Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research

In collaboration with Scientific Association of Iranian Medicinal Plants

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Peer Review Process

Journal Metrics

News

Effects of cow manure, biological fertilizer, and gibberellin on reproduction and yield of the endangered medicinal plant Allium jesdianum Boiss.

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

2 Department of Plant Production Engineering and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran,

3 Department of Plant Production Engineering and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

Abstract

Background and objectives: Allium jesdianum is a valuable medicinal and edible plant belonging to the Alliaceae family and is native to Iran. However, due to excessive harvesting in its natural habitat, it is currently endangered. This study aimed to promote the cultivation, conservation, and habitat restoration of this endangered species. To ensure its sustainability, wild ecotypes were cultivated in controlled agricultural environments, and the effects of plant nutrition and gibberellic acid on reproductive success and overall yield were evaluated.
Methodology: A randomized complete block experiment with three replications was conducted during the 2021–2022 growing season at the research farm of Lorestan University. The experimental treatments included cow manure at two levels (0 and 40 t/ha), NPK biofertilizer (Azotobarvar-1, Potabarvar-2, and Phosphatebarvar-2) at two levels (0 and 100 g/ha), and gibberellic acid (GA₃) at two levels (0 and 250 ppm). Bulbs were collected from their natural highland habitat near the research site and cultivated in the field after being inoculated with NPK biofertilizer and gibberellic acid. Various morphological and yield-related traits were measured, including plant height, fresh and dry leaf weight, weight and diameter of mother and daughter bulbs, daughter bulb production, economic yield, and biological yield. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 software, and treatment means were compared using the LSD test at a 5% significance level.
Results: Applying cow manure, NPK biofertilizer, and gibberellic acid individually or in combination significantly influenced most vegetative and yield-related traits. However, the number of leaves per plant showed no significant variation. The highest plant height (26.53 cm), fresh leaf weight (8.24 g per plant), and dry leaf weight (2.84 g per plant) were recorded in the treatment combining cow manure, NPK biofertilizer, and gibberellic acid. Fertilizer and gibberellic acid application led to an approximately 2.5-fold increase in fresh leaf yield and an 18% improvement in biological yield compared to the control. The combination of cow manure and biological fertilizer had the most substantial impact on plant growth parameters. The weight and diameter of the mother bulb were significantly influenced by both the main effects and their interactions, with the highest values (3.58 g per plant and 22.52 mm) observed under the combined application of cow manure, biological fertilizer, and gibberellic acid. Similarly, the weight and diameter of daughter bulbs followed the same pattern. Reproductive success in A. jesdianum was significantly improved with the combined application of cow manure, biological fertilizer, and gibberellic acid. This treatment resulted in the highest bulb yield, averaging 13.33 bulbs per unit area.
Conclusion: The results indicate that the integrated application of cow manure, NPK biofertilizer, and gibberellic acid significantly enhances plant yield and daughter bulb production. Therefore, this approach is recommended for farmers seeking to improve A. jesdianum cultivation while reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References
- Abd El-Rheem, K.M., Essa, E.M. and El-Batran, H.S., 2019. Study of replacement of compost with vermicompost and its effect on quality and quantity yield and nutritional status of sweet fennel plants grown in sandy soil. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 14(3): 1-5.
- Acharya, C.L., Bishnoi, S.K. and Yaduvanshi, H., 1988. Effect of long-term application of fertilizers, and organic and inorganic amendments under containuous cropping on soil physical and chemical properties in an Alfisol. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 58: 509-516.
