Agriculture and horticulture
P. Karimi; A. Sahraroo; H. Zakizadeh; M.H. Biglouei; B. Faraji
Abstract
Chelidonium majus L. has a special place among medicinal plants with its alkaloid and extensive pharmacological properties. To investigate the effects of irrigation interval and ammonium nitrate on some of this medicinal plant properties, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized ...
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Chelidonium majus L. has a special place among medicinal plants with its alkaloid and extensive pharmacological properties. To investigate the effects of irrigation interval and ammonium nitrate on some of this medicinal plant properties, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, the University of Guilan, in 2017. The experimental factors included irrigation interval at three levels of 4 (I1), 8 (I2), and 12 (I3) days and ammonium nitrate at five levels of 0 (N0), 45 (N1), 60 (N2), 75 (N3), and 95 (N4) kg.ha-1. The ANOVA results showed that the interaction of irrigation interval and nitrogen fertilizer was significant on root fresh weight, fresh and aerial parts dry weight, total dry weight, and root volume at 5% probability level and root dry weight, total fresh weight, and alkaloid content of roots or aerial parts at 1% probability level. The highest root fresh weight (68.92 g.plant-1) was obtained in the I2N0 treatment. Also, the highest aerial parts fresh weight (33.54 g.plant-1) and total plant fresh weight (92.92 g.plant-1) were observed in the I2N4 treatment. The highest root (1.72 mg.g-1 DW) and aerial parts (1.23 mg.g-1 DW) alkaloid content was obtained in the I3N1 and I2N0 treatments, respectively. Overall, the 8-day irrigation interval with increasing the fertilizer amount and 12-day irrigation interval with less fertilizer amount (0-60 kg.ha-1) treatments could be recommended in the production of Ch. majus under greenhouse cultivation, respectively in terms of yield and different parts alkaloid content.
Agriculture and horticulture
A. Pirvash; M.A. Sheikh-Mohseni; F. Nejadhabibvash
Abstract
The nutrients are considered as the most important factor affecting morphological traits and secondary compounds in the medicinal plants. The method of plant nutrition is very important in the effective absorption of these elements. To evaluate the effects of different nitrogen sources including urea, ...
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The nutrients are considered as the most important factor affecting morphological traits and secondary compounds in the medicinal plants. The method of plant nutrition is very important in the effective absorption of these elements. To evaluate the effects of different nitrogen sources including urea, nitrogen-nanofertilizer, and amino acids on the morphological characteristics and concentration of polyphenolic compounds of Echinacea purpurea L., a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 27 treatments and four replications. The experimental treatments included the urea fertilizer at three levels of 0, 100, and 200 kg ha-1, foliar application with nitrogen-nanofertilizer at three levels of 0, 1, and 3 g l-1, and foliar application with commercial amino acid Fermolife at three levels of 0, 1, and 3 g l-1. The traits were measured at the full flowering stage of plants. The results showed that the highest amount of fresh and dry weight of leaves and fresh weight of roots was obtained in the 3 g l-1 nitrogen-nanofertilizer treatment and the highest amount of aerial parts dry weight was measured in the combined treatment of 1 g l-1 nitrogen-nanofertilizer and 3 g l-1 amino acids. Most of the plant traits were increased by the foliar application of nitrogen-nanofertilizer and amino acids compared to the urea fertilizer use. The effect of different nitrogen fertilizers on the concentration of polyphenolic compounds in the plant was also significant. The highest amount of total phenol was obtained in the simultaneous application of 200 kg ha-1urea, 3 g l-1 nitrogen-nanofertilizer, and 1 g l-1 amino acids treatment. Overall, the results showed that feeding E. purpurea with the nitrogen fertilizers could improve the morphological traits and total phenol concentration in the plant.
Agriculture and horticulture
A. Ghanbari Odivi; S. Fallah; M. Karimi; Z. Lori Gooini
Abstract
To evaluate the response of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. production to the livestock and chemical fertilizers, an experiment was conducted as a split plot with three replications in 2018 and 2019. The experimental treatments included the control (without fertilizer), chemical fertilizer, and different ...
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To evaluate the response of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. production to the livestock and chemical fertilizers, an experiment was conducted as a split plot with three replications in 2018 and 2019. The experimental treatments included the control (without fertilizer), chemical fertilizer, and different levels (100, 143, and 250 kg nitrogen ha-1) of poultry (PM100, PM143, and PM250), sheep (SM100, SM143, and SM250), and cattle (CM100, CM143, and CM250) manures. The traits including photosynthetic pigments, leaf area index, plant biomass, and percentage and essential oil yield were investigated. The effects of fertilizer, cutting, and the interaction of fertilizer and cutting were significant on all the triats. In the first cutting, the PM250 treatment produced more photosynthetic pigments than the chemical fertilizer. Also, the SM100 and CM100 treatments caused higher chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll compared to the chemical fertilizer. In the second cutting, the average photosynthetic pigments in the manure treatments were not superior to the chemical fertilizer. In the first cutting, the high level of livestock manures had a higher leaf area index compared to the chemical fertilizer, but in the second cutting, the medium and high levels of poultry manure and high level of sheep manure showed this superiority. In the first cutting, the all livestock manures treatments except CM100 produced the plant biomass similar to the chemical fertilizer, but in the second cutting, the PM143 treatment produced higher biomass compared to the chemical fertilizer. In the first cutting, the essential oil content of SM250 treatment was significantly superior to the chemical fertilizer. In the first cutting, the highest essential oil yield was obtained with the high level of livestock manures, but in the second cutting, there was no significant difference between the essential oil yield of different livestock manures levels and chemical fertilizer. In general, it could be concluded that the high level of poultry manure is a desirable alternative to the chemical fertilizer in D. kotschyi cultivation by creating the favorable conditions for the plant growth.
