M.T. Darzi; M.R. Hadj Seyed Hadi; F. Rejali
Abstract
To study the effects of vermicompost and biofertilizer on quantity and quality (anethole, gama-himachalene and estragole content) of essential oil in anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), an experiment was conducted at Homand Research Station in Damavand, Iran in 2009. The factors were vermicompost (0, 5, 10 ...
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To study the effects of vermicompost and biofertilizer on quantity and quality (anethole, gama-himachalene and estragole content) of essential oil in anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), an experiment was conducted at Homand Research Station in Damavand, Iran in 2009. The factors were vermicompost (0, 5, 10 t/ha) and phosphatic biofertilizer (non-inoculated, inoculated seed and inoculated seed + spraying on soil in stem elongation stage). The experimental design was factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with nine treatments and three replications. According to the results, the highest essential oil content in seed and the maximum anethole content in essential oil were obtained at 10 t/ha and 5 t/ha vermicompost treatment, respectively. Also, the lowest gama-himachalene content and estragole content in essential oil was obtained at 5 t/ha vermicompost treatment. Phosphatic biofertilizer also showed significant effects on the mentioned characters, as the highest essential oil content in seed and anethole content in essential oil and the minimum gama-himachalene content and estragole content in essential oil were obtained in two times application of phosphatic biofertilizer. The intractions effect of biofertilizer and vermicompost on gama-himachalene content and estragole content in essential oil were significant, as the lowest gama-himachalene content and estragole content in essential oil were obtained at treatment of 5 t/ha vermicompost and two times application of phosphatic biofertilizer.
R. Kalvandi; M. Mirza; K. Safikhani; M. Naderi
Abstract
Rhabdosciadium aucheri Boiss., belonging to Apiaceae family, is an endemic species in flora of Iran that grows in Hamadan, Lorestan, Chaharmahale Bakhteyari, Kohkeyloye va Boyrahmad and Tehran. Aerial parts of Rhabdosciadium aucheri Boiss were collected at full flowering stage on July, 2010 from Iran: ...
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Rhabdosciadium aucheri Boiss., belonging to Apiaceae family, is an endemic species in flora of Iran that grows in Hamadan, Lorestan, Chaharmahale Bakhteyari, Kohkeyloye va Boyrahmad and Tehran. Aerial parts of Rhabdosciadium aucheri Boiss were collected at full flowering stage on July, 2010 from Iran: Hamadan, Asadabad at an altitude of 2330 m. Then, 100 g of air-dried aerial parts of plant was subjected to hydrodistillation. The essential oil yield was 0.67% based on the dry weight of plant. The oil was analyzed by GC and GC/Mass. Totally, eighteen constituents were identified. β-sesquiphellandrene (49.9%), epi-α-bisabolol (11.9%), intermedeol (8.20%), germacrene D (7.6%) and β-bisabolene (4.9%) were identified as the major constituents. This research was carried out for the first time in the world.
M. Negahban; S. Moharramipour; M. Zandi; S.A. Hashemi
Abstract
Controlled release by nanoencapsulated formulations allow the essential oil to be used more effectively over a given time interval, suitability to mode of application and minimization of environmental damage. In this work, efficiency of nanoencapsulated essential oil of Artemisia sieberi Besser was tested ...
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Controlled release by nanoencapsulated formulations allow the essential oil to be used more effectively over a given time interval, suitability to mode of application and minimization of environmental damage. In this work, efficiency of nanoencapsulated essential oil of Artemisia sieberi Besser was tested on nutritional indices of Plutella xylostella L. Several experiments were designed to measure the indices such as Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Relative Consumption Rate (RCR), Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested food (ECI), Efficiency of Conversion of Digested food (ECD), Approximate Digestibility (AD) and Feeding Deterrent Index (FDI). Treatments were evaluated by the method of leaf disk bioassay at 25 °C, 65±5% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 h (Light: Dark). Ten third-instar larvae were introduced into each treatment containing different concentrations of the essential oil. Then, ingested food and weight gained were measured after 24, 48 and 72 h intervals. Results showed that nanocapsule of A. sieberi oil was highly effective compared to control (A. sieberi oil), and significantly decreased the RGR ECI, ECD and AD. Moreover, findings indicated a post-ingestive toxicity of the essential oil using the nanoencapsulated formulation. As a result, this nanoencapsulated essential oil tested merits further study as potential insecticide for the control of P. xylostella.
R. Taheri; M.H. Lebaschy; A. Zakerin; M. Bakhtiari Ramezani; A. Borjian; M. Makkizadeh Tafti
Abstract
In order to study the effects of plant density on yield and essential oil yield of four species of thymus, an experiment was conducted at Homand Research Station as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots were four species including Thymus daenensis, T. ...
