Improvement and breeding
M. Edalateyan Kharazi; A. Asgharzadeh
Abstract
To investigate the effects of drought stress, salicylic acid, and polyamines on plant growth yield and oil and seeds essential oil content in Nigella sativa L., a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Shirvan Azad University ...
Read More
To investigate the effects of drought stress, salicylic acid, and polyamines on plant growth yield and oil and seeds essential oil content in Nigella sativa L., a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Shirvan Azad University in 2020-21 cropping year. The experimental treatments included drought stress at four levels (25, 50, 75, and 100% of field capacity) as the first factor and foliar application of salicylic acid, putrescine, and spermidine each at two levels (0.5 and 1 mM) as the second factor. The results showed that the highest number of fertile capsules per plant (12.66), number of seeds per capsule (96.24), and harvest index (58.69%) were obtained in the 100% of field capacity treatment. Also, the highest seed yield per pot was obtained in the 100% of field capacity treatment (16.05 g) and 1 mM salicylic acid (11.46 g). On the other hand, the highest plant height (62.5 cm), dry weight of single plant (6.44 g), biomass in pot (32.2 g), oil content (31.21%), and oil yield (5.71 g.pot-1) were obtained in the treatment of 100% of field capacity + 1 mM salicylic acid and also, the highest essential oil content (0.09%) was obtained in the treatment of 25% of field capacity + 1 mM salicylic acid. Overall, the results showed that full irrigation (100% of field capacity) + 1 mM salicylic acid foliar application was the best treatment for N. sativa under greenhouse conditions. In general, the plant growth characteristics decreased with increasing stress severity, but the negative effects of drought stress were moderated with increasing the salicylic acid foliar application.
A. Javanmard; S. Saadi Moghaddam; M. M. Amani Machiani; M. Nouraein; M.R. Morshedloo
Abstract
To investigate the effect of integrative application of mycorrhizal fungus and chemical fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of medicinal plant dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica Benth.) under rainfed conditions, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block ...
Read More
To investigate the effect of integrative application of mycorrhizal fungus and chemical fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of medicinal plant dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica Benth.) under rainfed conditions, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and three replications in the research farm of Maragheh University, Iran, in 2017. Treatments included 100% conventional chemical fertilizer (250 and 150 kg ha-1 urea and triple superphosphate, respectively), Glomus mosseae (GM), G. intraradices (GI), 50% chemical fertilizer+GM, 50% chemical fertilizer+GIand 50% chemical fertilizer+GI+GM. The results demonstrated that the highest (802.8 kg ha-1) and lowest (463.5 kg ha-1) seed yield and the highest (40.64%) and lowest (25.85%) harvest index were achieved in the integrative application of 50% chemical fertilizer+GI+GMand separate application of GI treatments, respectively. Besides, the highest content (9.18%) and yield (73.75 kg ha-1) of mucilage was observed in 50% chemical fertilizer+GI+GM treatment. Furthermore, the highest amount of mucilage compounds (glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, arabinose, raffinose, galactose, glucose, xylose and rhamnose) was obtained in 50% chemical fertilizer+GI+GM treatment. Based on cluster analysis, the treatments were divided into three groups. In general, the application of 50% chemical fertilizer+GI+GM while reducing the use of chemical fertilizers improved the quantitative and qualitative yield of the dragon’s head.
M. Rostami; H. Mohammadi
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of different temperatures and also plant density on yield and some of morpho-physiological traits of garlic (Allium sativum L.), a split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Experimental treatments were three ...