Agriculture and horticulture
Z. Izadi; A. Biabani; H. Sabouri; B. Bahreyninejad
Abstract
Datura stramonium L. is one of the important medicinal plants in the pharmaceutical industry due to its alkaloid compounds. To investigate the effects of urea fertilizer at three levels (60, 120, and 180 kg.ha-1) and planting density at three levels (6, 10, and 14 plants.m-2) on the yield and yield components ...
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Datura stramonium L. is one of the important medicinal plants in the pharmaceutical industry due to its alkaloid compounds. To investigate the effects of urea fertilizer at three levels (60, 120, and 180 kg.ha-1) and planting density at three levels (6, 10, and 14 plants.m-2) on the yield and yield components of this plant species, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in the research farm of Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Iran in 2018 and 2019 crop years. The main effects of density and urea on the traits including height, number of lateral branches, and 1000-seed weight and the interaction of different urea and density levels on the traits including seed yield, biological yield, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per plant, and number of seeds per capsule were significant in both years. The highest seed yield (1282.37 and 1212.53 kg.ha-1, respectively in 2018 and 2019 years) was obtained in the urea fertilizer 180 kg.ha-1 and 6 plants.m-2 treatment. The causal analysis results showed that the highest direct positive effect at the different levels of density and urea was related to the number of capsules per plant. The results of this experiment showed that the application of 180 kg.ha-1 of urea and 6 plants.m-2 could play an important role in increasing the seed yield of medicinal plant D. stramonium.
Agriculture and horticulture
A. Rahmani; E. Sharifi Ashourabadi; A. Ebrahimi; M. Mirza
Abstract
To investigate the effects of soil fertility methods on the yield and yield components of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) in the different harvests, an experiment was conducted as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj (Alborz province) in 2017. The experimental ...
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To investigate the effects of soil fertility methods on the yield and yield components of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) in the different harvests, an experiment was conducted as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj (Alborz province) in 2017. The experimental treatments included the harvest time and soil fertility methods. The results showed that the first harvest had higher plant height, number of sub-branches, and leaf area index and the second harvest had higher plant dry matter weight and chlorophyll content. With the soil fertility, the plant height, number of sub-branches, plant dry matter weight, leaf area index, chlorophyll content, essential oil yield, and nutrients uptake increased significantly. The highest plant height and number of sub-branches was obtained from the application of 120 kg ha-1 nitrogen+ 96 kg ha-1 phosphorus+ 120 kg ha-1 potassium treatment. The maximum dry matter weight of the plant was allocated to the combination of 20 t ha-1 manure with 80 kg ha-1 nitrogen+ 64 kg ha-1 phosphorus+ 80 kg ha-1 potassium. The highest essential oil yield was obtained from the 120 kg ha-1 nitrogen+ 96 kg ha-1 phosphorus+ 120 kg ha-1 potassium treatment which was statistically in the same group as the treatments including 40 t ha-1 manure, combination of 30 t ha-1 manure with mycorrhiza, and combination of 40 kg ha-1 nitrogen+ 32 kg ha-1 phosphorus+ 40 kg ha-1 potassium with 30 t ha-1 manure. Based on the results, the desired quantitative and qualitative yield in hyssop could be achieved with the integrated feeding method and use of biological and organic fertilizers.
V. Varnaseri Ghandali; A. Nasiri Dehsorkhi; H. Makarian; P. Haghighat jou
Abstract
To study the effects of different levels of vermicompost and humic acid on the seed macro-elements uptake, seed yield, and essential oil of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), an experiment was conducted in a field located in Mobarakeh city as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three ...
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To study the effects of different levels of vermicompost and humic acid on the seed macro-elements uptake, seed yield, and essential oil of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), an experiment was conducted in a field located in Mobarakeh city as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during the growing season 2016-2017. Experimental treatments included vermicompost at three levels (0, 5 and 10 ton ha-1) and foliar application of humic acid at four levels (0, 2, 4 and 6 lit ha-1). The results showed that the application of 10 ton ha-1vermicompost increased the essential oil yield and seed phosphorus content by 86.7 and 33% as compared to control, respectively. The foliar application of 4 lit ha-1 humic acid along with 0, 5, and 10 ton ha-1vermicompost application increased the seed potassium content by 27.8, 9.6, and 9.2% as compared to control, respectively. The highest percentage of seed nitrogen was observed in the combined application of humic acid at 4 lit ha-1 and vermicompost at 10 ton ha-1, which was 11.7% more than control. The foliar spray of 4 and 6 lit ha-1 humic acid at 10 ton ha-1 vermicompost increased seed yield by 11.1 and 9.9% as compared to control, respectively. The combined use of humic acid and vermicompost could meet the nutritional needs of cumin and could be considered as an effective step towards achieving sustainable agriculture goals while increasing quantitative and qualitative performance.
