Volume 29, Issue 2 , August 2013
S. Mirzai; A. Rahimi; H Dashti; Sh. Maddah Hosseini
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of supplementary calcium chloride and potassium nitrate on proline, protein content, chlorophyll and growth of Ammi (Carum copticum L.) under different salinity levels and nutrient solutions (NS), a RCBD design with factorial arrangement was conducted at the Agriculture ...
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In order to investigate the effects of supplementary calcium chloride and potassium nitrate on proline, protein content, chlorophyll and growth of Ammi (Carum copticum L.) under different salinity levels and nutrient solutions (NS), a RCBD design with factorial arrangement was conducted at the Agriculture Research Field, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, during September 2009. The treatments were three levels of salinity (0, 50 and 100 mMol) and five different nutrition solutions including: Control: Hoagland solution only (N1); Hoagland solution plus 20 mM CaCl2 in nutrition solution (N2); Hoagland solution plus 20 mM CaCl2 as spray (N3); Hoagland solution plus 20 mM KNO3 in nutrition solution (N4) and Hoagland solution plus 20 mM KNO3 as spray (N5). Results showed that proline content was significantly affected by salinity and the type of nutrient solution and their interactions. Increasing salinity, especially at 100 Mmol NaCl, significantly reduced chlorophyll a,b and total chlorophyll. Chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content were not significantly affected by the type of nutrition solution. The highest and lowest protein content were observed by control and 100 Mm NaCl treatments respectively. The type of nutrient solution also influenced protein content. The highest and lowest protein contents were related to N3 and N5, respectively. Total dry weight and stem dry weight were significantly reduced by salinity while root dry weight was not affected by salinity. The highest leaf area was achieved on control and nutrition solution N5. Generally, it is concluded that Ammi could tolerate salinity up to 50 mMol NaCl and leaf spraying of Ca and K would be better to ameliorate salinity rather than using in nutrition solution.
A. Akbarinia
Abstract
Satureja sahendica Bormn., which is native to Iran, is a medicinal species from Lamiaceae family and its habitat is west of Iran. In a split plot experiment, the effects of nitrogen fertilizer at levels of 0 (control), 40 and 80 kg/ ha (as main plots), and the sowing density of 8, 10 and ...
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Satureja sahendica Bormn., which is native to Iran, is a medicinal species from Lamiaceae family and its habitat is west of Iran. In a split plot experiment, the effects of nitrogen fertilizer at levels of 0 (control), 40 and 80 kg/ ha (as main plots), and the sowing density of 8, 10 and 12 plants /m2 (as sub plots) were studied on height, number of branches per plant, yield and the essential oil yield of aerial parts of S. sahendica. The experiment was carried out in agricultural research farm of Takestan, Islamic Azad University of Iran, during 2009-2011.There was no significant difference in terms of height, number of branches per plant, the yield of flowering shoots and oil content between using 40 and 80 kg/ha nitrogen treatments. However, higher values were recorded for both treatments compared to control. The highest essential oil content and oil yield was obtained by application of 40 kg nitrogen per hectare and using more nitrogen reduced the oil yield. A sowing density of 10 plants per square meter increased aerial part yield and oil yield. The highest yield of flowering shoot, and essential oil yield were obtained by application of 40 kg nitrogen/ha and a sowing density of 12/m2 (2096 kg/ha, 2.1 percent and 44.1 kg /ha, respectively) that showed no significant differences by application of 40 kg nitrogen per hectare and the sowing density of 10 plants /m2.
M. Ghazi Manas; Sh Banj Shafiee; M.R. Hajseyd Hadi; M.T Darzi
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess the effects of different levels of vermicompost and nitrogen on qualitative and quantitative yield of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). The experimental design was factorial based on Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with three replications, conducted ...
