Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Ph.D. student, Department of Agronomy and Crop Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran
2 Department of Agronomy and Crop Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran
3 Department of Seed and Plant Improvement Research, West Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Urmia, Iran
10.22092/ijmapr.2025.360710.3384
Abstract
Background and objectives: The increasing attention to the adverse effects of chemical pharmaceuticals, compared with the relatively fewer side effects of organic herbal medications, has sparked interest in the cultivation of medicinal plants. Low soil fertility, resulting from continuous chemical fertilizer application, has become a major challenge to the sustainable agricultural production of medicinal plants. The complementary application of zeolite, organic, and biological fertilizers represents an effective fertilizer management strategy and a practical approach to reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers.
Methodology: To evaluate the effects of biological, zeolite, organic, and chemical fertilizers under different irrigation regimes on the yield, yield components, and physiological traits of Dragon's Head (Lallemantia iberica), a split-plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted under the climatic conditions of Urmia (37°44ʹ E, 45°10ʹ N, 1320 m elevation) during the 2016-2017 growing seasons. The main factor consisted of three irrigation levels (75%, 50%, and 30% of field water capacity, FWC), and the subplots included twelve fertilizer treatments: control (without fertilizer, F1), Glomus intraradices (F2), vermicompost (F3), NPK (F4), zeolite (F5), mycorrhiza + vermicompost (F6), vermicompost + NPK (F7), mycorrhiza + zeolite (F8), mycorrhiza + NPK (F9), zeolite + vermicompost (F10), zeolite + NPK (F11), and mycorrhiza + vermicompost + zeolite (F12). Data were analyzed using SAS 9.2, and mean comparisons were performed using the LSD test at P ≥ 0.05.
Results: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that different irrigation regimes, fertilizer treatments, and their interactions significantly affected plant height, number of branches, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, flower weight, number of nut goals per cycle, number of seeds per flower cycle, number of flower rotations per plant, inflorescence length, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, relative leaf water content (RWC), chlorophyll index (SPAD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline content in Dragon's Head. Antioxidant enzyme activities, including APX and SOD, as well as compounds such as proline and MDA, increased significantly under enhanced water stress. Conversely, yield, yield components, chlorophyll index, and RWC decreased significantly under water deficit. The highest grain yield, biological yield, 1000-grain weight, number of flower rotations per plant, number of nut goals per cycle, number of seeds per flower cycle, flower weight, inflorescence length, plant dry weight, plant fresh weight, number of lateral branches, plant height, chlorophyll index, and RWC were observed in the treatment irrigated at 70% FWC combined with mycorrhiza + vermicompost + zeolite (F12). The greatest MDA and proline levels were observed in the treatment irrigated at 30% FWC combined with mycorrhiza + zeolite (F8). This integrated treatment not only produced a satisfactory yield but also substantially reduced chemical fertilizer use, representing a step toward healthy production and sustainable agriculture. Vermicompost, mycorrhiza, and zeolite treatments outperformed the control and chemical fertilizer treatments in yield.
Conclusion: The results indicate that integrated fertilizer application, particularly the triple combination of mycorrhiza, vermicompost, and zeolite under different irrigation regimes, can enhance the yield and yield components of Dragon's Head while reducing chemical fertilizer use, thereby contributing to sustainable agricultural production.
Keywords
Main Subjects
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