M. Parsa; R. Kamaei; B. Yousefi
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of different irrigation regimes and different fertilizer compositions on the yield indices and elements in peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at the research greenhouse of ...
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In order to investigate the effects of different irrigation regimes and different fertilizer compositions on the yield indices and elements in peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at the research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during the growing season 2017-2018. Factors were consisted of irrigation regime at three levels including 100% FC, 75% FC and 50% FC, and fertilizer at five levels including 1-chemical fertilizer (NPK)+bacterial biofertilizer (NPP), 2- NPP, 3-NPK, 4-micronutrient fertilizer (MIC), 5-MIC + amino acid fertilizer (AP). In this experiment, dry weight, plant height, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, protein, SPAD number, essential oil content and yield were measured. The results of analysis of variance showed that irrigation regimes and different fertilizers had significant effects on dry weight, nitrogen, phosphorus, protein and essential oil content at 1% level and on SPAD number at 5% level. The highest dry weight (14.56 g) and phosphorus (0.43%) were observed in 100% FC treatment and the highest nitrogen (2.001%), protein (12.51%), SPAD number (45.3) and potassium (1.66%) were obtained in NPK+NPP fertilizer. Also, the highest essential oil content (1.64%) was measured in 50% FC treatment. The results of this study showed that under severe drought conditions, utilization of bacterial and chemical fertilizers combinations make growth and physiological characteristics of peppermint less affected by drought stress.
M.H. Lebaschy; E. Sharifi Ashoorabadi; B. Abbass zadeh
Volume 20, Issue 4 , January 2018, , Pages 441-455
Abstract
In order to optimizing nitrogen application for Hypericum perforatum production, a completely randomized block design (CRBD) was carried out with 6 treatments and 3 replications. The nitrogen application treatments were 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg Nha-1. In 1999 hypericin produced by application of ...
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In order to optimizing nitrogen application for Hypericum perforatum production, a completely randomized block design (CRBD) was carried out with 6 treatments and 3 replications. The nitrogen application treatments were 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg Nha-1. In 1999 hypericin produced by application of 150 kg Nha-1 in the first harvest and 90 kg Nha-1 in the second harvest were in the maximum rates. Also hypericin yield have no significant difference among 90, 120 and 150-kg Nha-1 treatments in both harvests. In the first harvest from 1999 max. harvest index was 37% in control and min. was 27.7% which obtain in 150 kg Nha-1 treatment. Hypericin yield in first and second harvests of 1999 and also mean annuals among the medium and max. nitrogen application treatments, have not significant difference. Thus it seems application medium rates of nitrogen (90 kg Nha-1) is sufficient for producing high hypericin yield and also this medicinal plant couldnt consumes high fertilizer.
A. Sadeghi -Bakhtouri; H. Mohammadi; Bahman Pasban Eslam
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and plant spacing on phenological characteristics, morphology, and fruit yield in pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), an experiment was conducted at the farm of Agriculture Faculty, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, during 2013. The study was performed as factorial ...
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In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and plant spacing on phenological characteristics, morphology, and fruit yield in pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), an experiment was conducted at the farm of Agriculture Faculty, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, during 2013. The study was performed as factorial in a complete randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of nitrogen at five levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 Kg ha-1) and plant spacing with a square array at three levels (30, 60 and 90 cm). According to the results, the planting time until flowering and fruiting was longer in the treatment of 200 kg N. The number of nodes, sub-branches, and leaves per plant was higher in the planting space of 90 cm along with 200 Kg ha-1 nitrogen. The higher plant length and fruit yield were recorded for the planting space of 60 cm along with 150 Kg ha-1 nitrogen. The highest leaf dry weight was related to the 200 Kg ha-1 nitrogen. The use of 150 Kg ha-1 nitrogen caused to the highest number of male and female flowers, fruit fresh weight, number of seeds per fruit. The higher leaf dry weight, male and female flowers, and fruits per plant were obtained in the planting space of 90 cm. Finally, the application of 150 Kg ha-1 nitrogen and planting space of 60 cm led to the highest number of fruits and fruit yield in unit area.
A. Sepahrom; S.Gh. Moosavi
Abstract
In order to study the effect of low irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on morphological traits, sepal yield, and yield components of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), an experiment was conducted as split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications, at Saravan, Iran in 2010. ...
