Biological effects of essential oils and extracts
D. Yazdani; M. Ebrahimi; A. Moodi; F. Nabati; M. Pouyan; S. Alvani; F. Jokar Shourijeh
Abstract
South Khorasan province is considered as the largest producer of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) in Iran and the lives of a significant part of the locals depend on this product. The spread of jujube pest Monosteira alticarinata Ghauri in recent years, in addition to reducing the crop production, has ...
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South Khorasan province is considered as the largest producer of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) in Iran and the lives of a significant part of the locals depend on this product. The spread of jujube pest Monosteira alticarinata Ghauri in recent years, in addition to reducing the crop production, has threatened the health of jujube consumers due to the widespread use of chemical pesticides to control this insect at harvest time. Therefore, the possibility of controlling this pest with formulations of some medicinal plants extracts and essential oils was investigated for the first time in this study. In the laboratory phase, the formulations included Capsicum annuum L. extract (30%)+Allium sativum L. oil (10%), Mentha piperita L. essential oil (10%)+Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. essential oil (10%), Syzygium aromaticum L. essential oil (30%), Azadirachta indica A. Juss. oil (5%)+Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil (5%), and A. indica oil (5%)+ Th. vulgaris essential oil (5%)+potassium soap (50%) with deltamethrin (0.1%) and water as positive and negative controls, respectively were assayed in bioassay test. The results showed the high efficiency of the 5thformulation, which after four hours with a concentration of 2% caused 100% death of the pest and placed in the same statistical group with deltamethrin (92.5% efficiency in killing the pest). The results of Polo Plus software showed LC50 at a concentration of 0.91% of 5thformulation. The results of field data analysis showed the relative controlling potential of the formulation used in the field surveys, so that after 24, 48, and 72 hours, the insect control percentage at a concentration of 2% of this formulation was 27.43, 43.99, and 56.24%, respectively. These results showed that the fifth herbal formulation (2%) had a good ability to control M. alticarinata and could be used as an alternative to common chemical pesticides after official registration.
Biological effects of essential oils and extracts
M. Hejazy; R. Norouzi
Abstract
From the past until now, the plants and their products have been used as food and medicine in the nutrition and treatment of diseases in humans and animals. However, in the popular perception, the herbal nature of a medicinal or food product was equivalent to its lack of toxicity and safety, and the ...
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From the past until now, the plants and their products have been used as food and medicine in the nutrition and treatment of diseases in humans and animals. However, in the popular perception, the herbal nature of a medicinal or food product was equivalent to its lack of toxicity and safety, and the side effects and toxicity of the plants and their products have been less studied. Therefore, the use of a system that incorporates the bioethical considerations, speed, simplicity, and at the same time economic considerations is necessary to estimate the toxicity and determine the LC50 of medicinal plants before consumption. The aim of this study was to use the organism Artemia salina in the evaluation of toxicity and LC50 of some medicinal plants. In this study, the extract toxicity of medicinal plants Rosa damascena Mill., Descurainia sophia (L.) Schur, Ferula assa-foetida L., Colchicum autumnale L., Allium sativum L., and Taxus baccata L. was assessed by determining the LC50 index using the Artemia salina test. The extracts were prepared by the maceration technique. The Artemia salina cysts were hatched out in the artificial seawater at 27 °C and the larvae were then exposed to the plant extracts at the different concentrations (10, 100, and 1000 mg.ml-1) for 24 hours. The concentration needed to kill half of the larvae (LC50) was calculated. The LC50 levels of D. sophia, A. sativum, R. damascena, T. baccata, C. autumnale, and F. assa-foetida were obtained 4812, 3316, 997, 44.07, 10.44, and 2.37 mg.ml-1, respectively. Overall, the results showed that A. salina test could be used as a model in determining the LC50 index for the toxicological tests of herbal products.
H.R. Sarraf Moayeri; F. Pirayeshfar; N. Azizian; A.R. Bolandnazar
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is one of the most common and dangerous pests for agricultural crops worldwide. Frequent pesticide applications have caused development of resistance to pesticides, undesirable effects on non-target organisms and environmental pollutions. Plant essential ...
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The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is one of the most common and dangerous pests for agricultural crops worldwide. Frequent pesticide applications have caused development of resistance to pesticides, undesirable effects on non-target organisms and environmental pollutions. Plant essential oils have recently attracted particular attention as alternative agents of chemical pesticides because of lower risks for human and mammals, rapid biodegradation and less environmental hazards. In this study, contact toxicity of nineformulated compositions based on herbal essential oils including rosemary, pennyroyal, peppermint and cinnamon essential oils plus fruit extract of chinaberry by leaf dipping method were tested against female adultsof T. urticae. Experiments were carried out at 25±1°C, 70±5% RH and under a photoperiod of 16L: 8D.Results showed that formulated composition based on fruit extract of chinaberry and rosemary and peppermint oils (chinaberry 5% + peppermint 2%+rosemary 2%) significantly had the highest lethal effect and lowest LC50 and LC90 values (3.399 and 10.102 ml/l, respectively) 24 h. after treatment, against the adults of T. urticae, indicating significant potential for two-spotted spider mite management.