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In order to study the effects of plant density on yield and essential oil yield of four species of thymus, an experiment was conducted at Homand Research Station as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots were four species including Thymus daenensis, T. pubescens, T. kotschyanus and T.vulgaris and sub plots were three levels of plant density including 25, 35 and 50 cm row spacing. Measured characteristics included height, number of lateral branches, root length, canopy diameter, root dry weight, fresh and dry yield, essential oil percentage and yeild. Results indicated significant differences in terms of measured traits. Among the measured traits, the effect of density was significant on number of lateral branch, canopy dimeter, fresh yield, and root dry weight. According to the results of interaction effect between species and density, the highest dry yield and essential oil content (%) was obtained at 25 cm row spacing in T.kotschyanus and the lowest was recorded at 50 cm row spacing in T. daenensis. Results showed that the highest essential oil yield was obtained at 25 cm row spacing for T. kotschyanus and T. daenensis.
A. Akbarinia
Abstract
Satureja sahendica Bormn., which is native to Iran, is a medicinal species from Lamiaceae family and its habitat is west of Iran. In a split plot experiment, the effects of nitrogen fertilizer at levels of 0 (control), 40 and 80 kg/ ha (as main plots), and the sowing density of 8, 10 and ...
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Satureja sahendica Bormn., which is native to Iran, is a medicinal species from Lamiaceae family and its habitat is west of Iran. In a split plot experiment, the effects of nitrogen fertilizer at levels of 0 (control), 40 and 80 kg/ ha (as main plots), and the sowing density of 8, 10 and 12 plants /m2 (as sub plots) were studied on height, number of branches per plant, yield and the essential oil yield of aerial parts of S. sahendica. The experiment was carried out in agricultural research farm of Takestan, Islamic Azad University of Iran, during 2009-2011.There was no significant difference in terms of height, number of branches per plant, the yield of flowering shoots and oil content between using 40 and 80 kg/ha nitrogen treatments. However, higher values were recorded for both treatments compared to control. The highest essential oil content and oil yield was obtained by application of 40 kg nitrogen per hectare and using more nitrogen reduced the oil yield. A sowing density of 10 plants per square meter increased aerial part yield and oil yield. The highest yield of flowering shoot, and essential oil yield were obtained by application of 40 kg nitrogen/ha and a sowing density of 12/m2 (2096 kg/ha, 2.1 percent and 44.1 kg /ha, respectively) that showed no significant differences by application of 40 kg nitrogen per hectare and the sowing density of 10 plants /m2.
M. Ghazi Manas; Sh Banj Shafiee; M.R. Hajseyd Hadi; M.T Darzi
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess the effects of different levels of vermicompost and nitrogen on qualitative and quantitative yield of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). The experimental design was factorial based on Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with three replications, conducted ...
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The main objective of this study was to assess the effects of different levels of vermicompost and nitrogen on qualitative and quantitative yield of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). The experimental design was factorial based on Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with three replications, conducted in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands during spring 2010. Treatments were consisted of four levels of vermicompost (5, 10, 15 and 20 tons per hectare) and nitrogen of four levels (30, 60, 90 and 120 kg per hectare). The measured traits included number of flowers per plant, diameter of flower, dry and fresh flower yield, essential oil percentage and Chamazulene content in essential oil. Results showed that vermicompost had significant effects on dry flower weight and essential oil percentage (α ≤ 0.05%). In addition, it had significant effects on dry and fresh flower yield and Chamazulene (α ≤ 0.05%). The effect of nitrogen on the number of flower (α ≤ 0.05%) and essential oil percentage (α ≤ 0.01%) was significant. The results of interaction effects showed significant differences for the number of flower, dry flower yield, dry flower weight, essential oil percentage and Chamazulene.
L. Safaei; E Sharifi Ashoorabadi; H. Zeinali; D. Afiuni; M. Mirza
Abstract
In order to study the effects of harvesting stages on essential oil yield and composition of Thymus caramanicus Jalas, an experiment was conducted during 2007-2009 in Fozveh Research Station of Isfahan. collected seeds from natural habitat were cultivated in pots and then seedlings were transplanted ...