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In order to study the effect of low irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on morphological traits, sepal yield, and yield components of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), an experiment was conducted as split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications, at Saravan, Iran in 2010. In this research, irrigation was considered as main factor with three levels (irrigation after 60, 120 and 180 mm evaporation from pan class A) and nitrogen rate was considered as sub factor with four levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N.ha-1). The results showed that irrigation and nitrogen levels had significant effect on plant height, stem diameter, fruit number per m2, sepal fresh and dry yield, and biological yield. However, sepal dry weight per single fruit and sepal harvest index per fruit were only affected by irrigation, and sepal harvest index per plant was only affected by nitrogen. The interaction effect between irrigation and nitrogen significantly affect the sepal fresh and dry yield. According to the means comparison, increasing of irrigation intervals from 60 to 180 mm evaporation reduced the plant height, stem diameter, fruit number per m2, sepal fresh and dry yield, biological yield, and sepal dry weight per single fruit to 48.1%, 31.8%, 41.3%, 58%, 54.9%, 67% and 22.7%, respectively. In addition, the increased use of nitrogen from 0 to 120 kg.ha-1 could increase the mentioned traits to 13.7%, 8.6%, 37.1%, 43.3%, 44.1%, 25.5%, and 5.7%, respectively. Overall, according to the results of current study, irrigation after 120 mm evaporation with 180 kg N. ha-1 treatmentcould be suggested for roselle cultivation in Saravan, Iran.
M. Govahi; A. Ghalavand; F. Nadjafi; A. Sorooshzadeh
Abstract
Sage, a popular medicinal plant, is widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. This research was aimed to study the effects of organic and biological fertilizers on physiological characteristics, yield, and essential oil content of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) under different moisture conditions. ...
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Sage, a popular medicinal plant, is widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. This research was aimed to study the effects of organic and biological fertilizers on physiological characteristics, yield, and essential oil content of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) under different moisture conditions. The study was conducted in a field experiment in split-plot design with 15 treatments and three replications at Tarbiat Modares University in 2012. Treatments included three irrigation levels (irrigation after depletion of 40% available water, irrigation after depletion of 60% available water, and irrigation after depletion of 80% available water) and five different soil fertility systems (control (no fertilizer) (F0), chemical fertilizer (urea) (Ur), nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB), vermicompost (V), vermicompost + nitrogen fixing bacteria (V+MFB), allocated to main plots and subplots, respectively. Results indicated that the irrigation regimes had significant effect (p 0.01) on all measured traits. Chlorophyll a, b, and dry matter declined with increasing of water stress, but sugar, proline and essential oil content increased. Results showed that the highest values of all measured traits were related to the vermicompost + nitrogen fixing bacteria treatment. In addition, results showed that the highest essential oil percentage (1.10%) and essential oil yield (20.50 l ha-1) were obtained in vermicompost + nitrogen fixing bacteria treatment under moderate drought stress (I2).
S.M. Razavi Nia; M. Aghaalikhani; H.A. Naghdi Badi
Abstract
The main objective of this research was to investigate the effects of different application rates of vermicompost and chemical fertilizer on qualitative and quantitative performance of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.). A field experiment was conducted at Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University ...
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The main objective of this research was to investigate the effects of different application rates of vermicompost and chemical fertilizer on qualitative and quantitative performance of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.). A field experiment was conducted at Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University during the growing season of 2009-2010. The experiment was arranged as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. There were 12 treatments consisting of three chemical fertilizer levels (no fertilizer application, 75 kg nitrogen/ha as urea form + 3000ppm micronutrient fertilizer/ha, and 150kg nitrogen/ha as urea form + 6000ppm micronutrient fertilizer/ha) and four vermicompost levels (0, 2, 4, and 6 ton ha-1). Results showed that vermicompost had significant effects on dry weights of stem, flower, root, total biological yield, number of flowers per plant and SPAD value. In addition, the interaction between chemical fertilizer and vermicompost was significant for root dry weight, 100 flowers dry weight and plant height. The application of 4 ton vermicompost ha-1 without chemical fertilizer resulted in the highest values of stem dry weight, flower dry weight, number of flowers per plant and plant height. The highest root dry weight and total biological yield was obtained by applying 2.94 and 3.59 ton vermicompost ha-1, respectively. There were not significant chemical fertilizer differences on all measured traits. None of the experimental factors showed significant influences on total phenolic compounds in different plant organs. According to results of this experiment, organic fertilizer (vermicompost) could be introduced as a suitable alternative to the use of chemical fertilizer in purple coneflower cultivation.
M. Afshar Mohammadian; F. Tashakori; M. Sharifi
Abstract
Linum album Ky. ex Boiss., one of the endemic species in Iran, produces lignans such as podophyllotoxin (PTOX). This compound is precursor for three important anticancer drugs including etoposide, teniposide and etopophose. Chemical synthesis of these compounds is very complicated and this process is ...