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The main objective of this study was to assess the effects of different levels of vermicompost and nitrogen on qualitative and quantitative yield of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). The experimental design was factorial based on Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with three replications, conducted in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands during spring 2010. Treatments were consisted of four levels of vermicompost (5, 10, 15 and 20 tons per hectare) and nitrogen of four levels (30, 60, 90 and 120 kg per hectare). The measured traits included number of flowers per plant, diameter of flower, dry and fresh flower yield, essential oil percentage and Chamazulene content in essential oil. Results showed that vermicompost had significant effects on dry flower weight and essential oil percentage (α ≤ 0.05%). In addition, it had significant effects on dry and fresh flower yield and Chamazulene (α ≤ 0.05%). The effect of nitrogen on the number of flower (α ≤ 0.05%) and essential oil percentage (α ≤ 0.01%) was significant. The results of interaction effects showed significant differences for the number of flower, dry flower yield, dry flower weight, essential oil percentage and Chamazulene.
A. Saboora; kh. Dadmehr; M. Ranjbar
Abstract
Methanolic extracts (80%) were prepared from dried powder of leaves and stems of 9 different populations of six Dianthus L. species in Iran. Then, phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured by Foline-ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Antioxidant activity was investigated using ...
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Methanolic extracts (80%) were prepared from dried powder of leaves and stems of 9 different populations of six Dianthus L. species in Iran. Then, phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured by Foline-ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Antioxidant activity was investigated using two complimentary in vitro assays: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and β-carotene bleaching assay and then data were compared with BHT as the standard. Results showed that there were significant differences between means of phenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of the species by the both methods (p<0.01). Also, the results revealed that changes in climate, altitude and genetic pools had a significant effect on the phenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant properties of the extracts at genus level, but the content of the flavonoids was not changed noticeably within species level.
A. Pirzad; M. Alizadeh; A. Hassanzadeh Gorttapeh; R. Darvishzadeh
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of seed treatment with gamma rays and nitrogen application on yield and nitrogen use efficiency for protein production in Chamomilla recutita L. leaves, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments were gamma ...
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To evaluate the effect of seed treatment with gamma rays and nitrogen application on yield and nitrogen use efficiency for protein production in Chamomilla recutita L. leaves, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments were gamma rays from Cobalt-60 source on chamomile seeds cv. Bodegold (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 Gray) and different levels of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg/ha). Results showed the significant interaction effect of gamma and nitrogen on the leaf yield, biomass and protein, harvest index of protein, and nitrogen use efficiency for leaf and protein production, the yield of dried flower and essential oil. But gamma irradiation and nitrogen had no significant effect on leaf protein and essential oil percentage. The highest yield of leaf (4194 kg/ha) and biomass (19996 kg/ha) were obtained at 8 GRAY of gamma rays with 100 and 150kg/ha of nitrogen application, respectively. However, the highest yield of protein (571kg/ha) was obtained from 20 GRAY of gamma rays and 0 kg/ha of nitrogen and the lowest yield (151kg/ha) was obtained from 0 GRAY and 50kg/ha of nitrogen. The highest value of nitrogen use efficiency for leaf (67.39) and protein (9.30) production was related to the plants grown from seeds and treated by 16 GRAY of gamma and 50kg/ha nitrogen. The lowest nitrogen use efficiency for leaf (13.94) and protein (1.42) production were observed at 16 GRAY and 150kg/ha nitrogen. The highest yield of dried flower in 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 GRAY were obtained at 150, 100, 0, 150, 100 and 100 kg/ha of nitrogen application, respectively. Generally, irradiations over the 12 GRAY resulted in reducing the nitrogen application for protein production.
L. Safaei; E Sharifi Ashoorabadi; H. Zeinali; D. Afiuni; M. Mirza
Abstract
In order to study the effects of harvesting stages on essential oil yield and composition of Thymus caramanicus Jalas, an experiment was conducted during 2007-2009 in Fozveh Research Station of Isfahan. collected seeds from natural habitat were cultivated in pots and then seedlings were transplanted ...