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In order to study the effects of harvesting stages on essential oil yield and composition of Thymus caramanicus Jalas, an experiment was conducted during 2007-2009 in Fozveh Research Station of Isfahan. collected seeds from natural habitat were cultivated in pots and then seedlings were transplanted at the main field in a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. Aerial parts of the species were harvested at 4 stages including: beginning of flowering, fifty percent flowering, full flowering and fruit set during two years. The plant materials were dried and their essential oils were obtained by water distillation. Capillary GC and GC/MS analysis were used to determine the volatile profile of essential oil samples. Results showed that harvesting stages had significant effects on thymol and carvacrol content and essential oil percentage. The highest amount of essential oil and thymol percentage were obtained at full flowering stage of the first year (1.56% and 3.59 kg/ha, respectively) and the maximum carvacrol percentage was obtained at fruit set stage of the first year (25.45 kg/ha). Six components consisted the highest amount of essential oil, among them carvacrol was dominant at all 4 harvesting stages. The highest amount of carvacrol was obtained at the beginning of flowering stage (88.45%) in the second year. Thymol was the second dominant component with a maximum percentage of 11.77%, obtained at full flowering stage. The highest content of ρ- cymene, 1,8-cineole and γ-terpinene were obtained at fruit set stage (2.35, 1.21 and 2.15%, respectively) and the highest content of borneol was recorded at full flowering stage (7.52%). Also, a positive correlation was observed between essential oil percentage and amounts of thymol and carvacrol. In conclusion, the best time for harvesting of T. caramanicus to achieve the maximum carvacrol percentage was fruit set stage, while full flowering stage was identified as the best time to achieve the maximum essential oil and thymol percentage.
M. Niknejad; M.H. Lebaschy; K. Jaimand; F. Hatami
Abstract
Manure management is a major factor in cultivation of medicinal plants. Utilization of proper fertilizers due to optimizing the plant growth could have positive effects on quality and quantity indicators. In order to investigate the effects of organic and chemical fertilizers on essential oil and components ...
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Manure management is a major factor in cultivation of medicinal plants. Utilization of proper fertilizers due to optimizing the plant growth could have positive effects on quality and quantity indicators. In order to investigate the effects of organic and chemical fertilizers on essential oil and components of Matricaria chamomilla L., an experiment was conducted using complete randomized blocks design with three replications at Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands during 2009-2010. Treatments were five fertilizers; chemical fertilizer (Ammonium phosphate) 150 Kg/ha, organic mixture (Bovine) 12 tons/ha, and chemical fertilizer 75 kg/ha, vermicompost (derived from wood waste) 7500 kg/ha, compost (plant debris) 24 tons/ha and control (no fertilizer). Results showed that the mixture treatment (organic and chemical) had the most influence on increasing the quality and quantity of phytochemical characteristics. Maximum essential oil yield (0.37 gr) and beta-ocimene (0.43%) were obtained with mixed fertilizer bysignificant difference compared to control and other treatments. Mixed fertilizers treatment caused an increase in most of the other compounds of Matricaria chamomilla compared with other treatments.
M. Behdad; N.A. Etemadi; E. Behdad; H. Zeinali
Abstract
Usually, many chemical fungicides are used to control fungal infections. However, some of these fungicides are harmful for human health. The goal of this study was to examine the essential oils of certain medicinal plants to control the fungi and replace the chemical fungicides. One of the most important ...
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Usually, many chemical fungicides are used to control fungal infections. However, some of these fungicides are harmful for human health. The goal of this study was to examine the essential oils of certain medicinal plants to control the fungi and replace the chemical fungicides. One of the most important and widespread fungi that infects strawberries during the post-harvest period is Rhizopus stolonifer. The effects of essential oils of three plant species: Satureja hortensis, Zataria multiflora and Carum copticom on the mycelial growth of Rhizopus stolonifer were tested both in vitro and in vivo on a medium of potato dextrose agar in seven concentrations (100, 200, 300, 500, 1000, 2000 and 10000 ppm). The in vivo experiment contained six groups: three essential oils, one fungicide and two controls. Each treatment consisted of three replicates and each replicate included five strawberries each weighing about 70 grams. Each fruit was disinfected, placed in a suspension of 106 spores per milliliter of Rhizopus stolonifer; and then placed in a suspension of either the essential oil or fungicide (Iprodione + Carbendazim 52.5% WP). The fruits were kept at room temperature (24 ±1°C). Results showed that the critical inhibitory concentration of Rhizopus stolonifer was 300 ppm for Satureja hortensis and Carum copticom and 500 ppm for Zataria multiflora. On the other hand, in vivo experiments showed that the greatest amount of remaining fungus was in the following order: control groups, Carum copticom, Zataria multiflora and Satureja hortensis.
M. larti; S. Ghasempour; E. Sharifi Ashorabadi; B. Alizadeh
Abstract
Thyme is one of the most important species in pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmetic industries. In order to study natural habitats of different species from Thymus genus in west Azerbaijan province, several studies were conducted in habitat conditions during 2001-2003. First, habitat surveys were ...