Read More
In order to investigate the effects of different temperatures and also plant density on yield and some of morpho-physiological traits of garlic (Allium sativum L.), a split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Experimental treatments were three spring planting temperatures (7.4, 9 and 11°C) and four planting densities (20, 40, 60 and 80 plant m-2). Based on results, the interaction effect of experimental treatments on garlic yield, leaf weight, plant height, total chlorophyll and carotenoids was significant whereas for harvest index, number of produced cloves in plant, chlorophyll a and relative water content only the effects of temperature and plant density were significant. The highest garlic yield (921 g.m-2) was observed in planting temperature of 7.4°C with a density of 80 plants m-2, but the lowest yield (317 g.m-2) was obtained in the planting temperature of 11°C with the lowest plant density. The same results were also observed for leaf weight. The highest amount of chlorophyll (2.52 mg.g FW-1) was observed in the planting temperature of 9°C with the density of 20 plants m-2but the planting density of 80 plants m-2 in the planting temperature of 11°C resulted in the lowest amount of total chlorophyll (2.07 mg.g FW-1). The highest harvest index was related to the planting temperature of 7.4°C, and with delay in planting date, this index was reduced significantly. The lowest number of cloves per plant (3.64) was related to the planting temperature of 11°C. Increasing plant density also decreased the number of produced cloves by 14 percent. The best planting temperature for the highest garlic yield was 7.4°C. Although in all of the planting temperature treatments, increasing the plant density resulted in higher garlic yield, the positive effects of higher densities were mainly observed in the planting temperature of 7.4°C.
A. Salehi; S. Fallah; A. Abasi Sourki; M.R. Tadayon
Abstract
In order to investigate the response of yield and yield components of two medicinal plants i.e, fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) to chemical fertilizer and organic manure, a factorial experiment was conducted in two sequential years in a randomized ...
Read More
In order to investigate the response of yield and yield components of two medicinal plants i.e, fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) to chemical fertilizer and organic manure, a factorial experiment was conducted in two sequential years in a randomized complete blocks design at the research farm, College of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, in 2014 and 2015. The factors consisted of two species of medicinal plants (fenugreek (legume) and buckwheat (non-legume)) and three different sources of fertilizer (chemical fertilizer, chemical fertilizer+ organic manure and organic manure). The results indicated that application of organic manure compared to chemical fertilizer in buckwheat significantly increased plant height (17.76%) and branches/plant (8%) in 2014, seeds/spike(28 and 19.53% in 2014 and 2015, respectively), seed yield (40.24 and 26.57% in 2014 and 2015, respectively), and biological yield (34.66 and 47.74% in the 2014 and 2015, respectively). Aapplication of organic manure compared to chemical fertilizer increased branches/plant (8%) and biological yield (25%) of fenugreek in 2014. Additionally, combination of organic manure with chemical fertilizer (50:50) compared to chemical fertilizer in the buckwheat significantly increased plant height (10.35%, in the 2015), seed yield (52.21 and 17.19% in 2014 and 2015, respectively), biological yield (24.86 and 26.35% in 2014 and 2015, respectively) and harvest index (21.53%, in 2014). Integrated fertilizer compared to chemical fertilizer increased branches plant -1 (16.70%, in 2014) and seed yield (14.40%, in 2015) in fenugreek. Finally, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer+ organic manure could be a suitable alternative for chemical fertilizer in cultivation of medicinal plant buckwheat (non-legume), but replacement of organic fertilizer in production of fenugreek may increase biological yield compared to chemical fertilizer.
A. Sepahrom; S.Gh. Moosavi
Abstract
In order to study the effect of low irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on morphological traits, sepal yield, and yield components of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), an experiment was conducted as split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications, at Saravan, Iran in 2010. ...
Read More
In order to study the effect of low irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on morphological traits, sepal yield, and yield components of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), an experiment was conducted as split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications, at Saravan, Iran in 2010. In this research, irrigation was considered as main factor with three levels (irrigation after 60, 120 and 180 mm evaporation from pan class A) and nitrogen rate was considered as sub factor with four levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N.ha-1). The results showed that irrigation and nitrogen levels had significant effect on plant height, stem diameter, fruit number per m2, sepal fresh and dry yield, and biological yield. However, sepal dry weight per single fruit and sepal harvest index per fruit were only affected by irrigation, and sepal harvest index per plant was only affected by nitrogen. The interaction effect between irrigation and nitrogen significantly affect the sepal fresh and dry yield. According to the means comparison, increasing of irrigation intervals from 60 to 180 mm evaporation reduced the plant height, stem diameter, fruit number per m2, sepal fresh and dry yield, biological yield, and sepal dry weight per single fruit to 48.1%, 31.8%, 41.3%, 58%, 54.9%, 67% and 22.7%, respectively. In addition, the increased use of nitrogen from 0 to 120 kg.ha-1 could increase the mentioned traits to 13.7%, 8.6%, 37.1%, 43.3%, 44.1%, 25.5%, and 5.7%, respectively. Overall, according to the results of current study, irrigation after 120 mm evaporation with 180 kg N. ha-1 treatmentcould be suggested for roselle cultivation in Saravan, Iran.
