential oils. Essential oils components were identified by capillary GC and GC/MS. In the oil of V. agnus-castus, the main components of essential oil were monoterpenoids (82.8%) with 1,8-cineole (18.5%), α-pinene (17.8%) and limonene (15.7%) as major components. In the oil of V. pseudo-negundo, the main components of the essential oil were sesquiterpenoids (50.7%) which have the highest amount in comparing with other species and include α-guaiene (14.2%), germacrene D (11/6%) and α-cadinol (10%). Also the monoterpenoids of the oil of this species were α-pinene (10.3-24.5%), limonene (4.4-12.8%) and 1,8-cineole (10.9%). In the oil of V. negundo the major components were monoterpenoids (66.6%), among them 1,8-cineole (20.8%) and α-pinene (18.8%) were the main components. In the oil of V. trifolia, the major components were monoterpenoids (67.1%) and the main constituents were identified as sabinene (24.6%) and α- pinene (23.9%). 1,8-cineole was not found in the oil of this species. β-caryophyllene was identified at higher percentage (10.5%) in the oil of V. trifolia
R. Omidbaigi; K. Sadrai Menjili; F. Sefidkon
Abstract
To study the effect of sowing date on fennel CV. Soroksari, this research work was carried out on randomized complete block design with three replications. The effects of sowing dates of 6 of March, 20 of March, 4 of April, 19 of April, 5 of May, 21 of May, 5 of June and 21 of June, were studied on growth, ...
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To study the effect of sowing date on fennel CV. Soroksari, this research work was carried out on randomized complete block design with three replications. The effects of sowing dates of 6 of March, 20 of March, 4 of April, 19 of April, 5 of May, 21 of May, 5 of June and 21 of June, were studied on growth, development, seed yield and essential oil and anethole content of fennel CV. Soroksari. The results show that sowing dates hade significant effect on growth, development and quality and quantity of active substances of fennel. On the basis of the results the seeds were sown on 21 of May the seeds were germinated and developed faster. The highest plant (150.8 cm) and the largest number of branches per plant (10.1) was obtained from the plants were sown on 4 of April. There was no significant effect among 1000 seeds weight and essential oil content of different sowing dates. The largest seed yield (1864.3Kg/ha) and essential oil yield (91.3Kg/ha) was obtained from the seeds were sown on 4 of April. Anethole content were decreased from the plants were sown from 6 of March to 21 of June, the lowest amount (58.2%) was extracted from the plants were sown on 21 of June. According to the results of this resesrch trial the most suitable date for sowing of fennel cv. Soroksari is recommended 20 of March to 4 of April.
Kh. Abbasi; F. Sefidkon; Y. Yamini
Abstract
The genus Satureja from lamiaceae family consists of many species all over the world. In Iran, there are 15 species, 9 of them are endemic. The oil of different Satureja species are very important because of having carvacrol. In this study, the effect of two extraction methods (hydro-distillation and ...
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The genus Satureja from lamiaceae family consists of many species all over the world. In Iran, there are 15 species, 9 of them are endemic. The oil of different Satureja species are very important because of having carvacrol. In this study, the effect of two extraction methods (hydro-distillation and supercritical fluid extraction) on yield and composition of the essential oils Satureja hortensis and Satureja rechingeri wasinvestigated. The aerial parts of S. hortensis were collected from Research Station of Alborz (Karaj) at full flowering stage and those of S. rechingeri were collected from their natural habitats on Ilam province. After drying the plant material, the oil of both species were obtained by hydro-distillation and also by SFE (with and without modifier). The oil were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. 17 compounds were identified in the oil of S. hortensis by hydro-distillation, with carvacrol (48.1%) and g-Terpinene (38.4%) as the main components. In the oils of SFE, 9 compounds were characterized with carvacrol (57.1%-63.4%) and g-Terpinene (27.0%-32.8%) as the major components. Therefore, the percentage of carvacrol was increased by SFE and g-Terpinene was decreased. 20 components were identified in the oil of S. rechingeri by hydro-distillation, with carvacrol (86.6%) as main constituent. In the oils of SFE, 6 compounds were identified, that the percentage of carvacrol (95.0%-95.6%) was higher.
