Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Biology, Faculty of Basic science, Lorestan University
2 -Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Razi University
3 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University
Abstract
Background and objectives: Peptic ulcer disease is a multifactorial and complex condition. Despite advancements in medical science, managing gastric ulcers and their complications remains a challenge. Treatment of gastric ulcers with chemical medications often leads to numerous side effects, making the search for alternative therapeutic solutions highly beneficial. The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles is becoming increasingly important and represents a method for treating gastrointestinal ulcers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized from the aqueous extract of Quercus brantii flour (SNQBF) on the treatment of ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats.
Methodology: In this study, silver nanoparticles were initially synthesized using a green synthesis method with oak extract acting as a reducing agent. The reaction between the extract and silver nitrate, along with the color change of the resulting solution, indicates the formation of silver nanoparticles at optimal concentrations, pH, and temperature. Additionally, the analysis of the resulting solution with a spectrophotometer at wavelengths between 380-430 nm confirmed the production of silver nanoparticles.In this investigation, after synthesizing silver nanoparticles from the aqueous extract of Quercus brantii flour, thirty male Wistar rats weighing 200±20 grams were randomly selected and divided into five groups. These groups included a normal group, an ethanol group (rats that received only 1 milliliter of ethanol), a standard group (rats receiving a dose of 50 mg/kg ranitidine), and experimental groups 1 and 2 (which received doses of 5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg of Quercus brantii flour nanoparticles, respectively).In this study, one hour after the gavage of nanoparticles and the drug, all rats except for the normal group were gavaged with 1 milliliter of 96% ethanol to induce gastric ulcers. After one hour post-ethanol gavage, the rats were anesthetized using ketamine. To prepare serum, blood was collected from the heart of the animals. After the stomach tissue was harvested, the volume and pH of the gastric juice were evaluated. Finally, the stomach tissue was divided into two parts; one part was examined for ulcer index and percentage of ulcer inhibition, while the other part was used for histopathological studies and biochemical parameter assessments, including levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), carbonyl protein, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, catalase enzyme, and nitric oxide in the tissue.
Results: In the present study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized from the aqueous extract of Quercus brantii flour using optimization methods for the parameters of concentration, temperature, pH, and time. Concentrations ranging from 3 to 6 of the extract and silver nitrate solution, a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius, pH = 7, and a time of 24 hours were selected as the optimal parameters. In this study, the structure and morphology of the nanoparticles were confirmed using various techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and dynamic light scattering.The results showed that the pH of gastric juice in the ethanol group decreased compared to the normal group. Additionally, the pH of gastric juice in the ranitidine group and experimental groups 1 and 2 increased, and an increase in the percentage of ulcer inhibition was observed in these groups. Biochemical parameter assessments in the rats indicated that in the ethanol group, the levels of malondialdehyde, carbonyl protein, reactive oxygen species, and serum nitric oxide were higher than in the other groups. Conversely, the levels of reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, tissue nitric oxide, and gastric mucus were at their lowest. In the standard group and experimental groups 1 and 2, the levels of malondialdehyde, carbonyl protein, reactive oxygen species, and serum nitric oxide decreased, while the levels of reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, tissue nitric oxide, and gastric mucus were at their highest.
Conclusion: The green synthesis method is a rapid, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly process. The results of this study indicated that silver nanoparticles synthesized using Quercus brantii flour represent a promising approach for the treatment of gastric ulcers.
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