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Linum album Ky. ex Boiss., one of the endemic species in Iran, produces lignans such as podophyllotoxin (PTOX). This compound is precursor for three important anticancer drugs including etoposide, teniposide and etopophose. Chemical synthesis of these compounds is very complicated and this process is not economical. Improvementof PTOX production is possible by different strategies such as feeding, elicitation, genetic engineering, etc. Medium optimization is one of the strategies for increasing the production of secondary metabolites in cell culture. Regarding the remarkable value of PTOX as a precursor for three important anticancer drugs, in this study, the effect of different ratios of NH4+/NO3- in MS medium on cell growth and some of the of secondary metabolites including PTOX biosynthesis and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity were investigated. Results indicated that the cell growth was significantly increased when treated with 2:1 ratio of NO3/NH4+. The most phenolic and flavonoid content was obtained in control culture, having minimum biomass production. The 2:1 ratio of NH4+/NO3- resulted in highest production of flavonols. The highest production of PTOX was achieved by 3:1 ratio of NH4+/NO3-. Meanwhile, the highest PAL activity was observed in 2:1 and 3:1 ratio of NO3/NH4+ and 3:1 ratio of NH4+/NO3-, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that changing nutrient diet is an effective factor increasing the secondary metabolites in L. album.
M. Khosravi; S.Gh. Moosavi; M.J. Seghatoleslami
Abstract
In order to study the effect of irrigation interval, Nitrogen (N) fertilization and plant density on yield and yield components of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), a split-split-plot experiment was conducted in Darmian, Iran in Spring 2010 based on a randomized complete block design with three ...
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In order to study the effect of irrigation interval, Nitrogen (N) fertilization and plant density on yield and yield components of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), a split-split-plot experiment was conducted in Darmian, Iran in Spring 2010 based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots were irrigation interval at two levels of 5 and 10 days. The sub-plots were N fertilization at three rates of 0, 75 and 150 kg N.ha-1 from urea source and the sub-sub-plots were plant density at three levels of 22, 33 and 66 plants.m-2. According to the results of analysis of variance, irrigation interval significantly affected traits of pod length and water use efficiency (WUE) for seed and biomass production. In addition, main branch number per plant, pod length, seed yield, chlorophyll index and WUE for seed and biomass production, were significantly affected by nitrogen rate and plant density had significant effect on main branch number per plant and ring diameter. Means comparison showed that as irrigation interval was increased from 5 to 10 days, pod length decreased 8.7%, but WUE for seed and biomass production increased 40.5 and 47.5%, respectively. Also, as N rate was increased from 0 to 150 kg N.ha-1, main branch number per plant, pod length, seed yield, chlorophyll index and WUE for seed and biomass production increased by 23.5, 26.4, 23.2, 67.1, 72.3 and 71.5%, respectively. Moreover, with increasing of density from 22 to 66 plant. m-2, branch number per plant and ring diameter decrased 7.9 and 11.2%, respectively. In total, given the results of the study and the importance of water saving, it is recommended to use irrigation interval of 10 days with the application of 150 kg N.ha-1 and density of 66 plants.m-2 for the cultivation of fenugreek in Darmian, Iran.
M. Heidari; M. Mobasri Moghadam
Abstract
In order to study the effects of rate and time of nitrogen application on yield and yield components of karela (Momordica charantia L.), a field experiment as split plot design with three replications was conducted in 2011 at Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Sistan. The treatments ...
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In order to study the effects of rate and time of nitrogen application on yield and yield components of karela (Momordica charantia L.), a field experiment as split plot design with three replications was conducted in 2011 at Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Sistan. The treatments consisted of three levels of nitrogen fertilizer, obtained from urea source, at the rate of N1=75, N2=150 and N3=225 kg N.ha-1 as main plot, and three time application including: T1=1/2 at 3 and 4 leaves and 1/2 before flowering, T2= 1/2 at 3 and 4 leaves and 1/2 after fruit to start and T3=1/3 at 3 and 4 leaves, 1/3 before flowering and 1/3 after fruit to start were used as sub plot. Results showed that nitrogen application had significant effect on the yield and amount of biomass production (p < 0.01) in karela. By increasing nitrogen level from 75 to 225 kg N.ha-1, yield and biomass values increased. The amount of yield increased about 63.1%. Nitrogen treatment had positive and significant effect on yield components including plant height, number of lateral branches, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit, the length and diameter of fruit. Timing of nitrogen application had only significant effect on yield, the amount of biomass production, number of fruits per plant, length and diameter of fruit. The maximum yield of karela was obtained at T2 treatment.
S.M. Moosavi; S.G.R. Moosavi; M.J. Seghatoleslami
Abstract
In order to study the effect of drought stress at different growth reproductive stages and N fertilizer rates on some morphological and quantitative traits and water use efficiency (WUE) of fennel(Foenicolum vulgare Mill.), an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a Randomized ...