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In order to study the effects of harvesting stages on essential oil yield and composition of Thymus caramanicus Jalas, an experiment was conducted during 2007-2009 in Fozveh Research Station of Isfahan. collected seeds from natural habitat were cultivated in pots and then seedlings were transplanted at the main field in a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. Aerial parts of the species were harvested at 4 stages including: beginning of flowering, fifty percent flowering, full flowering and fruit set during two years. The plant materials were dried and their essential oils were obtained by water distillation. Capillary GC and GC/MS analysis were used to determine the volatile profile of essential oil samples. Results showed that harvesting stages had significant effects on thymol and carvacrol content and essential oil percentage. The highest amount of essential oil and thymol percentage were obtained at full flowering stage of the first year (1.56% and 3.59 kg/ha, respectively) and the maximum carvacrol percentage was obtained at fruit set stage of the first year (25.45 kg/ha). Six components consisted the highest amount of essential oil, among them carvacrol was dominant at all 4 harvesting stages. The highest amount of carvacrol was obtained at the beginning of flowering stage (88.45%) in the second year. Thymol was the second dominant component with a maximum percentage of 11.77%, obtained at full flowering stage. The highest content of ρ- cymene, 1,8-cineole and γ-terpinene were obtained at fruit set stage (2.35, 1.21 and 2.15%, respectively) and the highest content of borneol was recorded at full flowering stage (7.52%). Also, a positive correlation was observed between essential oil percentage and amounts of thymol and carvacrol. In conclusion, the best time for harvesting of T. caramanicus to achieve the maximum carvacrol percentage was fruit set stage, while full flowering stage was identified as the best time to achieve the maximum essential oil and thymol percentage.
M. Fattahi; V. Nazeri; F. Sefidkon; Z. Zamani
Abstract
Study on relationships between a species with its surrounding biotic and abiotic environment provides valuable information in terms of propagation, domestication and breeding. For this purpose, the autecology studies of Dradocephalum kotschyi Bioss was studied in 12 natural habitats. Natural habitats ...
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Study on relationships between a species with its surrounding biotic and abiotic environment provides valuable information in terms of propagation, domestication and breeding. For this purpose, the autecology studies of Dradocephalum kotschyi Bioss was studied in 12 natural habitats. Natural habitats were determined with using Flora Iranica and with the assistance of local people. Also, topography and climate conditions were determined for each natural habitat. In addition, phenology and dominant companion species were recorded in all growing regions. Other studied traits were mostly growth and reproductive ones including height, basal diameter and canopy cover which were evaluated in situ. Plant fitness was evaluated based on the number of produced seeds, flowering stems, observed expected and produced seeds. Results of topography and climate data showed that natural habitats were mostly in rocky highlands with a high relative humidity and cool weather in summer. Plant fitness and growth condition were significantly different in different regions which could be due to ecological and/ or genetic variations. According to the results, domestication and breeding programs are urgently required for the conservation of this valuable but endangered species.
H.R Eisvand; A. Sharafi; A. Ismaeili
Abstract
Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad. belongs to the family labiateae of which several species are growing in different regions of Iran. Germination is one of the important growth stages in plant life cycle that usually is affected and disturbed by unfavorable conditions. Drought stress is considered as an important ...
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Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad. belongs to the family labiateae of which several species are growing in different regions of Iran. Germination is one of the important growth stages in plant life cycle that usually is affected and disturbed by unfavorable conditions. Drought stress is considered as an important unfavorable factor for a main part of Iran. Seed priming is a technique to improve seed quality for stress conditions. The study was performed in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications and three factors. The first factor consisted of three levels of moisture stress (0, -4 and -8 bar), the second factor was osmopriming (0, -4 and -8 bar) and the third factor consisted of two levels of priming temperature (15 and 25 °C). PEG6000 was used to induce osmotic stress in priming and germination medium. Germination percentage and rate, seedling fresh and dry weights, seedling length and vigor index decreased by increasing drought stress, while the number of root increased up to -4 bars and then decreased. Hydro and osmopriming could improve the seed quality. Interaction effect of drought and osmotic potential of priming was significant for germination percentage and rate, seedling dry weight, number of root and vigor index. The seeds hydroprimed at 15°C had the highest germination percentage and rate, vigor index, seedling dry weight and number of roots under control (0 bar) and mid stress (-4 bar) conditions, while the highest germination rate and vigor index were recorded for the seeds primed at -4 bar and 15°C under severe drought condition (-8 bar). The longest roots were obtained at osmopriming at -8 bars and 25°C in control and drought conditions. All traits were affected by priming temperature, except the number of root, as most of the traits primed at 15°C showed a better condition.