T. Izan; F. Shekari; Y. Nasiri
Abstract
Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is an annual and aromatic plant, which is used in traditional and modern medicine in the treatment of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders. In order to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid on yield and essential ...
Read More
Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is an annual and aromatic plant, which is used in traditional and modern medicine in the treatment of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders. In order to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid on yield and essential oil of Moldavian balm under drought stress conditions, a field experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the Department of Natural Resources and Watershed of Piranshahr City in 2012. The main factor was irrigation at three levels (40, 80 and 120 mm evaporation from pan), and the sub factor was plant spraying with salicylic acid at three levels (0, 0.5 and 1 mM). Results showed that the effect of drought stress on dry yield, thousand seed weight, harvest index of flowering stem, and essential oil yield was significant. Similar results were obtained for the effect of plant spraying with salicylic acid on dry weight and essential oil yield. It should be noted that dry yield and essential oils yield were most affected by drought stress. In addition, the highest values of thousand seed weight and harvest index of flowering stem was related to the irrigation treatment of 120 mm evaporation. The present study results also showed that the interaction effect of two factors studied on essential oil percentage and essential oil harvest index was significant. In this regard, the maximum amount of essential oil and essential oil harvest index belonged to application of 1 mM salicylic acid in irrigation treatment of 120 mm evaporation from pan.
M.J. Seghatoleslami; S.G Mosavi; T. Barzegaran
Abstract
Nowadays, changes in cultivation pattern towards drought resistant species are proposed as a solution to tackle drought. To study the effect of irrigation levels and planting date on yield and water use efficiency of Hibiscus sabdariffa L., an experiment was conducted in the research field of agriculture ...
Read More
Nowadays, changes in cultivation pattern towards drought resistant species are proposed as a solution to tackle drought. To study the effect of irrigation levels and planting date on yield and water use efficiency of Hibiscus sabdariffa L., an experiment was conducted in the research field of agriculture college of Islamic Azad University of Birjand during 2010-2011. Three levels of irrigation (20, 60 and 100 percent evapotranspiration of source plant) as main plots and different planting dates (May 10th, June 1th and June 20th) as sub plots were studied in a split plot experiment with three replications in a randomized complete blocks design. The results indicated that different irrigation levels and planting dates had significant effects on number of flowers per square meter, dry and fresh weight of flowers, total biomass yield and water use efficiency (flower and biomass). The highest number of flowers per square meter (62.42), flower fresh weight (62.50 grams per square meter), flower dry weight (10.30 grams per square meter), total biomass yield (150.3 grams per square meter), water use efficiency of flowers (0.024 gram per) and water use efficiency of biomass (0.532 gram per liter) were obtained from the first planting date i.e. May 10th. Also, the highest number of flowers per square meter (55.88), flower fresh weight (72.40 grams per square meter), flower dry weight (11.46 grams per square meter), biomass yield (142.5 grams per square meter), water use efficiency of flower (0.042 gram per liter) and water use efficiency of biomass (0.897 gram per liter) were recorded for the irrigation level of 20 percent evapotranspiration of the source plant. Irrigation levels and planting dates had no significant effect on flower harvest index. The interaction effect of irrigation levels and planting dates was significant on flower dry and fresh weight, total biomass yield and water use efficiency (flower and biomass). The highest values of these traits were obtained at planting date of 10 May and irrigation level of 20 percent evapotranspiration of source plant. Generally, with regard to the early cold fall and long growth period of Hibiscus sabdariffa, its plantation is not recommended in Birjand climate. According to the results of this experiment, water requirement of this plant was low.
M. Hosseinpour; H. Habibi; M.H. Fotokian
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of chemical and biological nitrogen on growth and secondary metabolites production of Pimpinella anisum L., a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Chemical nitrogen in three levels of 0, 60 and 120 kg/ha ...
