H. Batooli; A. Haghir Ebrahimabadi; B. Mahmodi; A. Mazochi
Abstract
Dorema D. Don. genus belongs to the Umbelliferae family with important medicinal and aromatic species, containing more than 16 species worldwide, of which 6 species have been reported in Iran. In this research, the essential oil composition of vegetative and reproductive organs of Dorema ammoniacum D. ...
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Dorema D. Don. genus belongs to the Umbelliferae family with important medicinal and aromatic species, containing more than 16 species worldwide, of which 6 species have been reported in Iran. In this research, the essential oil composition of vegetative and reproductive organs of Dorema ammoniacum D. Don. obtained from Shahsavaran, Kashan was investigated. This species is endemic to semi-arid regions of Iran and Afghanistan, growing naturally on rocky and alluvial lands. The stem, leaf, fruit and root of this species were collected in spring 2011 and dried in shade (at room temperature). The essential oil was extracted by simultaneous steam distillation and solvent extraction (SDE). The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by using GC and GC-MS. According to the obtained results, 18, 13, 12 and 12 components were identified in the essential oil of dry stem and leaf; fresh stem and leaf; fruits, and roots respectively of which the major components were as follows: (E)-nerolidol (11.7%), E, E-farnezyl acetone (8.9%), phytol (8.9%), di-n-butyl phthalate (6.9%), 2(E)-tridecen-1-al (6.1%) and α-farnesol( 5.5%) in the essential oil of dry stem and leaf; phytol (15.2%), (E)-nerolidol (14.6%), α-farnesol (14%), 2-(E)-tridecenol (12.8%) and tetradecanal (5.6%) in the essential oil of fresh stem and leaf; α-farnesol (41.2%), β-bisabolene (13%), α-bisabolol (6.4%), and (Z)-farnesal (5.5%) in the essential oil of fruits, and β-bisabolene (56.1%), elemicin (12.2%) and tridecanol (6.1%), in the essential oil of roots. Sesquiterpenes constituted the main chemical group in the essential oil obtained from the roots and fruts of Dorema ammoniacum in Shahsavaran, Kashan.
H. Zeinali; A. Moslehi Yazddeli; L. Safaei; Z. Jaberalansar; A. Akhondi; Z. Skanderi
Abstract
This research was aimed to investigate the effects of different amounts of NPK fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits of Matricaria chamomilla L. The experiment was conducted during 2007-2008 in Barij Essence Company of Kashan in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design ...
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This research was aimed to investigate the effects of different amounts of NPK fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits of Matricaria chamomilla L. The experiment was conducted during 2007-2008 in Barij Essence Company of Kashan in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications.Treatments consisted of three levels of N (0, 50, 100 kgha-1), P2O5 (0, 25, 50 kgha-1) and K2O (0, 25, 50 kgha-1). Plant height, number of flower per plant, number of lateral branches, dry and fresh weight per plant, flower yield/m2, flower diameter, essential oil percentage, and chamazulene were measured. N levels showed significant differences for the number of flower per plant, fresh weight per plant, number of lateral branches, flower yield/m2 and dry and fresh weight of flower (p < 0.05). Analysis of data showed significant differences for fresh weight per plant under different levels of P2O5 (p < 0.05). K levels showed no significant differences for all traits. Interaction of N and P2O5 levels revealed significant differences for fresh and dry weight per plant and flower yield/m2 (p < 0.01). Interaction of N and K2o5 was significant for flower diameter (p < 0.05). Analysis of mean comparison for flower yield per m2 showed that the highest flower yield was obtained at 50 kg/ha N and 25 kg/ha P2O5, and the lowest flower yield was obtained at 100 kg/ha N and 50 kg/ha P2O5. NPK fertilizers did not affect chamazulene and essential oil. In conclusion, Matricaria chamomilla L. requires few nutrient elements.
M. Ghanbari; M.K. Souri
Abstract
Genus Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae) consists of about 110-130 species. Nineteen species grow naturally in Iran of which seven are endemic. In this study, chemical composition of the essential oils of seven Achillea populations growing wild in northwest Iran, during the flowering period were investigated. ...
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Genus Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae) consists of about 110-130 species. Nineteen species grow naturally in Iran of which seven are endemic. In this study, chemical composition of the essential oils of seven Achillea populations growing wild in northwest Iran, during the flowering period were investigated. The aerial parts were collected from Zonoz, Basmenj, Pirbala, Bonab, Shabestar, Kondlaj and Jolfa regions from Eest Azerbaijan province in May and June 2011. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation method and analyzed by combination of GC-FID and GC-MS. Mean essential oil yield was calculate to be 0.1%, 0.4%, 0.1%,0.2%, 0.1%, 0.25% and 0.4% (w/w) for Zonoz, Basmenj, Pirbala, Bonab, Shabestar, Kondlaj and Jolfa, respectively. Overall, 35, 38, 48, 43, 45, 37 and 42 compounds were identified from Zonoz, Basmenj, Pirbala, Bonab, Shabestar, Kondlaj and Jolfa, respectively. The main constituents of the oils were δ-cadinol (23.3-3.7%), 1,8-cineole (18.5-7.7%), trans-nerolidole (2.6-11.3%), germacrene D (2.7-10.9%), alpha-pinene (1.06-9.44%), borneole (0.0-6.5%) and pinocarvone (2.8-6.3%). According to the obtained results, Basmenj and Zonoz are recommended as two suitable regions for the extraction of 1,8-cineol and δ-cadinol.