A. Mottaghian; H. Pirdashti; M.A. Bahmanyar; B. Motaghian
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of municipal waste (MSW) compost and beneficial fungi of Trichoderma on seedling emergence parameters, growth and some micronutrients uptake of basil (Ocimum basiilicum L.), a pot experiment was carried out in a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete ...
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In order to investigate the effects of municipal waste (MSW) compost and beneficial fungi of Trichoderma on seedling emergence parameters, growth and some micronutrients uptake of basil (Ocimum basiilicum L.), a pot experiment was carried out in a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. The treatments were consisted of three levels of municipal solid waste compost (15, 30, 45 Mg ha-1alone and plus 50% chemical fertilizer), recommended chemical fertilizer (90 kg ha-1 N, 50 kg ha-1 K2O and 45 kg ha-1 P2O) and a control (no compost or chemical fertilizer application) and three species of Trichoderma (T. viridae, T. harzianum, T. hamatum). The orthogonal contrasts revealed that municipal solid waste compost significantly decreased final seedling emergence percentage (8.02%), mean emergence time (52.32%) and cumulative emergence rate (15.67%) compared to chemical fertilizer. In contrast, this group of fertilizers increased aerial and root fresh weight (13.10 and 33.59%, respectively) and dry weight and length of root (28.30 and 13.24%, respectively) rather than chemical fertilizer. In this experiment, the MSW compost markedly increased plant tissue Cu, Zn and Fe content (26.85, 14.14 and 20.09%, respectively) compared to chemical fertilizer. Also, enriched MSW increased plant Fe and Cu content (9.03 and 12.27%, respectively) compared to non-enriched MSW. Among Trichoderma speceices, T. harzianum was superior in terms of aerial and root dry weight (16.05 and 17.27%, respectively), plant height and root lenght (8.44 and13.03 %, respectively) and plant tissue Cu content (31.14%) compared to T. hamatum. Generally, in this experiment, the 30 and 40 Mg ha-1of compost despite the limitation of seedling emergence, could improve the growth and quality of basil.
M. Niknejad; M.H. Lebaschy; K. Jaimand; F. Hatami
Abstract
Manure management is a major factor in cultivation of medicinal plants. Utilization of proper fertilizers due to optimizing the plant growth could have positive effects on quality and quantity indicators. In order to investigate the effects of organic and chemical fertilizers on essential oil and components ...
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Manure management is a major factor in cultivation of medicinal plants. Utilization of proper fertilizers due to optimizing the plant growth could have positive effects on quality and quantity indicators. In order to investigate the effects of organic and chemical fertilizers on essential oil and components of Matricaria chamomilla L., an experiment was conducted using complete randomized blocks design with three replications at Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands during 2009-2010. Treatments were five fertilizers; chemical fertilizer (Ammonium phosphate) 150 Kg/ha, organic mixture (Bovine) 12 tons/ha, and chemical fertilizer 75 kg/ha, vermicompost (derived from wood waste) 7500 kg/ha, compost (plant debris) 24 tons/ha and control (no fertilizer). Results showed that the mixture treatment (organic and chemical) had the most influence on increasing the quality and quantity of phytochemical characteristics. Maximum essential oil yield (0.37 gr) and beta-ocimene (0.43%) were obtained with mixed fertilizer bysignificant difference compared to control and other treatments. Mixed fertilizers treatment caused an increase in most of the other compounds of Matricaria chamomilla compared with other treatments.
R. khatibzadeh; M. Azizi; H. Arouiee; M. Farsi
Abstract
Over time, once again there has been a significant growth in growing and producing medicinal plant species. The biotechnological developments have far-reaching implications in conservation and propagation of endangered species, as well in the genetic improvement of medicinal plant. The genetic variation ...