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In order to study the effect of drought stress at different growth reproductive stages and N fertilizer rates on some morphological and quantitative traits and water use efficiency (WUE) of fennel(Foenicolum vulgare Mill.), an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications, at Research Field of Islamic Azad University of Birjand Branch in 2010. The main plot included irrigation at three levels (irrigation stop at start of flowering, and seed-filling stages, and optimum irrigation) and the sub-plot was N fertilizer at four rates (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N/ha). Results showed that irrigation stop at start of flowering and seed-filling stages decreased plant height by 16.2 and 5.2%, fruit yield by 69.7 and 52.6%, essential oil yield by 72.9 and 31.4%, and WUE for essential oil production by 69.1 and 4.5%, respectively as compared to optimum irrigation treatment. Moreover, the increase in rate of nitrogen application from 0 to 120 kg N/ha significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, branch number of main stem and fruit yield, 5.8, 12, 15.5 and 24.3%, respectively. However, the highest yield and WUE for essential oil production was observed in 60 kg N/ha application treatment. In general, according to the results of current study, optimum irrigation with 60 kg N/ha application treatment can be recommended to achieve high essential oil yield of fennel in Birjand, Iran.
M.` Ghorbanpour; N. Majnon Hossieni; Sh. Rezazadeh; M. Omidi; K. Khavazi; M. Hatami; R. Ghafarzadegan
Abstract
In order to indicate the water deficit stress and nitrogen fertilization effects on alkaloids yield and content of Hyoscyamus niger L. plant parts (root and shoot), this experiment was conducted at the full flowering growth stage in greenhouse conditions. Plants were treated with different nitrogen application ...
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In order to indicate the water deficit stress and nitrogen fertilization effects on alkaloids yield and content of Hyoscyamus niger L. plant parts (root and shoot), this experiment was conducted at the full flowering growth stage in greenhouse conditions. Plants were treated with different nitrogen application (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg/ha N as ammonium nitrate in the form of solution, N0-N3) before the commencement of water deficit stress treatment (30, 60 and 90% depletion of water from field capacity, W1-W3). Extracted alkaloids were analyzed by Gas chromatography /mass spectrometery (GC/MS) analysis using a Younglin Acme 6000 GC system equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and HP-5MS capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 µm). The identification of alkaloids was based on the comparison of their GC retention time and mass spectra data with their standards substances. Results showed that the highest alkaloid content values in root (HYO: 0.281 %DW; SCO: 0.232 % DW) and shoot (HYO: 0.937%DW; SCO: 0.416%DW) were achieved in plants grown under sever water deficit stress (W3) accompanied with nitrogen supply of 225kg/h (N3). The maximum and minimum (20.52 and 8.95mg.plant-1) total alkaloids yield in whole plant were obtained in N2W1 and N3W3 treatments, respectively. The survey results indicated that H. niger in the treatment of moderate water deficit stress (W2) along with 150kg N.h-1 (N2) in addition to having a good amount of content and performance of both alkaloids, it also contained the highest level of SCO, indicating alkaloid quality.
N. Kazerani; M.J. Saharkhiz; J. Javanmardi; B. Heidari; M. Rezaei; P. Bayat
Abstract
Holy basil (Ocimium sanctum L.) is a medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to Lamiaceae family. This study was conducted to determine the most suitable plant density and nitrogen fertilizer rate to improve the qualitative and quantitative traits of Holy basil. The experiment was a randomized complete ...
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Holy basil (Ocimium sanctum L.) is a medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to Lamiaceae family. This study was conducted to determine the most suitable plant density and nitrogen fertilizer rate to improve the qualitative and quantitative traits of Holy basil. The experiment was a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement with two factors and four replications. The factors were plant density (D) at 26.6, 19, 14.8, and 12.1 plant per m2, and nitrogen (N) at three levels of 0, 50 and 100 kg/ha. At full flowering stage, plant height, shoot number and length, inflorescence length, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, and essential oil content and yield were measured. According to the results, the plant density and nitrogen treatments had significant effects (P≤0.05) on fresh and dry matter weights, secondary shoot length, essential oil content and yield, and the number of inflorescences. However, the studied treatments did not affect the number of branches, plant height, and root and shoot, root dry matter, chlorophyll content and leaf area. The interaction effects of row spacing and nitrogen levels on all traits with the exception of chlorophyll content and leaf area were significant (P≤0.05). The highest amounts of fresh and dry matter weights, shoot length, number of inflorescences, essential oil content and yield were obtained in 14.8 plant per m2 with application of 50 kg N/ha. Essential oil contents (w/w%) varied between 0.6-1.1%.
M. Shokhmgar; R. Baradaran; Gh. Mosavi; M. Poyan; E. Arazmjoo
Abstract
In order to study the effects of irrigation interval and nitrogen on yield and some physiological characteristics of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-gracum L.), an experiment was carried out as split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications at Islamic Azad University of Birjand, ...