A. Zarezadeh; A. Mirhossaini; M. Mirza; M.R. Arabzadeh
Abstract
The essential oil of Thymus spp has valuable components such as thymol and carvacrol. The aerial parts of different thymus accessions, cultivated in Shahedied research station of medicinal plants, were collected at flowering stage and then dried in shadow and hydro-distilled for obtaining their essential ...
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The essential oil of Thymus spp has valuable components such as thymol and carvacrol. The aerial parts of different thymus accessions, cultivated in Shahedied research station of medicinal plants, were collected at flowering stage and then dried in shadow and hydro-distilled for obtaining their essential oils. Analysis and identification of chemical composition of the oil were performed by GC and GC/MS. Among 74 cultivated accessions in 2011, the highest amount of oil yield was related to the accessions CFTNJI (4.17%), ZELP (4%), Q (3.72%), NJICFT (3.71%), XDRMKO (3.54%), respectively and the lowest was related to BHUZSE (0.66%). The highest amount of oil production per hectare was related to the accesstions XDRVGY (87.5kg/ha), NJICFT(45.42kg/ha), ZSECFT(40.86kg/ha), BHUMKO (38.31kg/ha), respectively and the lowest was related to CFTMKO (0.9kg/ha). Para-cymene, 1,8-cineol, gamma terpinene, borneol, thymol, carvacrol, geraniol, limonene, acetate geranil, terpineol, linalool, caryophyllene, respectively with values of 28.41%, 31.66%, 20.44%, 29.35%, 71.1%, 81.45%, 76.99%, 43%, 28%, 38.6%, 55.56%, 81%, 20%, were related to the accessions VGYCFT, NJIBHU, MKOMKO, CFTCFT, ZSEQ, NJICFT, CFTQ, MKOQ, CFTZSE, NJIBHU, ZSEQ, NJICFT, CFTQ, MKOQ, CFTZSE, NJIBHU, ZSELP, VGYMKO. In (2012), the highest amount of oil yield was recorded for the accessions Q (4.07%), CFTVGY (3.7%), MKOVGY (3.63%), ZSEQ (3.45%), ZSELP (%3.43), respectively and the lowest was found in VGYMKO (62.0%). The highest amount of oil production per hectare was related to the accessions BHUVGY (74.9kg/ha), XDRVGY (60.9kg/ha), XDRLP (51.78kg/ha), CFT (49.21kg/ha), Q (46.11kg/ha), respectively and the lowest was found in BHUZSE(2.36kg/ha). Generally, in terms of oil yield , oil production and main composition of essential oil, three accessions including NJICFT (Thymus Transcaspicus) with 3.71% essential oil and 45.42kg per hectare oil production and 81.5 % carvacrol, ZSEQ (T. daenensis) with 3.45% essential oil and 37.15 kg/h oil production and 73% thymol, and XDRVGY (T. vulgaris) with 2.75% essential oil and 78.5kg/h oil production and 45.8% thymol were selected as superior accessions.
M.R. Akhgar; P. Rajaei; S. Amandadi
Abstract
The genus Salvia, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, contains 58 species in Iran, 17 of which are endemic. In this study, Salvia macilenta Boiss. was collected from Bam-Jiroft road, Jebalbarez area, Kerman Province, Iran, in May 2012. The essential oils of leaves, flowers, stems and roots of the plantwere ...
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The genus Salvia, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, contains 58 species in Iran, 17 of which are endemic. In this study, Salvia macilenta Boiss. was collected from Bam-Jiroft road, Jebalbarez area, Kerman Province, Iran, in May 2012. The essential oils of leaves, flowers, stems and roots of the plantwere separately extracted using hydrodistillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In the leaf oil, 46 components were identified, representing 99.7% of the total oil, with α-pinene (36.4%), β-pinene (7.6%), borneol (5.4%) and β-caryophyllene (5.1%) as the main constituents. The flower oil was characterized by higher amount of α-pinene (45.1%), β-pinene (10.5%), camphene (8.8%) and limonene (6.8%) among the 26 components comprising 100% of the total oil detected. Furthermore, 18 compounds were identified in the stem oil, representing 97.5% of the total oil. α-Pinene (25.1%), bornyl acetate (16.8%), β-eudesmol (8.6%) and borneol (8.1%) were found to be the major constituents. In the root oil, 10 components were identified, representing 88.2% of the total oil, with trans-viridiflorol (18.1%), β-eudesmol (16.4%), trans-ferruginol (15.8%) and dibutyl phthalate (10.6%) as the main constituents. Consequently, the leaf, flower and stem essential oils of S. macilenta were rich in monoterpenes, while α-pinene, the dominant component of these oils, was not identified in the root oil.
H. Batooli; J. Safaei Ghomi; T. Ahmadi
Abstract
Melia L. genus, belonging to the Meliaceae family, has important tree species.There are more than 15 species of this genus in the world and two species from Iran have been reported so far. In this study, the chemical compositions of the essential oils of reproductive organs of M. azedarach L., cultivated ...