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Over time, once again there has been a significant growth in growing and producing medicinal plant species. The biotechnological developments have far-reaching implications in conservation and propagation of endangered species, as well in the genetic improvement of medicinal plant. The genetic variation occurred in calli holds tremendous potential for increasing production efficiency of valuable secondary metabolites. Levisticum officinale Koch. is considered as one of the oldest medicinal plants and spices from Apiaceae, whose root has a diuretic agent for the treatment of kidney stones and kidney and urinary tract infections, reported in many credible pharmacopoeias. In present investigation, callus cultures of lovage explants (hypocotyl, root, leaf, petiole, crown node) were initiated in modified MS medium, called AM1, supplemented with different phytohormonal combinations. After one month, the percentage and rate of callogenesis were analyzed as a completely randomized factorial design. The highest callus growth and best appearance were obtained by hypocotyl and root explants in the AM1 medium supplemented with 2,4-D (1.5 mgl-1) + Kin (0.5 mgl-1) + NAA (0.025 mgl-1).
M. Behdad; N.A. Etemadi; E. Behdad; H. Zeinali
Abstract
Usually, many chemical fungicides are used to control fungal infections. However, some of these fungicides are harmful for human health. The goal of this study was to examine the essential oils of certain medicinal plants to control the fungi and replace the chemical fungicides. One of the most important ...
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Usually, many chemical fungicides are used to control fungal infections. However, some of these fungicides are harmful for human health. The goal of this study was to examine the essential oils of certain medicinal plants to control the fungi and replace the chemical fungicides. One of the most important and widespread fungi that infects strawberries during the post-harvest period is Rhizopus stolonifer. The effects of essential oils of three plant species: Satureja hortensis, Zataria multiflora and Carum copticom on the mycelial growth of Rhizopus stolonifer were tested both in vitro and in vivo on a medium of potato dextrose agar in seven concentrations (100, 200, 300, 500, 1000, 2000 and 10000 ppm). The in vivo experiment contained six groups: three essential oils, one fungicide and two controls. Each treatment consisted of three replicates and each replicate included five strawberries each weighing about 70 grams. Each fruit was disinfected, placed in a suspension of 106 spores per milliliter of Rhizopus stolonifer; and then placed in a suspension of either the essential oil or fungicide (Iprodione + Carbendazim 52.5% WP). The fruits were kept at room temperature (24 ±1°C). Results showed that the critical inhibitory concentration of Rhizopus stolonifer was 300 ppm for Satureja hortensis and Carum copticom and 500 ppm for Zataria multiflora. On the other hand, in vivo experiments showed that the greatest amount of remaining fungus was in the following order: control groups, Carum copticom, Zataria multiflora and Satureja hortensis.
M. larti; S. Ghasempour; E. Sharifi Ashorabadi; B. Alizadeh
Abstract
Thyme is one of the most important species in pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmetic industries. In order to study natural habitats of different species from Thymus genus in west Azerbaijan province, several studies were conducted in habitat conditions during 2001-2003. First, habitat surveys were ...
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Thyme is one of the most important species in pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmetic industries. In order to study natural habitats of different species from Thymus genus in west Azerbaijan province, several studies were conducted in habitat conditions during 2001-2003. First, habitat surveys were conducted in different parts of the province and then plot establishment and data collection were performed in the habitats of T. pubescens and T. kotschyanus, in Hajibeyk and Ghoshchi regions, respectively. In this study, in addition to climate and soil data, vegetation indices such as plant height, canopy cover, number of branches and root length were measured. The results of the study showed that T. kotschyanus is distributed at an altitude of 1450-2500 m and slopes of 20-60% in northern slope and with an average rainfall of 400-600 mm while, T. pubescens is distributed at an altitude of 1900-2600 m, and slopes of 10-45 % (east and north), with an average rainfall of 250-400 mm. A soil texture of silty-clay-loam and silty-loam are needed for the growth of T. kotschyanus and T. pubesen, respectively. Essential oil percentage in 50% flowering stage was recorded to be 1/12% and 1/78% in T. pubescens and T. kotschyanus, respectively.