Read More
In order to evaluate the effect of chemical and biological nitrogen on growth and secondary metabolites production of Pimpinella anisum L., a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Chemical nitrogen in three levels of 0, 60 and 120 kg/ha and biological nitrogen (nitroxin) in three levels of 0, 3 and 6 L/ha were applied as treatments. Results showed that the effect of chemical nitrogen and nitroxin on fertile ombellete/umble, seed yield, essential oil content and essential oil yield, biologic yield, harvest index seed and harvest index essential oil was significant. Means comparisons showed that the maximum (13.1) and minimum (12.2) number of ombellete/umble were respectively recorded for the treatment with 3 l/ha nitroxin and control treatment (without chemical and biological nitrogen). The highest seed yield (872.8 kg/ha) was obtained from 3 L/ha nitroxin and 60 kg/ha chemical nitrogen while the lowest seed yield (478.3 kg/ha) was obtained from control treatment. According to the results, maximum essential oil yield (115.14 kg/ha) was recorded for the treatment of 3 L/ha nitroxin and 60 kg/ha chemical nitrogen, and the minimum oil yield (55.35 kg/ha) was obtained from control treatment.
S. Rahimzadeh; Y. Sohrabi; Gh. Heidari; A.R. Eivazi; T. Hoseini
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of biofertilizers on the yield and quality of Dracocephalum moldavica L. essential oil, a field experiment was conducted at the Western Azarbaijan Agricultural Research Station in 2008. Randomized Complete Block Design was used including 9 treatments and 4 replications. ...
Read More
In order to evaluate the effect of biofertilizers on the yield and quality of Dracocephalum moldavica L. essential oil, a field experiment was conducted at the Western Azarbaijan Agricultural Research Station in 2008. Randomized Complete Block Design was used including 9 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments were nitroxin, biological phosphorus, bio-sulfur, nitroxin + biological phosphorus, biological phosphorus + biosulfur, nitroxin + biosulfur, nitroxin + biological phosphorus + bio-sulfur, chemical origin of nitrogen + phosphorus + potassium and control (no fertilizer treatment). According to the results, the effect of treatments on dry matter yield (leaves), seed and biological yield, percentage and yield of essential oil and thousand seed weight was significant (P<0.01) while it was not significant on harvest index of leaves and harvest index of seed. Means comparison showed that applying chemical fertilizer (NPK) resulted in highest leaves dry matter, seed and biological yield. The highest essential oil content and essential oil yield respectively obtained from nitroxin + biological phosphorus + bio-sulfur and nitroxin biofertilizer. Considering the fact that no significant difference was observed between applying nitroxin and chemical NPK, it can be concluded that applying nitroxin may result in maximum seed and essential oil yield. In all studied traits, application of some biofertilizers was significantly better than control treatment (no fertilizer).
M.J. Seghatoleslami; Kh. Ahmadi Bonakdar
Abstract
In order to understand the effects of sowing dates and plant density on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum gracum L.), an experiment was conducted at Torbat-e-Jam region in 2005. Four sowing dates (28 February, 19 March, 9 April and 29 April) and four plant densities (10, 20, 30 and 40 plants/m2) were compared ...
Read More
In order to understand the effects of sowing dates and plant density on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum gracum L.), an experiment was conducted at Torbat-e-Jam region in 2005. Four sowing dates (28 February, 19 March, 9 April and 29 April) and four plant densities (10, 20, 30 and 40 plants/m2) were compared in a split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with 4 replications. Sowing date had significant effects on seed yield and its components. The earliest and the latest sowing dates had the greatest and the lowest seed yield, respectively (88.34 and 22.3 g/m2). Also, these treatments had the greatest and the lowest 1000 seed weight (12.0 and 9.9 g) and pod number per plant (25.8 and 6.8). Harvest index was the lowest in the latest sowing date (29 April), because flowering and seed formation happened contemporary with high temperature. In addition, delay in sowing time reduced plant height, significantly. Plant density had significant effect on seed yield. Seed yield was the highest at 40 plants/m2. There was no significant interaction on different characters.