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Thyme is one of the most important species in pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmetic industries. In order to study natural habitats of different species from Thymus genus in west Azerbaijan province, several studies were conducted in habitat conditions during 2001-2003. First, habitat surveys were conducted in different parts of the province and then plot establishment and data collection were performed in the habitats of T. pubescens and T. kotschyanus, in Hajibeyk and Ghoshchi regions, respectively. In this study, in addition to climate and soil data, vegetation indices such as plant height, canopy cover, number of branches and root length were measured. The results of the study showed that T. kotschyanus is distributed at an altitude of 1450-2500 m and slopes of 20-60% in northern slope and with an average rainfall of 400-600 mm while, T. pubescens is distributed at an altitude of 1900-2600 m, and slopes of 10-45 % (east and north), with an average rainfall of 250-400 mm. A soil texture of silty-clay-loam and silty-loam are needed for the growth of T. kotschyanus and T. pubesen, respectively. Essential oil percentage in 50% flowering stage was recorded to be 1/12% and 1/78% in T. pubescens and T. kotschyanus, respectively.
P. Rezvani Moghaddam; A. Ghani; M. Rahmati; S. Mohtashami
Abstract
In order to study the effects of different drying methods including oven, microwave and ambient (shade condition) on drying time, essential oil content, antioxidant activity and phenol compound of two populations of Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.), two separate experiments were carried out on two ...
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In order to study the effects of different drying methods including oven, microwave and ambient (shade condition) on drying time, essential oil content, antioxidant activity and phenol compound of two populations of Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.), two separate experiments were carried out on two populations (Mashhad and Nishabur). The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications and 13 drying treatments (oven temperatures: 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C, six microwave powers: 100, 180, 300, 450, 600 and 900 w, shade drying and combination of drying with microwave (600 and 900 w) and shade drying). In addition, a comparison was performed between fresh sample and the mentioned treatments. Results showed that moisture content and measured active substances were different between studied populations. In both experiments, the longest drying time (about 30 hours and 32 h for Mashhad and Nishabur population, respectively) and the shortest drying time (about 5 minutes) was obtained at ambient temperature and 900 w microwave power treatments, respectively. In both experiments, the highest essential oil content (2.27 and 3.2% for Mashhad and Nishabur population, respectively) was obtained from fresh samples and then ambient temperature and microwave 900 w treatments. Essential oil content was decreased by increasing drying temperature. Essential oil content was in an average in all combination treatments. The highest antioxidant activity (82.5 and 81.8% in Mashhad and Nishabur population, respectively) was obtained by fresh samples while the lowest amount was obtained for Mashhad (60.7%) and Nishabur (53%) populations in ambient temperature and in 40°C oven dry, respectively. Maximum phenol compound was recorded for Mashhad population (165 mg GA/g DW) in 600 w microwave power and Nishabur population (524/7 mg GA/g DW) in 900 w microwave power, respectively.
F. Askari; M. Mirza
Abstract
Centaurea depressa M. Bieb. (wheat flower) is a medicinal plant that its extraction is used for eye irrigation and somewhat reduces gastrointestinal irritation. This research was aimed to investigate the essential oil of C. depressa. Different organs of C. depressa were collected from Damavand and Tehran ...
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Centaurea depressa M. Bieb. (wheat flower) is a medicinal plant that its extraction is used for eye irrigation and somewhat reduces gastrointestinal irritation. This research was aimed to investigate the essential oil of C. depressa. Different organs of C. depressa were collected from Damavand and Tehran at flowering stage. The plant organs including stem plus leaf, root and inflorescence were separated and dried at laboratory temperature and then were ground to small particles. Essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The yield of essential oil of stem plus leaf, root and inflorescence of Damavand samples were 0.18%, 0.13% and 0.07% w/w (dried weight), respectively and for Tehran samples the values of 0.10%, 0.13% and 0.08% were recorded, respectively. In Damavand, the major constituents of essential oil obtained from stem plus leaf, root and inflorescence were thymol (56.5%), spathulenol (12.7%) and germacrene D (9.9%); pentadecadiene-1-ol (32.2%) and Z-7-hexadecene (29.5%); and germacrene D (32.4%), germacrene B (9.4%) and thymol (8.7%), respectively. In Tehran, the major constituents of essential oil obtained from stem plus leaf, root and inflorescence were Spathulenol (25.4%), Eudesms-4(15)-7-diene-1-b-ol (14.5%) and germacrene D (13.7%); tetradecanal (30.7%), caryophyllene oxide (23.7%) and Z-7-hexadecene (22.3%); and tetradecanal (82.3%) and Z-7-hexadecene (15.5%), respectively. According to the results, it can be concluded that there is variability in essential oil compositions of the two sites and even in different plant's organs.
