Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
Abstract
Background and Objective: In plant tissue culture, improving the callus induction process and enhancing physiological, biochemical, and metabolic traits of plants is of great importance. The use of natural elicitors such as yeast extract combined with plant growth regulators can serve as an effective approach to boost the production of bioactive compounds and improve callus quality. Chrysanthemum, as a valuable ornamental and medicinal plant, requires optimized in vitro culture conditions to increase the production of beneficial metabolites. This study aimed to investigate the effects of various growth hormones and yeast extract as an elicitor on the biochemical, morpho-physiological, and metabolic characteristics of chrysanthemum callus under in vitro conditions.
Materials and Methods: In this study, MS culture medium was prepared for the cultivation of chrysanthemum cells, and various hormonal combinations, including NAA, BAP, and 2,4-D, were added to optimize the callus induction process. Seeds were disinfected using benomyl fungicide, ethanol, and sodium hypochlorite. Leaf and stem explants were then collected from young plants and cultured in the prepared media. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with five hormonal levels, two types of explants, and two light conditions. Yeast extract (0, 1000, 1200, and 1400 mg/L) was also added to the culture medium, and its effect on callus characteristics was evaluated. Finally, various callus traits, including fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll, carotenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and others, were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software and Duncan’s multiple range test.
Results: The highest callus induction percentage (96.66%), the shortest time to callus initiation, and the greatest fresh weight, dry weight, and callus volume were observed in treatment E1H5L (leaf explant, 2 mg/L BAP + 2 mg/L 2,4-D under light conditions). The yeast extract treatment at 1000 mg/L showed the best performance in enhancing fresh weight (2.09 g), dry weight (1.128 g), and callus volume (1.35 mm³). Treatments with 1200 and 1400 mg/L yeast extract also had positive effects but were less effective. In the control treatment, chlorophyll a had the lowest content (11.51 mg/g FW), while the 1000 mg/L yeast extract recorded the highest level (24.33 mg/g FW). For chlorophyll b, the 1000 mg/L treatment also had the best performance (16.39 mg/g FW). Carotenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, anthocyanins, and proline increased with higher yeast extract concentrations, especially at 1400 mg/L. Malondialdehyde content decreased, while catalase and peroxidase enzyme activities significantly increased across all treatments.
Conclusion: The optimal concentration of yeast extract for improving biochemical, morphophysiological, metabolic, and antioxidant traits was 1000 mg/L. These results highlight the potential of yeast extract as an effective tool in plant tissue culture to enhance callus characteristics, supporting its future application in medicinal plant research and agricultural development.
Keywords: Bioelicitors, yeast extract, callus formation, antioxidant activity. invitro culture
Conclusion: The optimal concentration of yeast extract for improving biochemical, morphophysiological, metabolic, and antioxidant traits was 1000 mg/L. These results highlight the potential of yeast extract as an effective tool in plant tissue culture to enhance callus characteristics, supporting its future application in medicinal plant research and agricultural development.
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