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Melia L. genus, belonging to the Meliaceae family, has important tree species.There are more than 15 species of this genus in the world and two species from Iran have been reported so far. In this study, the chemical compositions of the essential oils of reproductive organs of M. azedarach L., cultivated in Kashan Botanical Garden, were investigated. The flowering branches and ripe fruits of this species were collected in the spring of 2009 and dried in the shade (at room temperature). The essentila oil was extracted by simultaneous steam distillation extraction method. The oil analysis was performed by using GC and GC-MS. The essential oil yield of flowering branches and fruits was calculated to be 0.02% and 0.01% (w/w), respectively.Ten and 35 chemical compositions were identified in the essentila oils of flowering branches and fruits of this species. The main components of the essential oils of flowers were E-nerolidole (39%), bicyclogermacrene (8.2%) and viridiflorol (8.1%). The main components of the essential oils of fruits were aromadendrene (21.9%), bicyclogermacrene (13.7%), globulol (8.1%), spathulenol (6.5%), allo-aromadendrene (4.7%), β-caryophyllene (4.7%). Oxygenated sesquiterpens were identified as main component in the essential oil of flowers, while the major chemical component of the essential oils of fruits were associated with hydrocarbon sesquiterpens, and hydrocarbon monoterpenes were not found in plant reproductive organs.
H. Delavar; M.J. Saharkhiz; N. Kazerani
Abstract
This investigation was conducted to determine the essential oil composition and allopathic properties of anghuzeh (Ferula assa-foetida L.) medicinal plant. The experiment was completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement with two factors and three replications. The factors were six concentrations ...
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This investigation was conducted to determine the essential oil composition and allopathic properties of anghuzeh (Ferula assa-foetida L.) medicinal plant. The experiment was completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement with two factors and three replications. The factors were six concentrations of 0, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ppm of the essential oil and five plant species including three weed species, Sinapis arvensis, Acroptilo repens, and Cardaria draba as well as two crops i.e. Triticum aestivum and Hordeum vulgare. The essential oil used in this study was extracted by hydro-distillation from the latex of the plant. The obtained oil was analyzed by Gas chromatography (GC) and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS).To assess the allopathic effects of the oil on the studied species, a number of growth parameters such as seed germination, radical and plumule length as well as their dry and fresh weight, and abnormality percent of the seedlings were evaluated. The results of this investigation showed that the Anghuzeh essential oil had significant (p ≤ 0.05) allelopathic effect on the studied weeds and crops. The comparisons among the means indicated that the response of the species to the oil were quite different. For example, Triticum aestivum showed maximum germination percent in the presence of different oil concentrations. While, the germination of Hordeum vulgare, Acroptilon repens, and Cardaria draba showed more susceptibility to the oil. Moreover, the results of the essential oil analysis indicated that a total of 13 components were identified in the oil of which α-Pinene (21.3%), β- Pinene, (47.1%) and 1,2-Dithiolane (18.6%) were the major compounds. The observed allelopathic effects of the essential oil are regarded to oil components and their synergistic effects. The findings of this study are the first step to use of Anghuzeh essential oil as a natural herbicide. Further investigations are still required for practical and commercial application of this method.
S.M. Moosavi; S.G.R. Moosavi; M.J. Seghatoleslami
Abstract
In order to study the effect of drought stress at different growth reproductive stages and N fertilizer rates on some morphological and quantitative traits and water use efficiency (WUE) of fennel(Foenicolum vulgare Mill.), an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a Randomized ...
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In order to study the effect of drought stress at different growth reproductive stages and N fertilizer rates on some morphological and quantitative traits and water use efficiency (WUE) of fennel(Foenicolum vulgare Mill.), an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications, at Research Field of Islamic Azad University of Birjand Branch in 2010. The main plot included irrigation at three levels (irrigation stop at start of flowering, and seed-filling stages, and optimum irrigation) and the sub-plot was N fertilizer at four rates (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N/ha). Results showed that irrigation stop at start of flowering and seed-filling stages decreased plant height by 16.2 and 5.2%, fruit yield by 69.7 and 52.6%, essential oil yield by 72.9 and 31.4%, and WUE for essential oil production by 69.1 and 4.5%, respectively as compared to optimum irrigation treatment. Moreover, the increase in rate of nitrogen application from 0 to 120 kg N/ha significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, branch number of main stem and fruit yield, 5.8, 12, 15.5 and 24.3%, respectively. However, the highest yield and WUE for essential oil production was observed in 60 kg N/ha application treatment. In general, according to the results of current study, optimum irrigation with 60 kg N/ha application treatment can be recommended to achieve high essential oil yield of fennel in Birjand, Iran.
B. Fattahi; V. Nazeri; S. Kalantari; M. Bonfill
Abstract
GenusSalvia, belonging to the Labiatae family, has valuable active ingredients including essential oils, flavonoids and rosmarinic acid. Pharmacological researches on Salvia genus have confirmed medicinal properties of the plant including antibacterial and antioxidant effects. Total flavonoids, rosmarinic ...