L. Safaei; D. Afiuni; H. Zeinali
Abstract
To study correlations between essential oil and essential oil components and determining the role of these traits in variation among 12 genotypes of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications at Fozveh Research Station of ...
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To study correlations between essential oil and essential oil components and determining the role of these traits in variation among 12 genotypes of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications at Fozveh Research Station of Esfahan. The studied traits included seed yield, essential oil percentage, oil yield and oil components. Results of analysis of variance showed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits. Correlation coefficients showed that essential oil yield had a positive significant correlation with essential oil percentage, seed yield, and the percentage of α-pinene, camphene, myrcene, phlandrene, fenchone and camphor. In principal component analysis, the first four components could justify 90% of the total variation. Seed yield, essential oil percentage and yield, and the percentage of α-pinene, camphene, myrcene, phlandrene, fenchone, g-terpinene, E-anetole and camphor had a major role in explaining the first component. In the second component, sabinene, Beta pinene and p-cymene were more important whereas limonene and 1,8-cineole in the third component and methyl cavichol and cis-anethol in the forth component had more importance. Based on the cluster analysis, genotypes of fennel were classified into 4 groups which had noticeable differences, especially for seed yield, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield, and the percentage of α-pinene, fenchone and E-anetole. Consequently, crossing between superior genotypes of different clusters and testing their progeny through breeding and selection programs may result in production of cultivars with desirable essential oil quality.
A. Ehsanipour; K. Razmjoo; H. Zeinali
Abstract
This investigation was carried out to study the effect of different nitrogen rates on yield, yield components and essential oil of several fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) populations. The experiment design was split plot with three replications conducted during 2008 at Research Farm of Isfahan University ...
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This investigation was carried out to study the effect of different nitrogen rates on yield, yield components and essential oil of several fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) populations. The experiment design was split plot with three replications conducted during 2008 at Research Farm of Isfahan University of Technology. Nitrogen levels were 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 N kg/ha as the main plot and four populations of fennel (Isfahan, Tehran, Yazd and 11486) located in subplot. Seed yield, essential oil percentage, 1000-seed weight, biomass, harvest index, number of seeds per umbel, number of umbels per plant, seed length, and plant height were measured. Results showed significant differences for seed yield, 1000-seed weight, harvest index, number of seed per umbel, number of umbels per plant, seed length, plant height and percentage of essential oil among fennel populations. Also, seed yield per ha, 1000-seed weight, number of seed per umbel, seed length, number of umbels per plant and percentage of essential oil significantly differed in different nitrogen levels. There was an interaction effect between N rates and populations for 1000-seed weight, harvest index, number of seed per umbel, seed length, number of umbels per plant and plant height. The highest seed yield per hectare among the populations belonged to Isfahan population, obtained on control and 40 and 160 kg/ha nitrogen fertilization. The highest essential oil percentage was obtained on population of 11486 at 40 kg/ha nitrogen fertilization.
S.R. Karimi; R. Shahhoseini; S. Zakeri
Abstract
Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora H. B. et K.) is one of the medicinal plants, belonging to the family Verbenaceae. This plant has active ingredients with sedative, anticonvulsant, heartbeat away, anti-diarrhea and antimicrobial effects. Accurate drying of medicinal plants is inevitable in order to reduce ...
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Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora H. B. et K.) is one of the medicinal plants, belonging to the family Verbenaceae. This plant has active ingredients with sedative, anticonvulsant, heartbeat away, anti-diarrhea and antimicrobial effects. Accurate drying of medicinal plants is inevitable in order to reduce the humidity and increase the longevity and quantity and quality of the active ingredients. In this research, hot air dryer was used to dry the leaves of lemon verbena by using temperatures of 30, 40 and 50ºC and different air speeds of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m/s to reach a humidity of 15%. Essential oil was extracted by Clevenger apparatus. Results showed that effects of temperature and air speed and their interaction on drying time were significant. Results of mean comparisons showed no significant difference between the temperatures of 40ºC and 50ºC. With increase of temperature, the effect of air speed was negligible. The best treatment in terms of minimum drying time was 40ºC and 1 m/s speed. Different levels of temperature showed significant effect on quantity of the essential oil as the highest and the lowest essential oil level were respectively obtained at 30ºC and 40ºC. The speed of the hot air also showed a significant effect on quantity of the essential oil as the maximum essential oil was obtained at the speed of 0.5 m/s. The results of interaction effects showed that maximum essential oil obtained at 500C temperature and 0.5 m/s speed. Finally, 7 Mathematical models of thin layer drying for different conditions such as R2, SSE and RMSE were compared. According to the results, Modified Page was identified as the best model for drying lemon verbena.