- Aghhavani Shajari, M., Jaberi, M., Baradaran, R. and Mousavi, S., 2018. Effect of biofertilizers and irrigation management on phisiological indices of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 10(32): 142-151.
- Alipoor, Z., Mohamoodi, S., Behdani, M.A. and Sayyari, M.H., 2015. Effect of bio-manure and chemical fertilizers and corm weight on the corm characteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Plant Production Technology, 15 (2): 13-24. (In Persian).
- Alizadeh Behbahani, B., Tabatabaei Yazdi, F., Shahidi, F., Mohebbi, M. and Vasiee, A., 2014. Antimicrobial effect aqueous and ethanolic extract of Avicennia marina on microorganisms the infection and intoxication in vitro. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 6(1) :99-109. (In Persian).
- Al-Juthery, H.W.A., Ali, N.S., Al-Taey, D.K.A. and Ali, E.A.H.M., 2018. The impact of foliar application of nanofertilizer, seaweed and hypertonic on yield of potato. Journal of Plant Archives, 18(2): 2207- 2212.
- Amiri, H., 2007. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of (Allium Jesdianum Boiss.) and buhse from Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 6(1):39-44.
- Ayoola, O.T. and Makinde, E., 2009. Maize growth, yield and soil nutrient changes with N-enriched organic fertilizers. African Journal of food, agriculture, nutrition and development, 9(1): 580-592.
- Atowa, D.I., 2012. Effect of Growing Media, Organic and Biofertilizers on Growth and Flowering of Fressia refracta cv. Red Lion. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture. Cairo University, Egypt.
- Bahmani, M., Rafieian, M., Baradaran, A., Rafieian, S. and Rafieian-Kopaei, M., 2014. Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity evaluation of Crocus sativus stigmas in neonates of nursing mice. Journal of nephropathology, 3(2): 81.
- Baskaran, V., Abirami, K. and Simhachalam, P., 2017. Effect of growth regulating chemicals on flowering, corm production and post harvest life of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus) cv. Punjab Dawn in Bay Islands. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 87(4): 551-554.
- Berova, M., Karanatsidis, G., Sapundzhieva, K. and Nikolova, V., 2010. Effect of organic fertilization on growth and yield of pepper plants (Capsicum annuum). Journal of Folia Horticulturae, 22(1): 3-7.
- Bodeker, G., 2007. Medicinal Plant Biodiversity and Local Health Care: Rural Development and the Potential to Combat Priority Diseases. Endogenous Development and Biodiversity, Compass, Leusden, p.241.
- Boyeri Deh Sheikh, P., Mahmoudi Sarestani, M., Zolfaghari, M. and Enayati Zamir, N., 2017. The study on the effect of biological and chemical fertilizers and humic acid on the growth, physiological characteristics and essential oil content of catnip (Nepeta cataria L.). Journal of Plant Production Research, 24(2):61-76.
- Brewster, J.L., 1994. Onion and other vegetable Alliums. Center for agriculture and bioscience international Wellesbourne, Warwick, 93-115.
- Davies, N.W., 1990. Gas chromatographic retention indices of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes on methyl silicon and Carbowax 20M phases. Journal of chromatography, 503: 1-24.
- Dineshkumar, R., Subramanian, J., Arumugam, A., Ahamed Rasheeq, A. and Sampathkumar, P., 2020. Exploring the microalgae biofertilizer effect on onion cultivation by field experiment. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 11: 77-87.
- Dorosti, N., Zarabi, S., Ahmadi, S., Rostami, R. and Rashidi Pour, M., 2017. Anticancer activity evaluation of methanolic extract of Allium Jesdianum and Nectaroscordeum Coelzi against HeLa and K562 cell lines. Journal of Yafte, 19(1): 31–41.
- Ebadi, A., Rezaie, A., Nazeri, M. and Jaferi, B., 2011. Evaluating the antibacterial effects of (Allium jesdianum Boiss.) extract. Reserch Journal of Biological Sciences, 6:(11) 608-610.
- Enping, Z., Yu, D., Fulei, T. and Shuhong, Z., 2016. Effects of long-term nitrogen and organic fertilization on antioxidants content of tomato fruits. Journal of Horticulture, 3: 8–12.
- Eriksson, S., Böhlenius, H., Moritz, T. and Nilsson, O., 2006. GA4 is the active gibberellin in the regulation of LEAFY transcription and Arabidopsis floral initiation. Journal of the Plant Cell, 18(9(: 2172-2181.
- Goss, M.J., Tubeileh, A. and Goorahoo, D., 2013. A review of the use of organic amendments and the risk to human health. Journal of Advances in agronomy, 120: 275-379.