M.T Ebadi; M. Rahmati; M. Azizi; M. Hassanzadeh Khayyat; A. Dadkhah
Abstract
Drying is one of the oldest methods for preservation of agricultural products after harvest. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) belongs to Lamiaceae family which is used as a medicinal and spice species. This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different drying methods on drying time, ...
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Drying is one of the oldest methods for preservation of agricultural products after harvest. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) belongs to Lamiaceae family which is used as a medicinal and spice species. This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different drying methods on drying time, essential oil content and composition of Basil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications and treatments were included two temperature levels (50 and 70 °C), six microwave powers (100, 180, 300, 450, 600 and 900 w), and two drying methods (sun and shade drying). The drying process was continued until the mass of the sample was reduced to a moisture content of about 0.10 on a dry basis or 10 % on a wet basis. Results indicated minimum and maximum drying times (4.1 minutes and 48 hours) were obtained at 900 w microwave powers and shade drying, respectively. Maximum and minimum essential oil content (1.3 and 0.3 %) were obtained by shade drying and in 450, 600 and 900 w, respectively. Microwave powers had negative effect on the main compositions of essential oil (geranial and methyl chavicol) but shade drying preserved them. According to the results, shade drying was identified as a suitable method for Basil, because essential oil content and composition were considerably maintained.
S. Yousefzadeh; S.A.M. Modarres-Sanavy; F. Sefidkon; A. Asgarzadeh; A. Ghalavand; M. Roshdi; A. Safaralizadeh
Abstract
To determine the effect of biofertilizers and nitrogen on some morphologic traits and essential oil content of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), a field experiment was conducted as factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with 20 treatments and 3 replications. The study was performed in ...
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To determine the effect of biofertilizers and nitrogen on some morphologic traits and essential oil content of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), a field experiment was conducted as factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with 20 treatments and 3 replications. The study was performed in two locations during 2009-2010 on research field at Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, and at the Khoy Agricultural Research Center in West Azarbaijan province. The treatments were consisted of two genotypes (landrace and SZK-1 cultivar), two seed inoculation treatments (either with or without bacterial inoculation with Azotobacter + Azosprillum + psedomonas) and five fertilization regimes (100% urea, 75% urea + 25% Azocompost, 50% urea + 50% Azocompost, 25% urea + 75% Azocompost and 100% Azocompost). Results showed that most of the studied morphologic traits were affected by genotype factor. The effect of fertilizer regime was significant on dry matter yield, percentage of essential oil and essential oil yield. The number of flowering branches in location one, and plant height, number of leaves per main stem and number of flowering branches in location two were affected by bacterial inoculation. Two-way interaction effects on a number of studied traits were significant. Three-way interaction effects were significant for the number of flowering branches in location one and the percentage of essential oil and dry matter yield in location two. The greatest plant height, height of the first flowering branch from ground level, number of leaves on the main stem, the number of lateral branches and essential oil yield were recorded for the landrace. The bacterial inoculation increased plant height, the number of leveas on the main stem, stem diameter and the number of flowering branches per plant. The application of 50% urea + 50% Azocompost increased dry matter yield, essential oil percentage and yield. The application of 100% Azocompost resulted in the least essential oil yield. Essential oil yield in landrace was more than that of SZK-1 cultivar. Bacterial inoculation could enhance the essential oil yield in both genotypes, particularly in landrace. In general, results showed that application of 50% urea + 50% Azocompost integrated with bacterial inoculation can be a suitable alternative to chemical fertilizers.
P. Rezvani Moghaddam; A. Ghani; M. Rahmati; S. Mohtashami
Abstract
In order to study the effects of different drying methods including oven, microwave and ambient (shade condition) on drying time, essential oil content, antioxidant activity and phenol compound of two populations of Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.), two separate experiments were carried out on two ...