H. Batooli; A.H. Bamoniri
Abstract
Haplophyllum A. Juss. is one of the most important genus of Rutaceae family, in which over 20 species have been reported for Iran. The purpose of this study was to extract and determine essential oil composition of three Haplophyllum A. Juss. species from Kashan. Leaves of the three species i.e. H. robustum ...
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Haplophyllum A. Juss. is one of the most important genus of Rutaceae family, in which over 20 species have been reported for Iran. The purpose of this study was to extract and determine essential oil composition of three Haplophyllum A. Juss. species from Kashan. Leaves of the three species i.e. H. robustum Bge., H. glaberrimum Bge. & Boiss. and H. perforatum (M. B.) Kar. & Kir. were collected from deserts and mountainous areas around Kashan. Essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation using an all-glass Clevenger-type apparatus. The analysis of the oils was performed by using GC and GC-MS methods. The essential oil yield of H. robustum was 1.02% (v/w) and 14 components were identified. Major components of the oil were 1,8-cineol (25%), β-pinene (12.2%) and sabinene (9%). The essential oil yield of H. glaberrimum was 0/08 % (v/w) and 13 components were identified, in which the major components were myrcene (42.9%), elemole (10.6%) and β-caryophyllene (8.9%). The essential oil yield of H. perforatum was 0.38 % (v/w) and 12 components were identified, in which the major components were elemole (37.6%), β-caryophyllene (%21.1) and α-pinene (19.1%). The major components of the essential oil in H. robustum and H. glaberrimum were monoterpens, but the essential oil of H. perforatum was rich of sesquiterpenes.
S. Sayad; N. Hassanzadeh; A. Ghasemi; E. Nazerian
Abstract
In order to control soft rot disease of syngonium ornamental plant caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum, six essential oils namely, thym, Summer savory, Anise, Eucalyptus, Dill, Cumin and two antibiotics of erythromycin and streptomycin were evaluated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. ...
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In order to control soft rot disease of syngonium ornamental plant caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum, six essential oils namely, thym, Summer savory, Anise, Eucalyptus, Dill, Cumin and two antibiotics of erythromycin and streptomycin were evaluated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. MICs of all essential oils were determined and different concentrations of each compound were prepared. In laboratory assays, among 6 different concentrations of essential oils, pure thym oil with 15mm inhibition zone and erythromycin (15mg/disk) with 15mm inhibition zone exhibited the most antibacterial activities. On the other hand, erythromycin (400mg/ml) with 3-5 mm inhibition zone showed the same result as treated with thym essential oil (10-2). The syngonium seedlings treated with erythromycin (400mg/ml) gave a healthy and long root growth of 70mm and 3mm of soft rot symptoms on roots. The seedlings treated with thym oil promoted root growth to 32mm and soft rots of 7mm. According to the results, erythromycin and thym oil were identified as the most effective compounds compared to the others.
M. Bigdeloo; V. Nazeri; J. Hadian
Abstract
Thymus caramanicus Jalas is belonging to family Lamiaceae. Among 250 species of this genus with a worldwide distribution, 14 species grow naturally in Iran. Thymus caramanicus Jalas is one of the endemic species which has distribution in central Iran. In this study, natural habitats of the species were ...
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Thymus caramanicus Jalas is belonging to family Lamiaceae. Among 250 species of this genus with a worldwide distribution, 14 species grow naturally in Iran. Thymus caramanicus Jalas is one of the endemic species which has distribution in central Iran. In this study, natural habitats of the species were identified in different regions of Kerman, Esfahan and Semnan provinces in 2010.Ten complete plants at flowering stage were collected from seven localities in order to study and evaluate the morphological characters. Flowering stems were used to extract essential oil. Characteristics associated with each habitat were recorded and three soil samples from each site were taken to evaluate soil physical and chemical properties. Vegetative and reproductive characteristics of each population and the essential oil of the studied species in each habitat were recorded. Results were analyzed using cluster analysis method with SPSS software and correlation between evaluated traits and essential oil productivity were determined. Populations were clustered in two groups based on all studied characters. Populations collected from Kerman and Esfahan provinces were located in a same group and populations from Semnan province were placed in an independent group. Differences between these two groups may be from different climates in their habitats and their adaptation to the different environmental factors. According to the results, the best vegetative and also reproductive characters such as flowering stem length, leaf length and width, number of flowers per inflorescence and corolla length and also the highest essential oil production (2-3%) were recorded for specimens from Kerman province; therefore, it is recommended for breeding programs or cultivation.
M. Hamisi; F. Sefidkon; M. Nasri; M.H. Lebaschi
Abstract
For investigating the effects of nitrogen, phosphor and bovine fertilizers on essential oil content and composition of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.), an experiment was arranged based on Complete Randomized Blocks Design, in three replication, from February 2009 to October 2010, at research farm ...