- Gupta, S., Kushwav, S.S. and Mishra, S.N., 2018. CHlorophyll content, dry matter accumulation, marketable bulbs yield, quality and post-harvest nutrients status of soil as affected with N levels and varieties in Kharif onion (Allium cepa L.). International Journal of Plant and Soil Science, 22(2): 1-11.
- He, Y., Zhang, T., Sun, Y., Wang, X., Cao, Q., Fang, Z., Chang, M., Cai, Q. and Lou, L., 2022. Exogenous IAA alleviates arsenic toxicity to rice and reduces arsenic accumulation in rice grains. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 41(2): 734-741.
- Ibrahim, A., 2014. The effect of inorganic fertilizer on onion production. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 1: 21-29.
- Jiku, M.A.S., Alimuzzaman, M., Singha, A., Rahaman, M.A., Ganapati, R.K., Alam, M.A. and Sinha, S.R., 2020. Response and productivity of garlic (Allium sativum L.) by different levels of potassium fertilizer in farm soils. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44(1):.1-9.
- Kaplan, M.M., Schmid, C., Provenzale, D., Sharma, A., Dickstein, G. and McKusick, A., 1999. Aprospective trial of colchicine and methotrexate in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. Journal of Gastroenterology, 117(5): 1173-1180.
- Khairi, A., Parsa, H. and Thani Khani, M., 2017. The effect of biofertilizers and nitrogen on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus L). Journal of Saffron Agriculture and Technology, 6(3): 309-322. (In Persian)
- Khaksarian. M., Gholami, E., Alipour, M., Sabooteh, T. and Asadi-Samani, M., 2017. 'Investigation of the effects of the essence and extract of Allium jesdianum on the activity of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes'. International tornal of advanced biotechology and research, 8(2): 1095-1101.
- Khudus, S., Prasad, V.M. and Jogdand, S.M., 2017. Effect of plant growth regulators on growth and flower yield of calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) cv. Bon Bon. Journal of Chemical Science Review and Letters, 6(22): 1290-1294.
- King, R.W., Moritz, T., Evans, L.T., Martin, J., Andersen, C.H., Blundell, C., Kardailsky, I. and Chandler, P.M., 2006. Regulation of flowering in the long-day grass Lolium temulentum by gibberellins and the Flowering locus T gene. Journal of Plant Physiol, 141: 498–507.
- Koocheki, A., Mohammad Seyyedi, S., Azizi, H. and Shahriyari, R., 2014. The effects of mother corm size, organic fertilizers and micronutrient foliar application on corm yield and phosphorus uptake of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 2 (1): 3-16. (In Persian).
- Koochki, A. & Thabet Timuri, M. 2013. The effect of irrigation intervals and fertilizer type on the quantitative performance of three medicinal plants: (Lavandula angustifolia), (Rosemarinus officinali), (Hyssopus officinali) In the conditions of Mashhad. Iranian Agricultural Research Journal, 9:78-87.
- Kour, D., Rana, K.L., Yadav, A.N., Yadav, N., Kumar, M., Kumar, V., Vyas, P., Dhaliwal, H.S. and Saxena, A.K., 2020. Microbial biofertilizers: bioresources and eco-friendly technologies for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 23 (101487): 1-11.
- Kumar, J. and Gupta, P.K., 2008. Molecular approaches for improvement of medicinal and aromatic plants. Journal of Plant Biotechnology Reports, 2: 93-112.
- Kzier, A.M. and Manea, A.I., 2021. Effect bio-fertilizer (Mycorrhiza) and organic fertilizer on growth and yield of green onion. Indian Journal of Ecology, 48:250-254.
- Lange, D. & Schippmann, U., 1997. Trade survey of medicinal plants in Germany: a contribution to international plant species conservation (p. 128). Bonn: Bundesamt für Naturschutz.
- Li, J., Seng, S., Li, D., Zhang, F., Liu, Y., Yao, T., Liang, J., Yi, M. and Wu, J., 2021. Antagonism between abscisic acid and gibberellin regulates starch synthesis and corm development in Gladiolus hybridus. Journal of Horticulture research, 8.
- Liu, H.J., Huang, C.P., Tong, P.J., Xue, Y.A.N.G., Cui, M.M. and Cheng, Z.H., 2020. Response of axillary bud development in garlic (Allium sativum L.) to seed cloves soaked in gibberellic acid (GA3) solution. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 19(4): 1044-1054.
- Long, R.L., Williams, K., Griffiths, E.M., Flematti, G.R., Merritt, D.J., Stevens, J.C., Turner, S.R., Powles, S.B. and Dixon, K.W., 2010. Prior hydration of Brassica tournefortii seeds reduces the stimulatory effect of karrikinolide on germination and increases seed sensitivity to abscisic acid. Journal of Annals of Botany, 105(6): 1063-1070.