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In order to study the effects of irrigation interval and nitrogen on yield and some physiological characteristics of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-gracum L.), an experiment was carried out as split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications at Islamic Azad University of Birjand, 2009. Treatments included irrigation intervals (4, 8 and 12 days) as main plot and nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg.ha-1 urea) as subplot. Results showed no significant differences for seed yield in irrigation treatments after 4 and 8 days. Increasing N also led to the increase of seed yield but no significant difference was found for seed yield between 100 and 150 kg.ha-1 urea. Decreasing in water use led to the increase of Na, proline and carbohydrate and decrease of K, Cha, carotenoids and total pigments, but it had no significant effect on Chb. Nitrogen significantly increased chlorophyll a, carotenoids, total pigments, and K. Increasing N up to 50 kg ha led to the increase of carbohydrates but then reduced the carbohydrates of leaf. According to the results obtained in this experiment, it can be stated that Fenugreek is somewhat drought tolerant and considering the importance of this medicinal plant, it can be used in conditions of water scarcity as an alternative for the species that have lower economic value under water deficit.
M. Ghazi Manas; Sh Banj Shafiee; M.R. Hajseyd Hadi; M.T Darzi
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess the effects of different levels of vermicompost and nitrogen on qualitative and quantitative yield of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). The experimental design was factorial based on Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with three replications, conducted ...
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The main objective of this study was to assess the effects of different levels of vermicompost and nitrogen on qualitative and quantitative yield of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). The experimental design was factorial based on Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with three replications, conducted in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands during spring 2010. Treatments were consisted of four levels of vermicompost (5, 10, 15 and 20 tons per hectare) and nitrogen of four levels (30, 60, 90 and 120 kg per hectare). The measured traits included number of flowers per plant, diameter of flower, dry and fresh flower yield, essential oil percentage and Chamazulene content in essential oil. Results showed that vermicompost had significant effects on dry flower weight and essential oil percentage (α ≤ 0.05%). In addition, it had significant effects on dry and fresh flower yield and Chamazulene (α ≤ 0.05%). The effect of nitrogen on the number of flower (α ≤ 0.05%) and essential oil percentage (α ≤ 0.01%) was significant. The results of interaction effects showed significant differences for the number of flower, dry flower yield, dry flower weight, essential oil percentage and Chamazulene.
S. Yousefzadeh; S.A.M. Modarres-Sanavy; F. Sefidkon; A. Asgarzadeh; A. Ghalavand; M. Roshdi; A. Safaralizadeh
Abstract
To determine the effect of biofertilizers and nitrogen on some morphologic traits and essential oil content of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), a field experiment was conducted as factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with 20 treatments and 3 replications. The study was performed in ...
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To determine the effect of biofertilizers and nitrogen on some morphologic traits and essential oil content of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), a field experiment was conducted as factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with 20 treatments and 3 replications. The study was performed in two locations during 2009-2010 on research field at Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, and at the Khoy Agricultural Research Center in West Azarbaijan province. The treatments were consisted of two genotypes (landrace and SZK-1 cultivar), two seed inoculation treatments (either with or without bacterial inoculation with Azotobacter + Azosprillum + psedomonas) and five fertilization regimes (100% urea, 75% urea + 25% Azocompost, 50% urea + 50% Azocompost, 25% urea + 75% Azocompost and 100% Azocompost). Results showed that most of the studied morphologic traits were affected by genotype factor. The effect of fertilizer regime was significant on dry matter yield, percentage of essential oil and essential oil yield. The number of flowering branches in location one, and plant height, number of leaves per main stem and number of flowering branches in location two were affected by bacterial inoculation. Two-way interaction effects on a number of studied traits were significant. Three-way interaction effects were significant for the number of flowering branches in location one and the percentage of essential oil and dry matter yield in location two. The greatest plant height, height of the first flowering branch from ground level, number of leaves on the main stem, the number of lateral branches and essential oil yield were recorded for the landrace. The bacterial inoculation increased plant height, the number of leveas on the main stem, stem diameter and the number of flowering branches per plant. The application of 50% urea + 50% Azocompost increased dry matter yield, essential oil percentage and yield. The application of 100% Azocompost resulted in the least essential oil yield. Essential oil yield in landrace was more than that of SZK-1 cultivar. Bacterial inoculation could enhance the essential oil yield in both genotypes, particularly in landrace. In general, results showed that application of 50% urea + 50% Azocompost integrated with bacterial inoculation can be a suitable alternative to chemical fertilizers.
A. Ehsanipour; K. Razmjoo; H. Zeinali
Abstract
This investigation was carried out to study the effect of different nitrogen rates on yield, yield components and essential oil of several fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) populations. The experiment design was split plot with three replications conducted during 2008 at Research Farm of Isfahan University ...
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This investigation was carried out to study the effect of different nitrogen rates on yield, yield components and essential oil of several fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) populations. The experiment design was split plot with three replications conducted during 2008 at Research Farm of Isfahan University of Technology. Nitrogen levels were 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 N kg/ha as the main plot and four populations of fennel (Isfahan, Tehran, Yazd and 11486) located in subplot. Seed yield, essential oil percentage, 1000-seed weight, biomass, harvest index, number of seeds per umbel, number of umbels per plant, seed length, and plant height were measured. Results showed significant differences for seed yield, 1000-seed weight, harvest index, number of seed per umbel, number of umbels per plant, seed length, plant height and percentage of essential oil among fennel populations. Also, seed yield per ha, 1000-seed weight, number of seed per umbel, seed length, number of umbels per plant and percentage of essential oil significantly differed in different nitrogen levels. There was an interaction effect between N rates and populations for 1000-seed weight, harvest index, number of seed per umbel, seed length, number of umbels per plant and plant height. The highest seed yield per hectare among the populations belonged to Isfahan population, obtained on control and 40 and 160 kg/ha nitrogen fertilization. The highest essential oil percentage was obtained on population of 11486 at 40 kg/ha nitrogen fertilization.