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For investigating the effects of nitrogen, phosphor and bovine fertilizers on essential oil content and composition of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.), an experiment was arranged based on Complete Randomized Blocks Design, in three replication, from February 2009 to October 2010, at research farm of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. The treatments were: 1- nitrogen fertilizer in three levels (60, 90, 120 kg/ha), 2- triple superphosphate fertilizer in two levels (60 and 80 kg/ha) and the 3- bovine fertilizer in three levels (0, 15 and 30 tons/ha). The aerial parts of the plants were collected at the beginning of flowering and after drying their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results showed that different levels of urea fertilizer had significant effects on essential oil percentage and yield at level of 1%. Also, nitrogen fertilizer had significant effects on percentage of chrysanthenyl acetate and santolina triene. Bovine fertilizer had also significant effects on oil percentage and yield, camphor, camphene and santolina triene percentage at level of 5%. The highest amounts of oil percentage (0.32%) and yield (19 kg/h) were obtained by application of 60 Kg/h urea fertilizer. In addition, GC and GC/MS analysis showed different levels of bovine fertilizer had significant effect on percentages of main components of feverfew essential oil.
O. Heidarpour; M.K. Souri; A. Estaji; M.T Ebadi
Abstract
Lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.) is a perennial plant from Apiaceae family which is cultivated in many countries for medicinal uses. Active substance of this plant is used as a diuretic to cure kidney stones and urinary diseases. To evaluate the quantitative and qualitative changes in essential oil ...
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Lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.) is a perennial plant from Apiaceae family which is cultivated in many countries for medicinal uses. Active substance of this plant is used as a diuretic to cure kidney stones and urinary diseases. To evaluate the quantitative and qualitative changes in essential oil of flowers and fruits, this experiment was carried out at Zardband in the north of Tehran. Flower samples were harvested at full flowering stage and fruits were harvested at immature and ripe stages. After drying in room temperature at 250C, the essential oil was extracted with hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus. The results showed that the total yield of essential oil (w/w) in the flowers, immature and ripe fruits were 0.6%, 1.8% and 2.8% respectively. The essential oil was analyzed by using GC and GC-MS. The identified constituents in the essential oil of flower, immature and ripe fruits were respectively 18, 19, 19 components. In essential oil of the flowers, the main compounds were Z-ligustilide (52.4%), β-phellandrene (26.6%) and α-terpinyl acetate (10.4%). However, the composition changed as follows: β-phellandrene (47.8%), Z-ligustilide (38.5%) and α-terpinyl acetate (3.6%) for immature fruits and Z-ligustilide (35.1%), β-phellandrene (34.4%) and α-terpinyl acetate (4.2%) for ripe fruits as the major compounds. The results revealed that the percentage and the components of the essential oil in various organs of this plant were different, and ripe fruits were the best source for extraction of the essential oil, with regard to the essential oil yield.
S. Shahverdi; F. Sefidkon; Z. Jamzad; T. Nejhadsattari
Abstract
Origanum strobilaceum Mobayen & Ghahreman belongs to Lamiaceae. Thirty eight species of the genus were known so far which are categorized in 9 sections. The species is aromatic and its essential oil compositions are valuable. In this research, for the first time, the essential oil content and composition ...
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Origanum strobilaceum Mobayen & Ghahreman belongs to Lamiaceae. Thirty eight species of the genus were known so far which are categorized in 9 sections. The species is aromatic and its essential oil compositions are valuable. In this research, for the first time, the essential oil content and composition of O. strobilaceum was studied. The aerial parts of the plant were collected from janat rodbar in Mazandaran Province road at full flowering stage. After drying the plant materials, the essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation method. Identification of essential oil constituents was done by using GC and GC/MS. The results showed 29 constituents in this oil that presented 97.3% of total oil. The main components of the oil were P-cymen (25%), E-caryophyllen (14.4%), thymol (9.6%), carvacrol (5.3%) and cumin aldehyde (5.1%). This oil had some similarities and differences with O. vulgare oil with high content of phenols, thymol and carvacrol as well as germacrene D and caryophyllene.
E. Ehsani; K. Akbari Noghabi; M. Teimouri; M. Ebrahimzade; A.R. Khadem
Abstract
Indiscriminate use of antibiotics and consequently increase resistance of bacteria has led to a demand for new agents and components. To produce new drugs, different sources especially plant species are considered by researchers. The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical composition ...