- Maheshbabu, H.M., Ravi Hunje, R.H., Patil, N.B. and Babalad, H.B., 2008. Effect of organic manures on plant growth, seed yield and quality of soybean. Karnataka. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 21(2): 219-221.
- Marian, C., Apahidean, A.I., Apahidean, A.S., 2020. Cultivation method influence on plant growth and production, in some varieties of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Ssp. dulce Janch., Convar. azoricum Thell.). Journal of Agricultura, 115(3–4): 127–133.
- Marschner, H. ed., 2011. Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic press.
- Mathew, D., Forer, Y., Rabinowitch, H.D. and Kamenetsky, R., 2011. Effect of long photoperiod on the reproductive and bulbing processes in garlic (Allium sativum L.) genotypes. Journal of Environmental and Experimental Botany, 71(2): 166-173.
- Mojeremane, W., Motladi, M., Mathowa, T. and Legwaila, G.M., 2015. Effect of different application rates of organic fertilizer on growth, development and yield of rape (Brassica napus L.). International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 4(12): 11680-11688.
- Mosa, K.A., Ali, M.A., Ramamoorthy, K. and Ismail, A., 2022. Exploring the relationship between plant secondary metabolites and macronutrient homeostasis. In Plant Nutrition and Food Security in the Era of Climate Change. Academic Press, 119-146.
- Mulbry, W., Kondrad, S. and Pizarro, C., 2007. Biofertilizers from algal treatment of dairy and swine manure effluents: characterization of algal biomass as a slow release fertilizer. Journal of Vegetable Science, 12(4): 107-125.
- Murad Ali., M.A., Nangial Khan, N.K., Abdullah Khan, A.K., Rafeh Ullah, R.U., Ahmad Naeem, A.N., Khan, M.W., Kabir Khan, K.K., Saqib Farooq, S.F. and Kamran Rauf, K.R., 2018. Organic manures effect on the bulb production of onion cultivars under semiarid condition. Journal of Pure and Applied Biology,7(3): 1161-1170.
- Mounir, A.M., Osman, Y.M. and Khalil, O.A., 2020. Impact of potassium solubilizing bacteria on growth and yield of garlic. Journal of Plant Archives, 20(2): 8374-8388.
- Nada, R.S., Ashmawi, A.E., Mady, E., Randhir, T.O. and Elateeq, A.A., 2022. Effect of organic manure and plant growth promoting microbes on yield, quality and essential oil constituents of fennel bulb (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Journal of Ecological Engineering, 23(5): 149–164.
- Petrovic, B., Kopta, T. and Pokluda, R., 2019. Effect of biofertilizers on yield and morphological parameters of onion cultivars.  Journal of Folia horticulturae, 31(1): 51-59.
- Petrovic, B., Sękara, A. and Pokluda, R., 2020. Biofertilizers enhance quality of onion. Journal of Agronomy, 10(12):.1937.
- Pirbalouti, A. G., 2019. Phytochemical and bioactivity diversity in the extracts from bulbs and leaves of diferent populations of Allium jesdianum, a valuable underutilized vegetable. Acta scientiarum Polonorum. Journal of Hortorum cultus, 18(2): 115–122.
- Poutaraud, A. and Champy, N., 1995. Meadow saffron (Colchicum autumnale L.) a medical plant to domesticate. Revue Suisse D Agriculture, 27(2): 93-100.
- Prativa, K.C. and Bhattarai, B.P., 2011. Effect of integrated nutrient management on the growth, yield and soil nutrient status in tomato. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 12: 23-28.
- Pujos, A. and Morard, P., 1997. Effects of potassium deficiency on Tomato growth and mineral nutrition at the early production stage. Journal of Plant and soil, 189(1):.189-196.
- Rashid, M.H.A., 2018. Influence of size and plant growth regulators on corm and cormel production of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.). Progressive Agriculture, 29(2): 91-98.
- Sajjad, Y., Jaskani, M. J., Qasim, M., Mehmood, A., Ahmad, N., & Akhtar, G. 2015. Pre-plant soaking of corms in growth regulators influences the multiple sprouting floral and corm associated traits in (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.). Journal of Agricultural Science, 7(9): 173-81.
- Samy, M. and M El-Zohiri, S.S., 2021. Improving seed productivity of garlic by using nitrogen, potassium fertilization and some growth regulators. Journal of Plant Production, 12(7): 805-812.