F. Askari; F. Sefidkon; S. Meshkizadeh
Abstract
Essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation from the arial parts and seeds of Pimpinella eriocarpa Banks & Soland Individually, that were collected from khojir (Northeast of Tehran province). The yields of arial parts and seed oils were 1.3% and 5.7%w/w, respectively. Fifteen constituents ...
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Essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation from the arial parts and seeds of Pimpinella eriocarpa Banks & Soland Individually, that were collected from khojir (Northeast of Tehran province). The yields of arial parts and seed oils were 1.3% and 5.7%w/w, respectively. Fifteen constituents in the aerial parts oil and eight constituents in seed oil were identified. Major constituents of the aerial parts oil were Pregeijerene (59.9%), Limonene (17.6%) and Elemicin (12.5%). Major constituents of the seed oil were Limonene (49.3%) and Elemicin (44.5%). Two major compounds (Limonene and Elemicin) were common in both of the oils. Seven trace constituents of the aerial parts oil were not found in the seed oil at all.
F. Sefidkon; A. Rahimi-Bidgoly
Volume 15, Issue 1 , January 2003, , Pages 1-22
Abstract
The aerial parts of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss & Hohen were collected in three stages of plant growth (before, at the beginning and complete flowering) from research station of Sirachal. The essential oils of plant materials were isolated by steam-, hydro- and water-steam distillation from the aerial ...
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The aerial parts of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss & Hohen were collected in three stages of plant growth (before, at the beginning and complete flowering) from research station of Sirachal. The essential oils of plant materials were isolated by steam-, hydro- and water-steam distillation from the aerial parts. The oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. So, the effect of distillation methods and stages of plant growth on oil content and composition of Thymus kotschyanus was investigated. The oil yield, related to distillation method and stage of plant growth, was 0.28-1.80% w/w (the highest for complete flowering stage by hydrodistillation method). The main constituents in all of the oils were carvacrol (46.74-61.23%), thymol (7.51- 26.92 %), g-terpinene, p-cymene and borneol.
F. Sefidkon; F. Askari
Volume 12, Issue 1 , May 2002, , Pages 29-51
Abstract
The genus of Thymus presents 14 species in Iran, some of them are endemic (1). In this project some of the endemic and non-endemic Thymus species, named: T. pubescens Boiss. et Kotschy ex Celak, T. carnosus Boiss, T. kotschyanus Boiss and Hohen, T. persicus (Ronniger ex Rech. F.) Jalas and T. serpyllum ...
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The genus of Thymus presents 14 species in Iran, some of them are endemic (1). In this project some of the endemic and non-endemic Thymus species, named: T. pubescens Boiss. et Kotschy ex Celak, T. carnosus Boiss, T. kotschyanus Boiss and Hohen, T. persicus (Ronniger ex Rech. F.) Jalas and T. serpyllum L. were collected from different regions at before flowering and full flowering stage. The air-dried aerial parts of these species were steam distilled for obtaning their essential oils. The oil yields are as follow respectively: at before flowering (0.66%, 0.28%, 0.26%, 0.55% and 0.57%) and at full flowering stage (0.86%, 2.1%, 0.43%, 1.45% and 0.90%).
Totally the oil yields were lower for theses Thymus species before flowering. The highest oil yields were obtained from T. kotschyanus and T. pubescens.
Analysis and identification of chemical composition of the oils were performed by GC and GC/MS.
Thirty-seven components (representing 93.1%-98.3% of the oils) at before flowering stage and thirty-nine components (representing 88.2%-99.3% of the oils) at full flowering stage were identified.