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GenusSalvia, belonging to the Labiatae family, has valuable active ingredients including essential oils, flavonoids and rosmarinic acid. Pharmacological researches on Salvia genus have confirmed medicinal properties of the plant including antibacterial and antioxidant effects. Total flavonoids, rosmarinic acid and the content and chemical compounds of essential oil of three populations of Salvia reuterana Boiss., collected from three regions of Iran (Deli chai, Kaswa and Shahmirzad), as well as Salvia palaestina Benth., collected from Rodbarak, were evaluated in present study. Fifty-six compounds of S. reuterana and S. palaestina were identified by GC-MS. The most important chemical compositions for S. reuterana were α-gurjunen, β-elemene, germacern-D, N-hexyl acetate and spatholenol and for S. palaestina were caryophyllen, dihydro carveol, germacern-D, linalool and spatholenol. Diethyl ether extract of leaves was used for quantification and identification of flavonoids and rosmarinic acid. The crushed leaves of the plant were dissolved in diethyl ether solvent and then were injected into the LC-DAD-ESI-MS system. Total flavonoids amount of S. reuterana, collected from Kaswa, Deli chai and Shahmirzad were calculated to be 3252.76, 3697.19 and 5132.92 µg/ g, respectively. Also the amount of rosmarinic acid in plants, collected from Kaswa, Deli chai and Shahmirzad was 122, 177.11 and 98.46 µg/ g, respectively. S. palaestina Rodbarak showed 3808 and 19.72 µg/g of total flavonoids and rosmarinic acid, respectively.
H. Zeinali; H. Hosseini; M.H. Shirzadi
Abstract
Mint (Mentha piperita L.), belonging to Labiatae family, is one of the most important plants, which is used widely in terms of pharmaceutical, food and health. Essential oils and compounds are important components of the plant and are severely affected by agricultural agents. In this study, the effects ...
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Mint (Mentha piperita L.), belonging to Labiatae family, is one of the most important plants, which is used widely in terms of pharmaceutical, food and health. Essential oils and compounds are important components of the plant and are severely affected by agricultural agents. In this study, the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and harvesting time on yield and yield components, essential oil and menthol were studied. A split-plot design with three replications was used. The measured traits included leaf length, leaf width, plant height, fresh weight per square meter in the first and second harvest, fresh weight of 100 leaves, essential and oil menthol of the first second harvest, shoot yield and essential oil yield per hectare. Variance analysis results showed that different levels of nitrogen and harvesting time had a significant effect on all traits except for leaf length. The interaction of nitrogen and harvesting time showed a significant difference for all traits except leaf length and width. Mean comparison of traits showed that the plant height, fresh weight per square meter, fresh weight of 100 leaves, essential oil of the first harvest, menthol of the first and second harvest, shoot yield per hectare and essential oil yield increased with increasing of nitrogen intake. Mean comparison of different harvesting times showed that the highest shoot yield and essential oil yield were obtained at budding stage. The interaction between different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and harvesting time also showed that the highest shoot yield per hectare was obtained by the application of 200 kilograms of nitrogen fertilizer per hectare at budding stage. The highest amount of menthol was obtained at consumption level of 300 kg nitrogen fertilizer per hectare and at 50 % flowering. In addition, according to the obtained results, essential oil percentage of the second harvests showed a significant decreasing trend. Overall, results showed that the highest fresh yield per hectare and essential oil were obtained at budding stage and consumption level of 200 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer.
A. Nikoupour; K. Jaimand; M.T. Darzi; F. Rejali
Abstract
In order to evaluate the performance of biological phosphorus fertilizer and plant density on the quantity and quality of essential oils in Ajowan (Trachyspermum copticum L.), this research was performed as a two factors factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications ...
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In order to evaluate the performance of biological phosphorus fertilizer and plant density on the quantity and quality of essential oils in Ajowan (Trachyspermum copticum L.), this research was performed as a two factors factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field of the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands in spring 2010. The treatments consisted of four levels of the phosphorus bio-fertilizer (Control (non-inoculated) seed soaked with liquid fertilizer, soluble fertilizer to the plants and seed soaked with liquid fertilizer & soluble fertilizer to the plants) and three levels of density (250000, 125000, 83000 plants per hectare). The studied characteristics included essential oil percentage, oil yield, percentage of thymol, terpinolene and p-cymene were in volatil oils. Results showed that the effect of bio-fertilizer phosphorus on the studied characteristics were significant at 1% , so that the highest amounts of oil percentage (4.34%) and oil yield (143.12 kg per hectare) were obtained in double inoculation treatment (seed soaked with liquid fertilizer & soluble fertilizer to the plants). In addition, the highest percentages of thymol (33.9%), terpinolene (41.5%), and p-cymene (23.3%) were obtained in the treatments of seed soaked with liquid fertilizer, double inoculation treatment, and soluble fertilizer, respectively. The effect of plant density on the studied characteristics was significant at 1% level of significance, so that the highest amounts of oil percentage (4.1%), oil yield (104.07 kg ha-1), thymol (37.4%), terpinolene (44.5%) and p-cymene (23.9%) were obtained in plant density treatments of 83000, 250000, 125000, and 83000 plants per hectare, respectively. However, significant interaction effects were also observed on oil percentage (5.37%), oil yield (149.5 kg per hectare), percentage of thymol (40%), percentage of terpinolene (49.1%) and percentage of para-cymene (25.6%).
F. Senfi; M.H. Safaralizadeh; S.A. Safavi; Sh. Aramideh
Abstract
Nowadays, the application of plant essential oils has been highly considered as an alternative for synthetic insecticides especially in stored-product pests. One of the potential resources for development of new pesticides is plant materials, acting as repellents, antifeedants, oviposition deterrents ...