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In order to study the effects of different drying methods including oven, microwave and ambient (shade condition) on drying time, essential oil content, antioxidant activity and phenol compound of two populations of Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.), two separate experiments were carried out on two populations (Mashhad and Nishabur). The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications and 13 drying treatments (oven temperatures: 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C, six microwave powers: 100, 180, 300, 450, 600 and 900 w, shade drying and combination of drying with microwave (600 and 900 w) and shade drying). In addition, a comparison was performed between fresh sample and the mentioned treatments. Results showed that moisture content and measured active substances were different between studied populations. In both experiments, the longest drying time (about 30 hours and 32 h for Mashhad and Nishabur population, respectively) and the shortest drying time (about 5 minutes) was obtained at ambient temperature and 900 w microwave power treatments, respectively. In both experiments, the highest essential oil content (2.27 and 3.2% for Mashhad and Nishabur population, respectively) was obtained from fresh samples and then ambient temperature and microwave 900 w treatments. Essential oil content was decreased by increasing drying temperature. Essential oil content was in an average in all combination treatments. The highest antioxidant activity (82.5 and 81.8% in Mashhad and Nishabur population, respectively) was obtained by fresh samples while the lowest amount was obtained for Mashhad (60.7%) and Nishabur (53%) populations in ambient temperature and in 40°C oven dry, respectively. Maximum phenol compound was recorded for Mashhad population (165 mg GA/g DW) in 600 w microwave power and Nishabur population (524/7 mg GA/g DW) in 900 w microwave power, respectively.
F. Askari; M. Mirza
Abstract
Centaurea depressa M. Bieb. (wheat flower) is a medicinal plant that its extraction is used for eye irrigation and somewhat reduces gastrointestinal irritation. This research was aimed to investigate the essential oil of C. depressa. Different organs of C. depressa were collected from Damavand and Tehran ...
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Centaurea depressa M. Bieb. (wheat flower) is a medicinal plant that its extraction is used for eye irrigation and somewhat reduces gastrointestinal irritation. This research was aimed to investigate the essential oil of C. depressa. Different organs of C. depressa were collected from Damavand and Tehran at flowering stage. The plant organs including stem plus leaf, root and inflorescence were separated and dried at laboratory temperature and then were ground to small particles. Essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The yield of essential oil of stem plus leaf, root and inflorescence of Damavand samples were 0.18%, 0.13% and 0.07% w/w (dried weight), respectively and for Tehran samples the values of 0.10%, 0.13% and 0.08% were recorded, respectively. In Damavand, the major constituents of essential oil obtained from stem plus leaf, root and inflorescence were thymol (56.5%), spathulenol (12.7%) and germacrene D (9.9%); pentadecadiene-1-ol (32.2%) and Z-7-hexadecene (29.5%); and germacrene D (32.4%), germacrene B (9.4%) and thymol (8.7%), respectively. In Tehran, the major constituents of essential oil obtained from stem plus leaf, root and inflorescence were Spathulenol (25.4%), Eudesms-4(15)-7-diene-1-b-ol (14.5%) and germacrene D (13.7%); tetradecanal (30.7%), caryophyllene oxide (23.7%) and Z-7-hexadecene (22.3%); and tetradecanal (82.3%) and Z-7-hexadecene (15.5%), respectively. According to the results, it can be concluded that there is variability in essential oil compositions of the two sites and even in different plant's organs.
S. Abdolah zareh; E. Fateh; A. Aynehband
Abstract
To study the effects of different sowing dates and different fertilizing methods (chemical &organic) on yield and amount of active substance of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaerate), a field experiment was done at Agricultural College of Shahid Chamran University during 2009-2010. Experimental ...
