Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
Abstract
< p >The lethal and physiological effects of plant secondary metabolites on a wide range of pest insects have been proved. These compounds, while having a direct effect on the target pest, are low risk to humans and the environment, and this has led to their advantage over chemicals. In this study, the lethal effect of Ferula assa-foetida L. and Aloysia citriodora Palau ethanolic extracts was determined on the third instar larvae of Ephestia kuehniella. The larval mortality was directly related to increasing the extracts concentration. The activity of some digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract and the changes in hemocytes were also studied in the third instar larvae treated with the extracts. First, sublethal concentration of plant ethanolic extracts was calculated. The larvae then fed the diet contaminated by the lethal concentration of 25% (LC25) of the extracts (40 and 30 ppm for F. assa-foetida and A. citriodora,respectively). The control group consisted of larvae that fed the diet contaminated with diluted ethanol. The results indicated that both extracts significantly reduced the activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin enzymes. F. assa-foetida extract significantly reduced the activity of lipase and beta-glucosidase enzymes compared to the control, but the effect of A. citriodora extract on the activity of these two enzymes was in a statistical group with the control. The extracts had no significant effects on the alpha-glucosidase enzyme activity. The immune activity of larvae was also stimulated by changes in the number of blood cells affected by both extracts. The total number of cells and granulocytes of hemolymph showed a significant increase after 12 hours of feeding in the both extracts treatments, but gradually decreased until 24 hours that was still higher than the control group. The plasmatocytes showed a significant increase in the A. citriodora extract treatment after 12 hours,but in the F. assa-foetida extract treatment, this increase was significant after 24 hours. Understanding the intractions of plant extracts with the insect physiological characteristics such as the physiology of digestive and blood circulatory systems can lead to the possibility of appropriate use of these factors in the target pest control and be used in the pests management programs.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Ahmad, M., Emam, S.S., Naidia, Y. and Megally, G., 2006. Furocouarin and quinoline alkaloid with larvicidal and antifeedant activities isolated from Ruta chalepensis Leaves. Journal of Natural Products, 2: 10-22.
- Ayvaz, A., Sagdic, O., Karabörklü, S. and Ozturk, I., 2010. Insecticidal activity of the essential oils from different plants against three stored-product insects. Journal of Insect Science, 10(21): 1-13.
- Bahraminejad, S., Asenstorfer, R.E., Riley, I.T. and Schultz, C.J., 2008. Analysis of the antimicrobial activity of flavonoids and saponins isolated from the shoots oats (Avena sativa L.). Journal of Phytopathology, 156: 1-7.
- Bahramsoltania, R., Rostamiasrabadic, P., Shahpiria, Z., Marquesd, A.M., Rahimi, R. and Farzaei, M. H., 2018. Aloysia citriodora Paláu (Lemon verbena): a review of phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 222: 34-51.
- Benzi, V.S., Murray, A.P. and Ferrero, A.A., 2009. Insecticidal and insect-repellenta ctivities of essential oils from Verbenaceaeand Anacardiaceaeagainst Rhizopertha dominica. Natural Product Communications, 4: 1287-1290.
- Bouzeraa, H., Bessila-Bouzeraa, M. and Labed, N., 2019. Repellent and fumigant toxic potential of three essential oils against Ephestia kuehniella. Biosystems Diversity,27(4): 349-353.
- Chapman, R.F., 1998. The Insects Structure and Function. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 782p.
- Desai, D.E. and Desai, B.D., 2000. Studies on insecticides properties of some plants. Shaspha, 71: 85-88.
- Duarte, J.P., Silva, C.E., Ribeiro, P.B. and Carcamo, M.C., 2020. Do dietary stresses affect the immune system of Periplaneta americana (Blattaria: Blattidae)? Brazilian Journal of Biology, 80(1): 73-80.
- Ebrahimi, M. and Ajamhassani, M., 2020. Investigating the effect of starvation and various nutritional types on the hemocytic profile and phenoloxidase activity in the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Invertebrate Survival Journal, 17: 175-185.