The main components of the oils were as follow, before and full flowering stage, respectively:
T. carnosus, thymol (27.2% and 36.1%), g-terpinene (19.6% and 19.1%), p-cymene (26.2% and 21.3%), b-caryophyllene (2.5% and 2.8%), carvacrol (2.2% and 2.5%) and borneol (1.6% and 1.6%).
T. kotschyanus carvacrol (40.7% and 41.4%), thymol (26.9% and 19.5%), g-terpinene (7.3% and 10.3%), p-cymene (3.9% and 5.3%), b-caryophyllene (1.8% and 2.5%) and borneol (1.3% and 2.4%)
T. persicus (39.0% and 27.1%), thymol (6.5% and 11.9%), g-terpinene (6.1% and 6.5%), p-cymene (7.5% and 10.2%), b-caryophyllene (2.0% and 3.0%) and borneol (1.6% and 2.9%).
T. pubescens carvacrol (64.8% and 48.8%), thymol (11.9% and 13.9%), g-terpinene (6.1% and trace), p-cymene (2.9% and 12.7%), b-caryophyllene (1.5% and 1.3%) and borneol (0.7% and 3.8%).
T. serpyllum, thymol (18.7% and 18.7%), g-terpinene (21.9% and 22.7%), p-cymene (21.1% and 20.7%), b-caryophyllene (7.1% and 0.1%) and borneol (3.9% and 3.1%)
Geraniol (15.7% and 9.4%), Geranyl acetate (5.3% and 5.3%) and a-terpineol (0 and 9.5%) were found just in T. persicus oil before and full flowering stage, respectively. Germacrene D was also found in T. serpyllum oil (6.0% and 5.1%).
F. Askari; F. Sefidkon; M.B. Rezaee
Volume 12, Issue 1 , May 2002, , Pages 87-127
Abstract
The genus of Thymus Presents 14 species, which are found wild in different regions of Iran (1). One of the more distributed of these species is Thymus pubescens (2).
The aerial parts of Thymus pubescens were collected from three various localities of Lar valley (in East of Tehran province). Essential ...
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The genus of Thymus Presents 14 species, which are found wild in different regions of Iran (1). One of the more distributed of these species is Thymus pubescens (2).
The aerial parts of Thymus pubescens were collected from three various localities of Lar valley (in East of Tehran province). Essential oils isolated by steam distillation from the plant material at two stages, before flowering (BF) and full flowering (FF). Yields of essential oils were 0.53% to 0.93% (at BF stage) and 1.23% to 2.03% (at FF stage). Therefore the oil content at BF stage was less than FF stage.
At BF stage 26 compounds (representing 98% to 99.3% of the oils) and at FF stae 32 compounds (representing 97.7% to 98.5% of the oils) were characterized. Major constituents at BF stage were: carvacrol (52.6% - 77.9%), thymol (2.7%-21.8%), g-terpinene (3.3%-7.4%), p-cymene (2.2%-4.4%), and b-caryophyllene (1.7%-2.5%). Major constituents at FF stage were: carvacrol (54.7% - 69.2%), p-cymene (6.7%-9.7%), borneol (1.7%-5.1%), methyl carvacrol (0.6%-6.6%) and 1,8-cineol +limonene (1.7%-3.2%).
Twenty-three constituents were common at two stages. d-cadinene, thymyl acetate and g-muurolene (E)-b-ocimene were found just at BF stage and a-phellandrene, a-terpineole, terpinen-4-ol, spathunelol, camphor, linalool, methyl linalo, methyl thymol, thymoquinone and thymodihydroquinone were found just at FF stage.
E. Sharifi Ashorabadi; A. Ghalavand; Gh. Noormohammadi; A. Matin; Gh. Amin; P. Babakhanlou; M.H. Lebaschi; F. Sefidkon
Volume 7, Issue 1 , April 2001, , Pages 1-26
Abstract
The effect of different amounts of fertilizers, N.P.K., manure, as well as mixture of them in an expriment was investigated at Alborz Research Center, karaj, IRAN in 1996-97. The effects of the fertilizers were studied on seed and shoot yield of Fenel (Foeniclum vulgare), system treatments include various ...