M. Hamisi; F. Sefidkon; M. Nasri; M.H. Lebaschi
Abstract
For investigating the effects of nitrogen, phosphor and bovine fertilizers on essential oil content and composition of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.), an experiment was arranged based on Complete Randomized Blocks Design, in three replication, from February 2009 to October 2010, at research farm ...
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For investigating the effects of nitrogen, phosphor and bovine fertilizers on essential oil content and composition of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.), an experiment was arranged based on Complete Randomized Blocks Design, in three replication, from February 2009 to October 2010, at research farm of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. The treatments were: 1- nitrogen fertilizer in three levels (60, 90, 120 kg/ha), 2- triple superphosphate fertilizer in two levels (60 and 80 kg/ha) and the 3- bovine fertilizer in three levels (0, 15 and 30 tons/ha). The aerial parts of the plants were collected at the beginning of flowering and after drying their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results showed that different levels of urea fertilizer had significant effects on essential oil percentage and yield at level of 1%. Also, nitrogen fertilizer had significant effects on percentage of chrysanthenyl acetate and santolina triene. Bovine fertilizer had also significant effects on oil percentage and yield, camphor, camphene and santolina triene percentage at level of 5%. The highest amounts of oil percentage (0.32%) and yield (19 kg/h) were obtained by application of 60 Kg/h urea fertilizer. In addition, GC and GC/MS analysis showed different levels of bovine fertilizer had significant effect on percentages of main components of feverfew essential oil.
S.G.R. Mousavi; M.J. Seghatoleslami; E. Ansarinia; H. Javadi
Abstract
In order to study the effect of water deficit stress and different nitrogen levels on seed yield, yield components and water use effeciency of Calendula officinalis L., an experiment was conducted as split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications, at research field of Islamic ...
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In order to study the effect of water deficit stress and different nitrogen levels on seed yield, yield components and water use effeciency of Calendula officinalis L., an experiment was conducted as split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications, at research field of Islamic Azad University of Birjand branch in 2009. In this research water deficit stress set as main factor with three levels (irrigation after 60, 120 and 180 mm evaporation from pan class A) and nitrogen set as sub factor with four levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha-1). The results showed irrigation trearments had significant effect (α=1%) on seed yield and it,s components, biological yield, harvest index and water use efficiency for seed and biomass. With incereasing of irrigation intervals from 60 to 180 mm evaporation from pan class A, seed number per capitul, number of capitul per m2, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, number and dry yield of flower decereased 26.6, 49.5, 39.6, 79.3, 65.6 and 72 percent, respectively. The highest biomass yield and weight of one capitul was releated to irrigation after 60 mm evaporation treatment, but irrigation after 60 mm evaporation treatment had the highest WUE. Also the results showed that nitrogen fertilizer trearment affected significantly (α=1%) all traits except capitul number per m2 nitrogen fertilizer application increased these traits, significantly. Interaction of irrigation and nitrogen on all traits was not significant. In conclusion, irrigation after 120 mm evaporation with 120 kg N ha-1 had suitable seed yield with the highest WUE for seed.
S. Hazrati Yadekori; Z. Tahmasebi Sarvestani
Abstract
Aloe vera L. is one of the most important medicinal plants in the world mostly cultivated due to its economic and medicinal value. In order to study the effects of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and benzyl adenine hormone (BA) on growth and ramet production of Aloe vera L. a factorial experiment ...
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Aloe vera L. is one of the most important medicinal plants in the world mostly cultivated due to its economic and medicinal value. In order to study the effects of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and benzyl adenine hormone (BA) on growth and ramet production of Aloe vera L. a factorial experiment was carried out based on a complete randomized blocks design with four replications in an experimental greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University. Treatments included four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (N1: control, N2: 500, N3: 1000, and N4: 1500 mg per pot) and four levels of benzyl adenine (BA) (BA1: Control, BA2: 500, BA3: 1000, BA4: 1500 mg/L). At the end of the experiment period, plant height, stem diameter, number of ramets, number of leaf ramet, ramet weight, ramet height and total biomass were measured. The results showed that application of 1000 mg nitrogen and 1000 mg/L benzyl adenine had the most effect on the growth factors. Also, application of 1500 mg nitrogen and 1500 mg/L benzyl adenine had the highest effect on ramet characteristics. However, ramet number increased with increment of BA concentration and the highest ramet number was obtained on 1500 mg BA spray treatment without nitrogen application. According to the results, simultaneous application of 1000 and 1500 mg nitrogen and 1000 and 1500 mg\L benzyl adenine had the most influence on the measured factors.