H.R. Sarraf Moayeri; F. Pirayeshfar
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticaeKoch, is one of the most important and polyphagous pests which damages a wide range of agricultural crops throughout the world. In recent decades, excessive conventional acaricide application leads to the development of pest resistance and environmental ...
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The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticaeKoch, is one of the most important and polyphagous pests which damages a wide range of agricultural crops throughout the world. In recent decades, excessive conventional acaricide application leads to the development of pest resistance and environmental pollutions. In recent years, herbal essential oils have received attention as natural plant protection compounds. In this study, the fumigant toxicity of three medicinal plant essential oils including shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora Boiss.), galbanum (Ferula gummosa L.) and savory (Satureja hortensis L.) were tested against the eggs and female adultsof T. urticae. The essential oils were obtained by Clevenger-type water distillation. Experiments were carried out at 25±1°C, 50±5% RH and under a photoperiod of 16L: 8D. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for shirazi thyme, savory and galbanum essential oils were recorded to be 21.962, 30.894 and 56.783 µl/L air, 24h after treatment, respectively. In ovicidal bioassays, the LC50 values for oils were 17.493, 43.07 and 101.61 µl/L air, respectively. According to the obtained results, the highest lethal effects were obtained for shirazi thyme oil against the eggs and adults of T. urticae as compared to the other essential oils.
J. Hosseinzadeh; H. Farazmand; Y. Karimpour
Abstract
In order to find recyclable, environment friendly and easy accessible insecticides, the essential oils of Thuja occidentalis L. (Cupressaceae), was used against the adults of Lasioderma serricorne F. (Col.: Anobiidae). The analysis of T. occidentalis essential oil used for insect fumigation by phase ...
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In order to find recyclable, environment friendly and easy accessible insecticides, the essential oils of Thuja occidentalis L. (Cupressaceae), was used against the adults of Lasioderma serricorne F. (Col.: Anobiidae). The analysis of T. occidentalis essential oil used for insect fumigation by phase gas chromatography revealed the presence of 22 compounds including α-thujone (49.64%), fenchone (14.06%), and β-thujone (8.98%). The experiment was conducted in 6 replications using a completely randomized design of factorial experiment. The essential oil was extracted by water distillation method. Experiment was carried out at 30 ± 2 °C and 60 ± 5% R. H. under dark condition. Treatments consisted of 5 concentrations of essential oil with three replications for each concentration. Each replication contained 20 adults of 7-14-day old. According to the results, the studied oil showed a significant lethality against the adults of Lasioderma serricorne. LC50 value for the oil of T. occidentalis, in this experiment was 246 μl/l airs for L. serricorne.
S.M. Mousavi; E. Majdi Nasab; V. Yavari; E. Rajabzadeh Ghatarami; M. Razi Jalali
Abstract
Nowadays, the use of medicinal plants and their replacement with hazardous chemicals is increasing in aquaculture industry. One of these medicinal plants is Clove oil extract, mainly used for decreasing stress, anesthesia and sedation in aquaculture industry. Eugenol is a medicinal component derived ...
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Nowadays, the use of medicinal plants and their replacement with hazardous chemicals is increasing in aquaculture industry. One of these medicinal plants is Clove oil extract, mainly used for decreasing stress, anesthesia and sedation in aquaculture industry. Eugenol is a medicinal component derived from clove oil. The aim of the present study was to investigate toxicity effects and mean lethal concentration (LC50) of eugenol on Barbus sharpeyi. Barbus sharpeyi fingerlings (average weight: 5±1 gr) were selected and transferred from Shahid Maleki hatchery to fisheries laboratory of Khorramshahr University of Marine Sciences and Technology. After adaptation, fish were exposed to different concentrations of eugenol (1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm) and behavioural changes were recorded on 0, 1, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after exposing to anaesthetic drug, and LC50 was determined. According to the results, the concentrations of 1 ppm and 40 ppm eugenol were identified as the best concentrations for decreasing stress (sedation) and anaesthesia induction in Barbus sharpeyi, respectively. In addition, Eugenol at 200 ppm induced acute toxicity. Based on statistical analysis (Probit analysis), 48-hour LC50 of Eugenol was 22.61±1.76 ppm. Based on the results, Eugenol is an anaesthetic drug with moderate toxicity on Barbus sharpeyi. Therefore, Eugenol appears to be a safe anaesthetic agent for substitution with MS222 for native fish aquaculture.
Z. Moghadassi; M. Emtyazjoo; M. Rabanie; M. Emtyazjoo; F. Labibie; E. Azarghashb; N. Mosaffa
Abstract
Aquatic plants have been used prevalently in China since 3000 years ago due to having various chemical compounds for diseases prevention and cure. Dunaliella salina is one of the micro algae in marine ecosystems containing beta-carotene, retinal, apocarotenoides, ketones, aldehydes and epoxides which ...