- Elechosa, M.A., Lira, P., Juarez, M.A., Carmen, I., Viturro, C.I., Heit, C.I., Molina, A.C., Martínez, A.J. and Lopez, S., 2017. Essential oil chemotypes of Aloysia citriodora (Verbenaceae) in Northwestern Argentina. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 74 19-29.
- Erturk, O., 2006. Antifeedant and toxicity effects of some plant extracts on Thaumetpoae solitaria Frey. (Lep: Thaumetopoeitidae). Turkish Journal of Biology, 30: 51-57.
- Etebari, K., Bizhannia, A.R., Sorati, R. and Matindoost, L., 2006. Biochemical changes in haemolymph of silkworm larvae due to pyriproxyphen residue. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 88: 14-19.
- Gaire, S., O’Connell, M., Holguin, F.O., Amatya, A., Bundy, S. and Romero, A., 2017. Insecticidal properties of essential oils and some of their constituents on the Turkestan cockroach (Blattodea: Blattidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 110: 584-592.
- Gaire, S., Scharf, M.E. and Gondhalekar, A.D., 2020. Synergistic toxicity interactions between plant essential oil components against the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.). Insects, 11(133): 1-13.
- Gaire, S., Scharf, M.E. and Gondhalekar, A., 2019. Toxicity and neurophysiological impacts of essential oil components on bed bugs (Cimicidae: Hemiptera). Scientific Reports, 9: 3961.
- Gatehouse, J.A. and Gatehouse, A.M.R., 1999. Genetic engineering of plants for insect resistance: 211-241. In: Rechcigl, J.E. and Rechcigl, N.A., (Eds.). Biological and Biotechnological Control of Insect Pests. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 392p.
- Ghasemi, V., Khoshnood Yazdi, A., Zaker Tavallaie, F. and Jalali Sendi, J., 2014. Effect of essential oils from Callistemon viminalis and Ferula gummosa on toxicity and on the hemocyte profile of Ephestia kuehniella (Lep.: Pyralidae). Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 47(3): 268-278.
- Gupta, A.P., 1979. Insect hemocytes: development, forms, functions and techniques. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press, 628p.
- Haque, M.A., Nakakita, H., Ikenaga, H. and Sota, N., 2000. Development inhibiting activity of some tropical plants against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 36: 281-287.
- Heydarzade, A., Valizadegan, O., Negahban, M. and Mehrkhou, F., 2019. Efficacy of Mentha spicata and Mentha pulegium essential oil nanoformulation on mortality and physiology of Tribolium castaneum (Col.: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Crop Protection, 8(4): 501-520.
- Isman, M.B., Miresmailli, S. and Machial, C., 2011. Commercial opportunities for pesticides based on plant essential oils in agriculture, industry and consumer products. Phytochemistry Reviews, 10(2): 197-204.
- Jallouli, W., Abdelkefi-Mesrati, L., Tounsi, S., Jaoua, S. and Zouari, N., 2013. Potential of Photorhabdus temperata K122 bioinsecticide in protecting wheat flour against Ephestia kuehniella. Journal of Stored Products Research, 53: 61-66.
- Jones, J.C. and Liu, D.P., 1969. The effects of ligaturing Galleria mellonella larvae on total haemocyt counts and onmitotic indices among haemocytes. Journal of Insect Physiology,15: 1703-1708.
- Khajeh, M., Yamini, Y., Bahramifar, N., Sefidkon, F. and Pirmoradei, M.R., 2005. Comparision of essential oils compositions of Ferula assa-foetida obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and hydrodistillation methods. Food Chemistry, 91: 639-644.
- Khanikor, B. and Bora, D., 2012. Effect of plant based essential oil on immune response of silkworm, Antheraea assama Westwood (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Internanional Journal of Industrial Entomology, 25(2): 139-146.
- Khayat, F., Mahdikhani Moghadam, E. and Azizi, M., 2014. Effect of nematicide activity of essential oil of Ecalyptus sp., Dorema ammoniacum and Ferula galbanifula on Meloidogyne javanica in laboratory condition. Journal of Palnt Protection, 28(3): 338-345.