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Nowadays, the application of plant essential oils has been highly considered as an alternative for synthetic insecticides especially in stored-product pests. One of the potential resources for development of new pesticides is plant materials, acting as repellents, antifeedants, oviposition deterrents and toxic compounds. In this study, fumigant toxicity of essential oils extracted from Laurus nobilis L. and Myrtus communis L. was assessed on adults and eggs stage of Callosobruchus maculatus. This research was conducted in a completely randomized design at 30 ± 2°C and relative humidity of 60 ± 5 % in darkness. Each essential oil was tested in 3 replications and 5 concentrations. The LC50 values for L. nobilis and M. communis for adults of the beetle were calculated to be 71.782 and 44.138 micro liter per liter of air and the LC95 values were calculated to be 216.278 and 141.716 micro liter per liter of air, respectively. The LC50 values for L. nobilis and M. communis for eggs of the beetle were calculated to be 63.994 and 38.371 microliter per liter of air, respectively. It seems that essential oils can be used as a low-risk insecticide.
M.R. Akhgar; D. Ghazanfari; H. Rahbari
Abstract
The genus Nepeta, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, has 67 species in Iran, most of which are endemic. In this study we provide a qualitative and quantitative comparison of essential oil of leaves, flowers, stems and roots. Nepeta bornmuelleri Hausskn. ex Bornm., an endemic and aromatic species, was ...
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The genus Nepeta, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, has 67 species in Iran, most of which are endemic. In this study we provide a qualitative and quantitative comparison of essential oil of leaves, flowers, stems and roots. Nepeta bornmuelleri Hausskn. ex Bornm., an endemic and aromatic species, was collected from Hezar mountain, Kerman province, Iran, in May 2011. The essential oils of leaves, flowers, stems and roots of the plantwere separately extracted using hydrodistillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In the leaf and flower oils, 38 and 19 components were identified, representing 98.% and 94.5% of the total oils, with 4aβ,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone (29.2% and 26.8%), 1,8-cineole (19.6% and 14.6%), 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (6.6% and 19.5%) and β-pinene (18.9% and 11.4%) as the main constituents, respectively. The stem oil was characterized by higher amount of 4aβ,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone (39.8%), caryophyllene oxide (24.1%) and 1,8-cineole (12.8%) among the 9 components comprising 95.8% of the total oil. Furthermore, 12 compounds were identified in the root oil, representing 99.3% of the total oil. 4aβ,7α,7aβ-Nepetalactone (73.2%) and 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (13.4%) isomers were found to be the major constituents. As a result, nepetalactone was the dominant component in the essential oils of N. bornmuelleri.
N. Kazerani; M.J. Saharkhiz; J. Javanmardi; B. Heidari; M. Rezaei; P. Bayat
Abstract
Holy basil (Ocimium sanctum L.) is a medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to Lamiaceae family. This study was conducted to determine the most suitable plant density and nitrogen fertilizer rate to improve the qualitative and quantitative traits of Holy basil. The experiment was a randomized complete ...
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Holy basil (Ocimium sanctum L.) is a medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to Lamiaceae family. This study was conducted to determine the most suitable plant density and nitrogen fertilizer rate to improve the qualitative and quantitative traits of Holy basil. The experiment was a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement with two factors and four replications. The factors were plant density (D) at 26.6, 19, 14.8, and 12.1 plant per m2, and nitrogen (N) at three levels of 0, 50 and 100 kg/ha. At full flowering stage, plant height, shoot number and length, inflorescence length, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, and essential oil content and yield were measured. According to the results, the plant density and nitrogen treatments had significant effects (P≤0.05) on fresh and dry matter weights, secondary shoot length, essential oil content and yield, and the number of inflorescences. However, the studied treatments did not affect the number of branches, plant height, and root and shoot, root dry matter, chlorophyll content and leaf area. The interaction effects of row spacing and nitrogen levels on all traits with the exception of chlorophyll content and leaf area were significant (P≤0.05). The highest amounts of fresh and dry matter weights, shoot length, number of inflorescences, essential oil content and yield were obtained in 14.8 plant per m2 with application of 50 kg N/ha. Essential oil contents (w/w%) varied between 0.6-1.1%.
F. Hamzavi; S. Moharramipour; A.A. Talebi
Abstract
Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val., Sitophilus granarius L. and Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. are the most important stored-product pests on stored wheat. This research was aimed to investigate the repellency effect of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Callistemon viminalis (Gaertn.) G.Don essential ...
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Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val., Sitophilus granarius L. and Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. are the most important stored-product pests on stored wheat. This research was aimed to investigate the repellency effect of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Callistemon viminalis (Gaertn.) G.Don essential oils against the above mentioned insects. Essential oils were obtained from dry leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Callistemon viminalis (Gaertn), subjected to hydrodistillation using a modified Clevenger. The Y-tube olfactometer bioassay was used to test the repellency of essential oils. Different concentrations of essential oils (4-10 µl) were prepared by dissolving in 50 µl acetone and mixing with 2 g wheat kernels. The highest repellency of E. camaldulensid and C. viminalis essential oils were obtained at concentration levels of 90% and 70% for T. confusum, 60% and 35% for S. granarius and 60% and 53% for O. surinamensis, respectively. Results indicated that the essential oils were more repellent to T. confusum as compared to S. granariu and O. surinamensis. At a concentration of 35.71 µl/l. air, the half-life time of E. camaldulensis essential oils (3.79 days) was as long as C. viminalis (4.34 days) on T. confusum. The persistence of E. camaldulensis essential oils (4.40 days) was significantly longer than that of C. viminalis (2.15 days) on S. granarius. Findings indicated that the tested essential oils in protected areas had substantial repellency even at low concentrations; however, they were less persistent compounds, broken down more quickly.