- Shahrokh, S., Vahedi, G., Khosravi, A., Mahzoonieh, M.R., Ebrahimi, A. and Sharifzadeh, A., 2017. In vitro antifungal activity of aqueous-ethanolic extract of Allium jesdianum against fluconazole-susceptible and-resistant human vaginal Candida glabrata isolates. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacol, 6:136- 140.
- Sharifi, H., Khajeh-Hosseini, M. and Rashed-Mohassel, M. H., 2015. Study of seed dormancy in seven medicinal species from Apiaceae. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 2 (1): 25-36. (In Persian)
- Sharifi, H., Nemati, A. and Gerdakaneh, M., 2017. Breaking seed dormancy and improve germination of four medicinal species of Apiaceae by gibberellic acid and prechilling treatments. Journal of Seed Science and Research, 4(3): 27-38. (In Persian)
- Shaji, H., Chandran, V. and Mathew, L., 2021. Organic fertilizers as a route to controlled release of nutrients. In: Lewu F.B., Volova T., Thomas S., K.R R., (eds) Controlled Release Fertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture. Academic Press Chapter, 13: 231–245.
- Shedeed, S.I., El-Sayed, S.A.A. and Bash, D.A., 2014. Effectiveness of bio-fertilizers with organic matter on the growth, yield and nutrient content of onion (Allium cepa L.) plants. European International Journal of Science and Technology, 3(9): 115-122.
- Sheng, X.F., 2005. Growth promotion and increased potassium uptake of cotton and rape by a potassium releasing strain of Bacillus edaphicus. Journal of Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37(10): 1918-1922.
- Singh, J., Sharma, M.K., Singh, S.P., Bano, R. and Mahawar, A.K., 2018. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of NPK and bio-fertilizer on enhancement of growth attributes and chlorophyll content of sweet potato. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(9): 3659-3667.
- Situma, M.N., Mwangi, M. and Mulwa, R.M., 2015. Effects of benzyl adenine and gibberellic acid pre-treatments on dormancy release, flowering time and multiplication of oriental lily (Lilium longiflorum) bulbs. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 17(1), pp.26-30.
- Sung, J., Lee, S., Lee, Y., Kang, S., Ha, S. and Sonn, Y., 2014. Physiological Responses to Mineral-Excessive Conditions: Mineral Uptake and Carbohydrate Partitioning in Tomato Plants. Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer, 47(6): 563-570.
- Talware, P., Gupta, N. K. and Dubey, S., 2012. Effect of organic, inorganic and biofertilizers on growth and productivity of garlic (Allium sativum L.) cv. G-323. Crop Research (Hisar), 43(1,3): 89-97.
- Trivedi, A. and Dhumal, K.N., 2017. Effect of micronutrients, growth regulators and organic manures on yield, biochemical and mineral component of onion (Allium cepa L.) grown in Vertisols. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(5): 1-13.
- Tuncel, A., Corbin, K.R., Ahn‐Jarvis, J., Harris, S., Hawkins, E., Smedley, M.A., Harwood, W., Warren, F.J., Patron, N.J.and Smith, A.M.,2019. Cas9‐mediated mutagenesis of potato starch‐branching enzymes generates a range of tuber starch phenotypes. Plant biotechnology journal, 17(12): 2259-2271.
- Vahdani, R., Mehrabi, S., Malekzadeh, J., Jannesar, R., Sadeghi, H. and Shafaeifar, A., 2012. 'Effect of Hydrophilic Extract of Allium Jesdianum on Ethylene Glycol-Induced Renal Stone in Male Wistar Rats', Armaghane danesh, 16(6): 566-577.
- Vishal, V.C., Thippesha, D., Chethana, K., Maheshgowda, B.M., Veeresha, B.G. and Basavraj, A.K., 2016. Effect of various growth regulators on vegetative parameters of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cv. Sujatha. Research Journal of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, 4(4):.68-71.
- White, P.J. and Veneklaas, E.J., 2012. Nature and nurture: the importance of seed phosphorus content. Plant and soil, 357:.1-8.
- Wu, Y., Ren, Z., Gao, C., Sun, M., Li, S., Min, R., Wu, J., Li, D., Wang, X., Wei, Y. and Xia, Y., 2021. Change in sucrose cleavage pattern and rapid starch accumulation govern lily shoot-to-bulblet transition in vitro. Journal of Frontiers in Plant Science, 11:.564713.
- Youssef, A.S.M., Ghatas, Y.A.A., Mohamed, Y.F.Y., Toaima, W.I.M. and Mady, M.A.A., 2020. Response of caraway (Carum carvi L.) plant to bio-fertilizers in substitution of chemical fertilization. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 8(6): 45-54.
Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research
Volume 41, Issue 1 - Serial Number 123
April 2025
Pages 164-181
Files
Share
How to cite
Statistics