- Khosravi, H. and Mehrabi, A., 2006. Economic study of Ferula harvesting in Tabass region. Iranian Journal of Natural Research, 58(4): 933-944.
- Khosravi, R., Jalali Sendi, J., Ghadamyari, M. and Yazdani, E., 2011. Effect of sweet wormwood Artemisia annua crude leaf extracts on some biological and physiological characteristics of the lesser mulberry pyralid, Glyphodespyloalis. Journal of Insect Science, 11: 156.
- Kiran, S.R., Reddy, A.S., Devi, P.S. and Reddy, K.J., 2006. Insecticidal, antifeedant and oviposition deterrent effects of the essential oil and individual compounds from leaves of Chloroxylon swietenia. Pest Management Science, 62: 1116-1121.
- Kumrungsee, N., Pluempanupat, W., Koul, O. and Bullangpoti, V., 2014. Toxicity of essential oil compounds against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, and their impact on detoxification enzyme Activities. Journal of Pest Science, 87: 721-729.
- Leaman, D.J., 2006. Medicinal plant conservation newsletter of the medicinal plant specialist group of the IUCN species survival commission. Silphion, 13: 24-26.
- Li, S.G., Li, M.Y., Huang, Y.Z., Hua, R.M., Lin, H.F., He, Y.J., Wie, L.L. and Liu, Z.Q., 2013. Fumigant activity of Illicium verum fruit extracts and their effects on the acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferase activities in adult Sitophilus zeamais. Journal of Pest Science, 86: 677-683.
- Li, T., Yan, D., Wang, X., Zhang, L. and Chen, P., 2019. Hemocyte changes during immune melanization in Bombyx Mori infected with Escherichia coli. Insects, 10(301): 1-15.
- Lokesh, G., Narayanaswamy, M. and Ananthanarayana, S.R., 2006. The effect of chemical mutagen on haemolymph proteins of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in F1 stage. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 10: 21-25.
- Low, N.H., Vong, V. and Spornest, P., 1986. A new enzyme, β-glucosidase, in honey bee. Journal of Apical Research, 25: 178-181.
- Mahendra, P. and Bisht, S.H., 2012. Ferula asafoetida: Traditional uses and pharmacological activity. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 6(12): 141-146.
- Manjula, P., Lalitha, K., Vengateswari, G., Patil, J., Senthil, S.N. and Shivakumar, M.S., 2020. Effect of Manihot esculenta (Crantz) leaf extracts on antioxidant and immune system of Spodoptera litura
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 23: 1-9.
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 23: 1-9.
- Marie, S.S., Amr, E.M. and Salem, N.Y., 2009. Effect of some plant oils on biological, physiological and biochemical aspects of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 5: 103-107.
- Moharramipour, S., Nazemi, J., Morovati, M., Talebi, A.S. and Fathipour, Y., 2003. Effect of essential oil of Nerium oleander, Lavandula officinalis and Ferula assafoetida on feeding index adults of Tribolium castaneum. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 23(1): 69-89.
- Najafzadeh, R., Ghasemzadeh, S. and Mirfakhraie, S., 2019. Effect of Essential Oils from Nepeta crispa, Anethum graveolens and Satureja hortensis against the Stored-product Insect Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller). Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-products, 2: 163-169.
- Nakahara, Y., Kanamori, Y., Kiuchi, M. and Kamimura, M., 2003. In vitro studies of hematopoiesis in the silkworm: cell proliferation in and hemocyte discharge from the hematopoietic organ. Journal of Insect Physiology, 49: 907-916.
- Oppert, B., Kramer, K.J. and McGaughey, W.H., 1997. Rapid microplate assay of proteinase mixtures. Journal of Biotechnology, 23: 70-72.
- Oukerrou, M.A., Tilaoui, M., Mouse, H.A. Leouifoudi, I., Jaafari, A. and Zyad, A., 2017. Chemical Composition and cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of the essential oil of Aloysia citriodora Palau grown in Morocco. Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2017: 1-10.