J. Hosseinzadeh; H. Farazmand; Y. Karimpour
Abstract
In order to find recyclable, environment friendly and easy accessible insecticides, the essential oils of Thuja occidentalis L. (Cupressaceae), was used against the adults of Lasioderma serricorne F. (Col.: Anobiidae). The analysis of T. occidentalis essential oil used for insect fumigation by phase ...
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In order to find recyclable, environment friendly and easy accessible insecticides, the essential oils of Thuja occidentalis L. (Cupressaceae), was used against the adults of Lasioderma serricorne F. (Col.: Anobiidae). The analysis of T. occidentalis essential oil used for insect fumigation by phase gas chromatography revealed the presence of 22 compounds including α-thujone (49.64%), fenchone (14.06%), and β-thujone (8.98%). The experiment was conducted in 6 replications using a completely randomized design of factorial experiment. The essential oil was extracted by water distillation method. Experiment was carried out at 30 ± 2 °C and 60 ± 5% R. H. under dark condition. Treatments consisted of 5 concentrations of essential oil with three replications for each concentration. Each replication contained 20 adults of 7-14-day old. According to the results, the studied oil showed a significant lethality against the adults of Lasioderma serricorne. LC50 value for the oil of T. occidentalis, in this experiment was 246 μl/l airs for L. serricorne.
M. Babalar; S. Mohtashami; S.M. Ebrahimzadeh Musavi; M.H. Mirjalili
Abstract
In this research, in order to study the effect of different packaging on essential oil content, antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, total flavonoid, flavone and flavonol content, microbial load and color characteristics of Dracocephalum moldavica L., an experiment in a randomized complete design ...
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In this research, in order to study the effect of different packaging on essential oil content, antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, total flavonoid, flavone and flavonol content, microbial load and color characteristics of Dracocephalum moldavica L., an experiment in a randomized complete design (RCD) with nine treatments and three replications was carried out. The packaging treatments were P1: control (without definite packaging), P2: polyethylene packaging with ambient gas combination exposed in light conditions P3: Polyethylene-polyamide package with ambient gas combination exposed in light conditions, P4: polyethylene-polyamide packaging with ambient gas combination exposed in dark conditions, P5: polyethylene-polyamide packaging with 5% O2 and 95% N2 gas combination exposed in light conditions, P6: polyethylene-polyamide packaging with 5% O2 and 95% N2 gas combination exposed in dark conditions, P7: polyethylene-polyamide packaging and vacuum gas combination exposed in light conditions, P8: polyethylene-polyamide packaging and vacuum gas combination exposed in dark conditions, P9: dried material before of packaging. All packages were stored at room temperature for three months. Results showed that packaging treatments had significant effects on some factors. The maximum essential oil content (0.73 and 0.72%, respectively v/w) was related to pre-packaged sample and P8 treatments and minimum essential oil content belonged to control, P2 and P5 treatments (0.28, 0.37 and 0.39%, respectively). Maximum antioxidant activity was obtained in pre-packaged, P1 and P5 treatments while P2 and P4 treatments showed minimum antioxidant activity. The highest (188.8) and the lowest (72/8) content of phenolic compounds (mg Quercitin/g DW) were measured in P9 and P2 treatments respectively. The maximum (78.6) and the minimum (14.1) content of flavonoids (mg Quercitin/g DW) were detected in P9 and P7 treatments, respectively. Fungal colony in P9 treatment (4× 103 Cfu) was higher than other packaging methods while the quantity of this contamination was not significantly different among other packaging treatments.
Kh. Karimzadeh; F. Sefidkon; N. Majnoon Hosseini; S.A. Peighambari
Abstract
To study the effect of different levels of soil moisture, zeolite and biofertilizers on physiological characteristics, yield and essential oil of medicinal plant Dracocephalum moldavica L., this research was performed in 2010 at Tehran university research greenhouse. For this purpose, a factorial split-plot ...
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To study the effect of different levels of soil moisture, zeolite and biofertilizers on physiological characteristics, yield and essential oil of medicinal plant Dracocephalum moldavica L., this research was performed in 2010 at Tehran university research greenhouse. For this purpose, a factorial split-plot experiment in RCBD with 4 replications was used. In this study the main plots included different soil moisture levels (90%, 60% and 30 % FC) and subplots consisted of two levels of zeolite (zero, 8gr 4kg-1 soil) along with four levels of biofertilizers (without biofertilizer, nitroxin, biphosphorous, nitroxin+biphosphorous). Results showed that the highest amount of total, a and b chlorophylls, relative water content and yield of essential oil were obtained through %90 FC, but the highest amount of solution carbohydrates, proline and percentage of essential oil were obtained through %30 FC. The maximum amount of studied physiological traits as essential oil percentage and essential oil yield were obtained from application of nitroxin+biophosphorous. Interaction effects of soil moisture, zeolite and biofertilizers showed significant differences among different treatments on amount of a, b and total chlorophyll, relative water content, percentage and yield of essential oil. The maximum amount of oil yields were obtained from zeolite application and combination of nitroxin+biphosphorous and 60% FC and treatment of no consumption of zeolite and combination of nitroxin+biphosphorous with 90% FC. It could be concluded that moderate drought stress (60% FC) with application of zeolite and combination of nitroxin+biphosphorous is beneficial for Dragonhead essential oil yield.