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The effect of different amounts of fertilizers, N.P.K., manure, as well as mixture of them in an expriment was investigated at Alborz Research Center, karaj, IRAN in 1996-97. The effects of the fertilizers were studied on seed and shoot yield of Fenel (Foeniclum vulgare), system treatments include various levels of net chemical fertilizers, N.P.K., used in comercial or chemical agricultural systems as well as different levels of manure used in sustainable or organic systems, and a mixture of different ratios of fertilizers and manure used in mixture systems, and the control (with any fertilizer or manure). The expriment was condacted using completely Randomized Block Exprimental design with three replications. The results of first and second years of the expriment showed that in chemical systems, seed and straw had a higher performace in treatments 5(N=160 P= 128 and K=160 Kgha') and No.4 (N=120, P=96 and K=120 Kgha), which equalled 901.33 and 4326.2 Kgha?, respectively while in organic systems related to treatment No.13(40 tonh' manure) that resulted 947.17 and 5147.2 Kgha'', While the highest yield of seed and straw in mixture agroecosystems belonged to treatment No.10 (a mixture of 25 tons of manure with N=60, P=48 and K=60 kgha! chemical fertilizers) with seed an straw yield 1182.67 and 6627 Kgha, respectively. In comparison with the control treatment, seed and straw yield increase were: 69.37% and 31.49% for net chemical system; 122.23% and 101.43% for mixture system; and 77.98% and 56.44% for organic system respectively. The combined analysis of data from two consecutive years of the expriment indicated that shoot biomass of plant, seed & straw yield in mixture systems in comparison to net chemical and organic systems, rised significantly, which is comparisonly more tangible in the second year. This results could be related to that mixture of chemical fertilizer and manure, which is a nutritive source for the plant and plays an important role in improvment of chemical and physical structure of soil.
F. Sefidkon
Volume 7, Issue 1 , April 2001, , Pages 71-87
Abstract
The aerial parts of coriandrum sativum at two stage of plant growth (at the begining and fall flowering and the fruits were collected from Alborz Research Station. The aerial parts were steam distilled and the fruits were hydrodistilled for Their oils. The olis were obtaind at yield of 0.47% for the ...
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The aerial parts of coriandrum sativum at two stage of plant growth (at the begining and fall flowering and the fruits were collected from Alborz Research Station. The aerial parts were steam distilled and the fruits were hydrodistilled for Their oils. The olis were obtaind at yield of 0.47% for the fruits and 0.43% and 0.18% for the aerial part at the begining and fall flowering stages respectively. Chemical components of the oils were identifieal by GC and GC/MS. The oils of aerial parts contained mainly C10 - C16 aldehydes. 20 Compounds were characterized for fruit oil with Linalool (86.5%), y-terpinene (2.8%) a- Pinene (1.4%) and geranyl acetate (1.2%) as the major componente.
F. Sefidkon
Volume 6, Issue 1 , September 2000, , Pages 29-47
Abstract
The essential oil isolated by steam distillation from the aerial parts of Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth. Was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/ MS. Among the 38 compounds identified, the major components were 1,8-cineole + Limonene (40.13%), a-pinene (17.87%), -3-carene (9.13%), B-pinene (6.59%), camphene ...
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The essential oil isolated by steam distillation from the aerial parts of Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth. Was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/ MS. Among the 38 compounds identified, the major components were 1,8-cineole + Limonene (40.13%), a-pinene (17.87%), -3-carene (9.13%), B-pinene (6.59%), camphene (6.17%) and camphor (5.36%). In addition, the optimum time for steam distillation was obtained by several experiments in different times. The results showed that by 35-40 min. Steam distillation more than 99% of the oil was isolated. After separation of the main oil from the water in the condensate stream, a hexane extract of the water soluble components in water (0.03%) was also analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major, components of the water oil were camphore (42.91%), 1,8-cineole + Limonene (29.67%) and borneol (10.76%).