- Parry, M.W., 1996. A study of the interaction of some fungal metabolites with the insect species Hila melanogaster. Brikeck College University of London, 215p.
- Rafiei-Kahroodi, Z., Moharamipour, S., Farazmand, H. and Karimzadeh-Esfahani, J., 2011. Insecticidal effect of six native medicinal plants essential oil on Indian meal moth, Plodia Hubner interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Munis Entomologyand Zoology Journal, 6: 339-345.
- Ramzi, S., Sahragard, A., Jalali-Sendi, J. and Aalami, A., 2013. Effects of an extracted lectin from Citrullus colocynthis L. (Cucurbitaceae) on survival, digestion and energy reserve sof Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Frontiers Physiology, 4: 1-8.
- Rice, P.J. and Coats, J.R., 1994. Insecticidal properties of several monoterpenoids to the housefly (Diptera: Muscidae), red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and southern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 87: 1172-1179.
- Ross, I.A., 2007. Medicinal Plants of the World: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Medicinal Uses. Humana Press Inc. USA, 487p.
- Sadeghi, R., Hadizadeh Raeisi, N. and Jamshidnia, A., 2017. Immunological responses of Sesamia cretica to Ferula ovina essential oil. Journal of Insect Science, 17(1): 1-5.
- Samir, A., Abdelgaleil1, M. and. El-Sabrout, A.M., 2018. Anti-nutritional, antifeedant, growth-disrupting and insecticidal effects of four plant essential oils on Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Crop Protection, 7(2): 135-150.
- Senthil-Nathan, S., 2006. Effects of Meliaazadarach on nutritional physiology and enzyme activities of the rice leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guene) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 84: 98-108.
- Shahriari, M. Sahebzadeh, N. and Zibaee, A., 2017. Effect of Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae) essential oil on digestive enzyme activities and energy reserves of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Invertebrate Survival Journal, 14: 182-189.
- Sharma, P.R., Sharma, O.P. and Saxena, B.P., 2003. Effect of neem gold on haemocytes of the tobacco armyworm, Spodoptera littura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Current Science, 84: 690-695.
- Sharma, P.R., Sharma, O.P. and Saxena, B.P., 2008. Effect of sweet flag rhizome oil (Acorus calamus) on hemogram and ultrastructure of haemocytes of the tobacco armyworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Micron, 39: 544-551.
- Tsujita, T., Ninomiya, H. and Okuda, H., 1989. P-nitrophenyl butyrate hydrolyzing activity of hormone-sensitive lipase from bovine adipose tissue. Journal of Lipid Research, 30: 997-1004.
- Tungjitwitayakul, J. and Tatun, N., 2017. Comparison of biological and biochemical parameters of eri-silkworms, Samia cynthia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), reared on artificial and natural diets. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 5: 314-319.
- Vogelweith, F., Moreau, J., Thiéry, D. and Moret, Y., 2015. Food-mediated modulation of immunity in a phytophagous insect: an effect of nutrition rather than parasitic contamination. Journal of Insect Physiology, 77: 55-61.
- Yazdani, E., Sendi, J.J. and Aliakbar, A., 2013. Chemical composition, toxicity and physiological effects of essential oil of Rosemarinus officinalis on lesser mulberry pyralid, Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Crop Protection, 2(4): 461-476.
- Zha, C., Wang, C. and Li, A., 2018. Toxicities of selected essential oils, silicone oils, and paran oil against the common bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 111: 170-177.
- Zibaee, A. and Bandani, A.R., 2009. Effects of Artemisia annua L. (Asteracea) on the digestive enzymatic profiles and the cellular immune reactions of the sun pest, Eurygaster integriceps (Heteroptera: Scutellaridae), against Beauvaria bassiana. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 12: 1-11.
- Zibaee, A., Alborzi, Z., Karimi-Malati, A. and Salimi, M., 2014. Effects of a lectin from Polygonum persicaria L. on Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Journal of Plant Protection Research, 54: 250-257.
)