Z. Masumi; P. Zandi; S.R. Tabaei Aghdaei
Abstract
In order to identify the best genotypes of rose (Rosa damascene Mill.), a field experiment was conducted in a randomized completely blocks design with seven treatments and three replications. Flower number, flower fresh weight, yield, petal fresh weight, petal to flower fresh weight ratio, petal number, ...
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In order to identify the best genotypes of rose (Rosa damascene Mill.), a field experiment was conducted in a randomized completely blocks design with seven treatments and three replications. Flower number, flower fresh weight, yield, petal fresh weight, petal to flower fresh weight ratio, petal number, flower diameter, flowering period, essential oil weight were investigated for seven genotypes of rose (Fars1, Fars2, Darab1, Darab2, Darab3, Estahban1, Meymand). Essential oil was obtained by distillation method and essential oil composition was determined by GC and GC/MS. Data analysis was performed by SAS and Jamp4. According to the results of mean comparisons, the highest yield and flower number were recorded for Darab1, Meymand and Fars2, while the highest amount of essential oil was obtained for Maymand and Fars2. A positive and significant correlation was also found between yield and flower number, leading to the increased essential oil. Citronellol, neral, and n-nonadecane were identified as the major components of the essential oil, respectively found in Darab1, Darab3, and Estahban1.
A. Rahamani; M. Mirza; S.R. Tabaei-Aghdai
Abstract
In this project, the effect of chemical fertilizers, organic manure and their combination on the quality of essential oils of Damask Rosa was investigated in Karadj Alborz Research Station. The study was conducted using randomized complete blocks design with 20 independent treatments and three replications ...
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In this project, the effect of chemical fertilizers, organic manure and their combination on the quality of essential oils of Damask Rosa was investigated in Karadj Alborz Research Station. The study was conducted using randomized complete blocks design with 20 independent treatments and three replications in a loam-clay soil with pH =7.9. In this experiment, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash and a combination of trace elements as fertilizer and cow manure were used. Amount of essential oil and quality of essential oil at different treatments were measured in 3 years. Essential oils of petals were extracted by hydrodistillation method in three consecutive years and oil composition was identified in the first and second years of flowering stage using GC and GC/MS. The results of analysis of variance and mean performance showed that the difference among treatments was significant at 1% level of probability. Treatment N80P80K40 and 30 tons of manure per hectare had the highest amount of essential oil. The average amount of essential oil in three consecutive years in this with 0.35 percent was the highest and in control with 0.23 percent was the lowest value. The highest average oil yield in the three years was recorded for treatment N40P40K40, (1395.58 g/ha), and minimum was obtained for the treatment consisting only 40 tons of manure, (636.23 g/ha). After that, the minimum oil yield was recorded for control treatment (868.98 g/ha) in these three years. The composition of essential oils in the first year of flowering showed that Linalool, Geraniol and Citronelllol increased 88, 39 and 36 percent, respectively in treatment N40P40K40, compared with the control. In the second year of flowering, the amount of Geraniol in this treatment increased by 45 percent and that of hexadekanol and heptadekan decreased 45 percent and 30 percent compared with the control.
M.H. RAD; K. Jaimand; M.H. Assareh; M. Soltani
Abstract
Drought stress has different effects on morphological, physiological and biochemical processes of plants. Moreover, the quantity and quality of essential oil are affected by drought stress. Eucalyptus species including Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. are considered as rich sources of essential oils especially ...
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Drought stress has different effects on morphological, physiological and biochemical processes of plants. Moreover, the quantity and quality of essential oil are affected by drought stress. Eucalyptus species including Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. are considered as rich sources of essential oils especially 1,8-cineol. In order to study the effect of drought stress on essential oil yield, the type of chemical compounds and also water use efficiency in E. camaldulensis, this research was conducted in a completely randomized design with three treatments including 100, 70, and 40% field capacity and three replications. The experiment was carried out in combat desertification research station of Shahid Sadoughi under lisymetry conditions. Results showed that increasing of soil moisture led to the increased production of essential oil. However, mild drought stress resulted in increased essential oil yield and improved water use efficiency. Mild drought stress compared to other treatments (p < 0.001), improved the production of 1, 8-cineol, however it was observed that it decreased or stopped the production of many other compounds. The percentage of 1, 8 - cineol in the treatments of 100, 70 and 40% field capacity, were, 69.33, 78.13 and 51.87, respectively. The production of α-pinene, as another important compound was also affected by enough moisture (without stress) so that It's value showed significant difference with other treatments (p <0.001). The percentage of α-pinene in the treatments of 100, 70 and 40% field capacity, were, 14.0, 7.03 and 4.06, respectively. The moisture treatments including 100% FC (without stress), 70% FC (mild stress) and 40% FC (severe stress) were studied with three replicates and completely randomize design.
P. Haiati; V. Rowshan
Abstract
Satureja hortensis L. (Savory), belonging to the family Lamiaceae (formerly Labiatae) is an annual herb. In order to determine the effects of salicylic acid (SA) (Control, 200, 4oo and 600mgL-1) in early flowering stage on growth and components of essential oils of Satureja hortensis, a factorial ...