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Aquatic plants have been used prevalently in China since 3000 years ago due to having various chemical compounds for diseases prevention and cure. Dunaliella salina is one of the micro algae in marine ecosystems containing beta-carotene, retinal, apocarotenoides, ketones, aldehydes and epoxides which enable it to absorb free radicals and produce singlet oxygen. In many studies, the anti-cancer and anti-oxidant effects of these chemical compounds have been confirmed. In this study, squamous cell skin cancer was used. The main goal of this research was to study the killing effects of the ethanol extract from the mentioned alga against Squamous cell carcinoma in vitro through using tetrazolium salt under in vitro conditions. Dunaliella Salina was collected from Hoz-Soltan Salt Lake located in the northeast of Qom. Algae were cultured on Johnson Medium. Algae mass were purified with PBS and then freeze dried. A431 cell line obtained from Pasteur Institution was cultured in RPMI medium containing FBS 10%. Cells were incubated with 5% CO2 in presence of different concentrations 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/ml of extracts in time periods of 6, 24, and 48 hours. Results of the statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference among various extract concentrations on death cells in 24 h and 48 h incubation (P < 0.05). Lc50 of different concentrations of extract against skin carcinoma cell line were evaluated in incubation period of 6, 24, and 48 hours. Lc50 results after 48 hours showed value of 46.6 6 μg/ml. The ethanol extract of Dunaliella algae was analyzed by HPLC in order to evaluate the available beta carotene in algae. Our results confirm the killing effect of ethanol extract of Dunaliella against line Squamous cell carcinoma. With increasing extract concentration and incubation time, death of cells on the skin cancer cell line increased. Therefore, Dunaliella can be considered as a strong chemopreventive agent and anti cancer against this cell line.
S.S. Modarres Najafabadi
Abstract
The wheat and barley are the most important stored products and the agricultural stored product pests are the most important insects for this product. The resistance of insects, especially stored products pests to chemical poisons such as phosphin and malathion caused a lot of research about natural, ...
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The wheat and barley are the most important stored products and the agricultural stored product pests are the most important insects for this product. The resistance of insects, especially stored products pests to chemical poisons such as phosphin and malathion caused a lot of research about natural, physiological, biological and microbial control. Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. are important trees used for non-chemical control. In this study, the insecticide and repellent property ofneem leaf powder and Eucalyptus seed and leaf powder on Trogoderma granarium and Tribolium sp.were accomplished. Results for insecticide property at 8 treatments and 4 replications showed that LC50 for neem leaf powder on Trogoderma granarium was 5.4, on Tribolium sp.was 5.33gr/100gr. Eucalyptus seed powder on Trogoderma granarium was 5.98 and on Tribolium sp.5.63gr/100gr, LC50 for Eucalyptus leaf powder on Trogoderma granarium 6.86, on Tribolium sp.6.35gr/100gr. The results for repellent property at 4 treatments and 4 replications showed that the repellent property of neem leaf powder on Trogoderma granarium was 80% and on Tribolium sp. was 86.7%. The repellent property of Eucalyptus seed powder on Trogoderma granarium was 67%, Eucalyptus leaf powder was 50%, repellent property of Eucalyptus seed powder on Tribolium sp. 75% and Eucalyptus leaf powder 65%.
S.S. Modarres Najafabadi; H.R. Fanai; Gh. Ghlamian
Abstract
Wheat and barley are the most important stored products and the pests, for example Trogoderma granarium and Tribolium spp., are serious problems for these products. The resistance of insects, in particular stored product pests to chemical insecticides such as phosphin and malathion, caused that a lot ...
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Wheat and barley are the most important stored products and the pests, for example Trogoderma granarium and Tribolium spp., are serious problems for these products. The resistance of insects, in particular stored product pests to chemical insecticides such as phosphin and malathion, caused that a lot of research accomplished about natural, physiological, biological and microbial control. Eucalyptus camaldulensis is an important tree which used for non-chemical control. In this research, the experiments accomplished on the insecticide and repellent property of eucalyptus seed and leaf powder. The experiments for insecticide property carried out at 8 treatments and 4 replications. The results of this research showed that the LC50 of eucalyptus seed powder for Trogoderma granarium and Tribolium spp. was 5.98 and 5.63 gr/100gr. So the LC50 of eucalyptus leaf powder for Trogoderma granarium and Tribolium spp. was 6.86 and 6.35 gr/100gr. The experiments for repellent property carried out at 3 treatments and 4 replications. The results of this research indicated that the repellent property of eucalyptus seed powder for Trogoderma granarium and Tribolium spp. was 67 and 75 percent. So the repellent property of eucalyptus leaf powder for Trogoderma granarium and Tribolium spp. was 50 and 65 percent.