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To study the effects of different sowing dates and different fertilizing methods (chemical &organic) on yield and amount of active substance of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaerate), a field experiment was done at Agricultural College of Shahid Chamran University during 2009-2010. Experimental design was split plot on RCBD with three replications. Main plot was sowing dates including (14Nov, 1 Dec and 15 Dec) and sub plot was different fertilization levels including: F1: control, F2:100% chemical fertilizer (100-120-150 kg/ha NPK, respectively), F3: %25 organic fertilizer + %75 chemical fertilizer (75-90-112.5 kg/ha NPK + 7.5 ton/ha animal manure), F4: %50 organic fertilizer + %50 chemical Fertilizer (50-60-75 kg/ha NPK + 15 ton/ha animal manure), F5: %75 organic Fertilizer + %25 chemical fertilizer (25-30-37.5 kg/ha NPK + 22.5 ton/ha animal manure), F6: %100 organic fertilizer (30 ton/ha animal manure). Results showed that sowing date had significant effect on the percentage of phenol and flavenoid and the amount of silymarin. Late sowing date (15 dec) decreased grain silymarin content, while the highest percentage of phenol and flavenoid was obtained at 15 Dec. Also, the highest percentage of flavenoid, flavenoid yield and silymarin yield were obtained at 100% chemical fertilizer and integrated fertilizer. In this regard, F2 treatment had no advantage compared to integrated fertilization levels. Also, the highest percentage and yield of phenol was obtained by integrated fertilizer methods. The highest silymarin content was related to F6, and the highest grain antioxidant activity was related to F4 and F6, respectively.
S. Dadashi; M. Mousazadeh; S.M. Mousavi; A. Yavari
Abstract
The pomegranate seeds of four commercial varieties (Abanmahi (AB), Malas (MS), Pust Sefid (PS) and Shahvar (SH)) cultivated in Iran were evaluated in terms of quality properties including protein, oil, dietary fiber, mineral contents and fatty acid composition. Physicochemical properties and antioxidant ...
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The pomegranate seeds of four commercial varieties (Abanmahi (AB), Malas (MS), Pust Sefid (PS) and Shahvar (SH)) cultivated in Iran were evaluated in terms of quality properties including protein, oil, dietary fiber, mineral contents and fatty acid composition. Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of pomegranate seed oils (PSOs) also was determined. The oil antioxidant activity was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity. Results showed that PS had the highest oil (16.9%) and crude fiber (42.4%), and nutritional value (460.7Kcal/100g) among the selected varieties. PS had the highest level of phosphorus (2766.3 mg/kg) and magnesium (2052.0mg/kg), while the highest calcium (675.3mg/kg) and potassium (3724.6mg/kg) were related to SH. The main fatty acid identified by gas chromatography was punicic acid ranged from 72.07% for SH to 73.31% for MS (pp2/kg), iodine (216.9-220.3g I2/100g) and saponification (179.3-182.5mg KOH/g) values. Also, refractive index at 25°C, viscosity and density of PSOs varied from 1.461-1.527, 0.036-0.063Pa.s and 0.9202-0.9311g/cm3, respectively. The oil obtained from MS showed the lowest level of ortho-diphenols (ODC) and DPPH radical scavenging capability. The relationship between percentage of remaining DPPH and ODC of PSOs also illustrated high correlation among all varieties (R2 = 0.98, p<0.01).
M. modaresi; S. Poormatin
Abstract
Licorice with common name of licorice pea from Leguminosae family has been noted for its many therapeutic effects. Using natural substances of plant origin has a long history in the treatment of various diseases. In this research, the effect of licorice on blood factors was examined. This study was performed ...
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Licorice with common name of licorice pea from Leguminosae family has been noted for its many therapeutic effects. Using natural substances of plant origin has a long history in the treatment of various diseases. In this research, the effect of licorice on blood factors was examined. This study was performed on 50 mice. The samples were randomly divided into five groups (three treatment groups, control and the placebo group) and were kept under identical conditions. Hydro-alcoholic extracts of Licorice in doses of 50, 100, 150 mg/kg were injected by intraperitoneal (IP) within 20 days every other day. Physiological serum was injected to the control group. The main parameters included the RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet count, MCHC, MCH and MCV compared with control groups. Results showed that hemoglobin, platelet count, MCV and MCHC increased at all doses and MCH increased in 100 and 150 mg/kg dose, but the number of red blood cells decreased in doses of 100 and 150 mg/kg. No significant changes were observed in hematocrit. Results indicated a dose-dependent effect of the licorice on blood factors in mice.