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Satureja hortensis L. (Savory), belonging to the family Lamiaceae (formerly Labiatae) is an annual herb. In order to determine the effects of salicylic acid (SA) (Control, 200, 4oo and 600mgL-1) in early flowering stage on growth and components of essential oils of Satureja hortensis, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was carried out with three replications. The oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The fresh weight was significantly increased in 200 mgL-1 SA, compared to the control. The yield of essential oil was 3.1% (Control) and 3.7% (200 mgL-1) with a significant difference. The main constituents of the essential oil were carvacrol, γ-terpinene, α-terpinene and p-cymene. SA application increased α-terpinene from 4.35% (Control) to 7.7% (200 mgL-1), β-myrcene from 2.5 (Control) to 4.3 (200 mgL-1), p-cymene from 1.9% (Control) to 2.5% (600 mgL-1) and decreased carvacrol from 44.8% (Control) to 38.5% (200 mgL-1). Results showed that SA application caused changes in the quantity and quality of essential oils.
R. Kalvandi; S.M. Hesamzadeh Hejazi; M. Mirza; M. Atri; Z. Jamzad; K. Safikhani; M. Ahmadian
Abstract
In order to evaluate several ecological factors, morphological traits, essential oil productivity and ploidy levels of Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas with uses of DSS method ten natural habitats were selected in Lorestan, Markazi, Hamadan, Kermanshah and Kurdestan provinces in Iran. To ...
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In order to evaluate several ecological factors, morphological traits, essential oil productivity and ploidy levels of Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas with uses of DSS method ten natural habitats were selected in Lorestan, Markazi, Hamadan, Kermanshah and Kurdestan provinces in Iran. To study and evaluate morphological characters, five complete plant samples and flowering branches were collected from each locality at flowering stage for essential oil extraction in spring season of 2008. Ecological data of ten localities were also recorded. Vegetative and reproductive traits and essential oil quantity of each population were studied. Seeds were also collected in the seed production season to study seed characters, chromosome counting and ploidy level. At least 10 mitotic cells of each population were studied to determine chromosome numbers and ploidy levels. All populations were classified in 4 groups. Results revealed that specimens from "Te9 population" had the highest average length and width of inflorescence leaf, inflorescence leaf length to width ratio, stem leaf length to width ratio, petiole length, calyx tube length, corolla length and the highest average length and width of bracteole. The results of chromosome counting showed that specimens of Te1, Te2, Te3, Te4, Te5, Te6 and Te8 populations were diploid (2n=2x=30) and specimens of Te7, Te9 and Te10 populations were tetraploid (2n=4x=60). The highest essential oil production belonged to Te5 population (3.04%).
M. Negahban; S. Moharramipour; M. Zandi; S.A. Hashemi
Abstract
Recent research has focused on insecticidal property of essential oil plants in biological control of insects. Controlled release by nanoencapsulated essential oil seems to be the best choice for increasing the efficiency and minimization of environmental damage. In this work, efficiency of nanoencapsulated ...
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Recent research has focused on insecticidal property of essential oil plants in biological control of insects. Controlled release by nanoencapsulated essential oil seems to be the best choice for increasing the efficiency and minimization of environmental damage. In this work, efficiency of nanoencapsulated essential oil of Artemisia sieberi Besser was tested on repellent activity of Plutella xylostella L.. Several concentrations were prepared and then third instars larvae were introduced into each treatment. Then, repellent activity was determined after 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h from commencement of exposure. Results showed that at 1.9 ppm the nanocapule of Artemisia oil was shown here to possess more repellent activity (80%) to P. xylustella compered to Artemisia oil (62%) before formulation after 24h. The repellent activity varied with application method and concentrations and exposure time. The results showed higher repellent rates in nanocapsule than in essential oil due to controlled-release formulations allowing smaller quantities of essential oil to be used more effectively over a given time interval. The reasons for nanocapsulating the essential oil have been to improve its stability to reduce side effects or to reduce dosing frequency and total dosing amount, to obtain better repellent activity, and for sustained (long-lasting) release. Therefore the nanocapsulation of A. sibeiri might provide a new method for the management of P. xylostella.
M.R. Akhgar; A. Pourmirzaie; M. Moradalizadeh; T. Salarkarimi
Abstract
The genus Neogaillonia, belonging to the Rubiaceae family, has 4 species in Iran. This research was aimed to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts of Neogaillonia eriantha, from endemic species of Iran. The aerial parts of Neogaillonia eriantha (Jaub. & Spach) ...
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The genus Neogaillonia, belonging to the Rubiaceae family, has 4 species in Iran. This research was aimed to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts of Neogaillonia eriantha, from endemic species of Iran. The aerial parts of Neogaillonia eriantha (Jaub. & Spach) Lincz., were collected from the area between Sirjan and Hajiabad, at a height of 2900 m, Kerman province, Iran during May 2010. Essential oil of the aerial parts of the plant was extracted using hydrodistillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The average essential oil yield was 0.2% (w/w). Essential oil compounds were identified by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-two compounds, representing 99.6% of the total oil, were identified in the essential oil. The main constituents were β-pinene (17.1%), 1,8-cineole (15.4%), δ-3-carene (11.4%), piperitone (11.3%), α-pinene (9.1%), and limonene (8.7%). As a result, monoterpenes (95.9%) were the main group of compounds found in the essential oil of the species.
