Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Gonabad, Gonabad, Iran
10.22092/ijmapr.2025.369000.3531
Abstract
Background and objectives: Cumin, as a medicinal and spice plant, holds a special position in the agricultural systems of arid and semi-arid regions, including Iran. Despite the high potential of cumin, its cultivation faces serious challenges that can limit its production and overall productivity. Although this plant is adapted to relatively arid conditions, it is highly affected by environmental stresses, particularly water deficit stress. A precise understanding of cumin’s response to water deficit stress and identifying efficient approaches to enhance its tolerance are essential for the sustainable development of cumin cultivation in vulnerable regions. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of irrigation levels, humic acid, wheat gluten protein, and Bacillus bacteria on the medicinal plant cumin.
Methodology: An experiment was conducted over two consecutive crop years, 2021-2022 and 2022-2023, at the research farm of the University of Gonabad. The experimental design was a split-plot arrangement in time based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Three irrigation levels-full irrigation (50% evaporation from the evaporation pan in mm), low irrigation (70% evaporation from the evaporation pan in mm), and rainfed irrigation- were assigned to the main plots. Foliar application of humic acid, wheat gluten protein, application of Bacillus bacterium, and a control (no supplemental input) were assigned to the subplots. In both growing seasons, data were recorded at the end of the period, at the onset of seed ripening, and at the drying of the plant’s aerial parts. From each plot, five plants were randomly selected from the middle rows to measure various morphological and yield-related traits, including plant height, number of branches per plant, leaf and stem weight, root weight and length, leaf weight, number of umbels and umbellets per plant, seed number and seed weight per plant, and 1000-seed weight. For biochemical and essential oil analysis, seeds were shade-dried under ambient conditions after harvest. Once dried, the essential oils were extracted from the samples using standard procedures. Experimental data were analyzed using SAS version 9.4, and treatment means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test.
Results: Application of all evaluated eco-friendly inputs increased plant height, branch number per plant, and leaf and stem weight compared to the control treatment. Under low irrigation conditions, application of Bacillus and humic acid resulted in a 44% and 49% increase in stem weight per plant, respectively, compared to the control. Foliar application of wheat gluten protein under rainfed conditions increased the number of umbels per plant by 41% compared to the control. Seed weight per plant under low irrigation increased by 49% and 52% following the application of Bacillus and humic acid, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The highest amount of γ-Terpinene-7-al (21.35%) was obtained under humic acid foliar application, and foliar application of protein under full irrigation increased p-cymene content by 28% compared to its application under rainfed conditions.
Conclusion: Overall, the findings of this study indicate that under optimal irrigation conditions (50% evaporation from a Class A pan), the highest quantitative and qualitative yields of cumin can be achieved. Otherwise, low-irrigation regimes are recommended over rainfed irrigation. The results also demonstrated that the use of eco-friendly inputs under drought stress conditions was effective in reducing losses associated with water deficit stress.
Keywords
- Essential oil components
- drought stress
- growth-promoting rhizobacteria
- organic acid
- no supplemental irrigation
Main Subjects
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