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Indiscriminate use of antibiotics and consequently increase resistance of bacteria has led to a demand for new agents and components. To produce new drugs, different sources especially plant species are considered by researchers. The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Juniperus horizontalis Moench. Leaves and fruits of Juniperus horizontalis were collected in winter and the essential oil was prepared by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC/MS. The antimicrobial activity was determined by disk diffusion method against 13 bacterial species. The minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of essential oils were determined based on microdilution method. The results indicated that two main components in leaves and fruits were sabinene (30.2% - 38%, respectively) and limonene (26.3% - 27.8%, respectively) followed by bornyl acetate (10.7%) in leaves and myrcene (22.6%) in fruit oil. Essential oil of the leaves showed significant antimicrobial effect against 12 species from 13 tested bacteria species. Only Citrobacter frondii was resistant to the oil. The fruit essential oil had a weak activity against four of thirteen tested bacterial species.
M. Habibzadeh; F. Sefidkon; Sh. Fatemi
Abstract
Limonene, trans-α-bergamoten, geijeren, elemicine and germacrene B are being used widely in the formulation of pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, hygienic applications, and aromatization. These compounds are found in essential oils of Pimpinella affinis Ledeb. (a species native to Iran and Turkey). ...
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Limonene, trans-α-bergamoten, geijeren, elemicine and germacrene B are being used widely in the formulation of pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, hygienic applications, and aromatization. These compounds are found in essential oils of Pimpinella affinis Ledeb. (a species native to Iran and Turkey). In the present study, aerial parts of the plant were collected in flowering and maturity stages from Alborz Research Station of Karaj, and dried in room temperature. Three methods of oil extraction including hydro distillation, water & steam distillation and direct steam distillation were applied based upon Taguchi statistical method in three levels to determine the quantitative and qualitative effects of the parameters namely method, time and mesh on essential oil. Essential oil yields were calculated based on dry weight. Identification of the compounds and determination of compounds percentage were done by GC and GC/MS. Mean comparisons of essential oil yield showed that more content of limonene, trans-α-bergamoten and geijeren was obtained by mesh size 20 in hydro-distillation and steam distillation methods. Mesh size 40 and time 2.5 h gave the best result for elemicine and germacren B in steam distillation method. The maximum and minimum essential oil yield was respectively obtained by mesh size 20 and 14 in water & steam distillation method. Therefore, deseirable percentage and compounds of the essential oil could be achieved from Pimpinella affinis Ledeb. by selection of the condition of essential oil extraction.
M.R. Akhgar; M. Moradalizadeh; M. Shariatifar; M. Salajegheh
Abstract
The genus Hertia, belonging to the Compositae family, contains 12 species distributed all over South and North Africa and South Asia. The Iranian flora consists of only 2 shrubby species of Hertia distributed in the desert areas. In this study, Hertia intermedia (Boiss.) O. Kuntze was collected from ...
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The genus Hertia, belonging to the Compositae family, contains 12 species distributed all over South and North Africa and South Asia. The Iranian flora consists of only 2 shrubby species of Hertia distributed in the desert areas. In this study, Hertia intermedia (Boiss.) O. Kuntze was collected from Hezar Mountain, at an altitude of 2900 m, in Rayen area, Kerman Province, Iran during June 2010. Essential oils of leaves, stems and roots of the plant were separately extracted using hydrodistillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Seventeen components (97.6%) were identified in the leaf essential oil, with β-pinene (32.1%), α-pinene (14.6%), β-phellandrene (14.2%), and α-thujene (13.5%) as the main constituents. Also among the twenty-one identified compounds (94.2%) in the stem oil, α-pinene (38.4%), β-pinene (14.8%), and trans-verbenol (12.3%) were found to be the major components. Furthermore, α-pinene (51.2%), germacrene D (11.2%), and myrcene (10.4%) were the main constituents among the eight compounds (95.3%) characterized in the root essential oil. All three oils were highly rich in monoterpenes.
M. Mirza; M. Najafpour Navaei
Abstract
The genus of Heracleum is from Umbelliferae with 10 species growing in Iran of which, four species including H. gorganicum Rech. F. are endemic. The aim of the current study was to determine the quantity and quality of fruit essential oil of the mentioned species collected from Golestan national park ...
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The genus of Heracleum is from Umbelliferae with 10 species growing in Iran of which, four species including H. gorganicum Rech. F. are endemic. The aim of the current study was to determine the quantity and quality of fruit essential oil of the mentioned species collected from Golestan national park at altitudes of 1400, 1700 and 2000 m. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillstion and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-one components were characterized for the seed oil. Main components of all essential oils were recorded for octyl acetate (33.1%, 36.6% and 39.9%), Hexyl butyrate 22.5%, 25.6%, 29.8% and Hexyl 2-methyl butyrate 5.4%, 6.3% and 7.1% respectively at altitudes of 1400, 1700 and 2000 m. It is noteworthy to state that no reports have been published yet on essential oil of the studied species.
