Agriculture and horticulture
M. Ahmadvand; A. Javanmard; M. Haghaninia; M.R. Morshedloo
Abstract
Intercropping systems and biofertilizers application play an important role in improving the quantity and quality of plant products. In this regard, to evaluate the effects of Myco-Root biofertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative traits of Thymus vulgaris L. in intercropping with Cicer arietinum ...
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Intercropping systems and biofertilizers application play an important role in improving the quantity and quality of plant products. In this regard, to evaluate the effects of Myco-Root biofertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative traits of Thymus vulgaris L. in intercropping with Cicer arietinum L., an experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at the faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh during 2020 growing season. Treatments included thyme sole culture, thyme sole culture inoculated with Myco-Root, chickpea sole culture, chickpea sole culture inoculated with Myco-Root, intercropping of one row chickpea+one row thyme (1:1), planting pattern of 1:1 inoculated with Myco-Root, intercropping of two rows chickpea+one row thyme (2:1), and planting pattern of 2:1 inoculated with Myco-Root. The results demonstrated that the highest seed (751.40 kg.ha-1) and biological (1645.6 kg.ha-1) yields of chickpea were obtained in the chickpea monoculture inoculated with Myco-Root, which was not significantly different from planting pattern of 2:1 inoculated with Myco-Root. Moreover, the highest dry matter yield of thyme (189.47 g.m-2) was achieved in the sole culture with application of mycorrhizal fungus. Also, the highest percentage (1.69) and essential oil yield (3.31 g.m-2) of thyme was obtained in planting pattern of 1:1 with application of mycorrhizal fungus in first harvest. Thymol, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene were recognized as the main essential oil compounds. The highest percentage of thymol and γ-terpinene was obtained in planting pattern of 1:1 inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus. Also, the highest agronomical (land equivalent ratio, area harvest equivalent ratio, area time equivalent ratio, and land use efficiency) and economic (intercropping advantage, monetary advantage index, and system productivity index) indices were achieved in the intercropping ratio of 2:1 and 1:1 with application of Myco-Root biofertilizer, respectively. In general, the results showed that the Myco-Root biofertilizer application in intercropping, especially the planting pattern of 1:1, could improve the quantity and quality of thyme essential oil.
Agriculture and horticulture
M. Jamali Dost; A. Salehi; H.R. Balouchi; P. Rostampour
Abstract
To investigate the response of quantitative and qualitative yield of ajwain (Carum copticum L.) to the irrigation cut-off in different nutritional regimes, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications at the research farm of Sarvestan Agricultural ...
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To investigate the response of quantitative and qualitative yield of ajwain (Carum copticum L.) to the irrigation cut-off in different nutritional regimes, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications at the research farm of Sarvestan Agricultural Jihad Organization, Fars province in 2019. The factors consisted of irrigation as the main factor at two levels (optimal irrigation and irrigation cut-off at flowering stage) and nutritional regime as the sub-factor at six levels (control, mycorrhiza, 15 ton.ha-1 manure, 15 ton.ha-1 manure + mycorrhiza, 30 ton.ha-1 manure, and 30 ton.ha-1 manure + mycorrhiza). The irrigation cut-off treatment reduced the plant height, number of umbrellas per plant, number of seeds per umbrella, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield by 30.65, 37.25, 46.12, 43.40, 24.40, 41.78, 19.68, and 52.86%, respectively compared to the optimal irrigation. The use of manure and mycorrhiza significantly increased all the mentioned traits. Moreover, the interaction of irrigation and nutritional sources treatments significantly affected only the percentage and essential oil yield. The highest percentage (2.80%) and essential oil yield (15.02 kg.ha-1) was observed in the 30 ton.ha-1 manure + mycorrhiza and optimum irrigation treatment. The lowest essential oil percentage (1.60%) was obtained in the control and optimum irrigation treatment and the lowest essential oil yield (4.62 kg.ha-1) resulted from the control and irrigation cut-off treatment.
Agriculture and horticulture
R. Ahmadi; S. Maleki Farahani
Abstract
To investigate the effects of sowing date and nitrogen fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics and nitrogen efficiency in Lallemantiaiberica (M.Bieb.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. and Lallemantiaroyleana (Benth.) Benth., an experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in a randomized ...
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To investigate the effects of sowing date and nitrogen fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics and nitrogen efficiency in Lallemantiaiberica (M.Bieb.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. and Lallemantiaroyleana (Benth.) Benth., an experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design at the Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University. The treatments included the sowing date as the main plot at two levels of autumn and spring sowing, and the nitrogen fertilizer at three levels of 0, 50 (8 kg ha-1), and 100%(16 kg ha-1) and two Lallemantia species as the subplots. The results of analysis of variance showed the significance of the effects of sowing date, nitrogen fertilizer, plant species, and the interaction of all three treatments on grain yield, 1000-grain weight, harvest index, leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll content, seed protein, nitrogen, and mucilage content, and nitrogen uptake, use, and utilization efficiencies. The autumn sowing in comparison with the spring one had the most positive and incremental effect on the studied traits except seed nitrogen. The results showed that the application of 16 kg ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer on both sowing dates increased the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of both Lallemantia species compared to the non-fertilizer application conditions. Increasing the use of nitrogen fertilizer compared to the non-fertilizer application conditions increased the nitrogen uptake and use efficiencies in the autumn and spring sowing dates in both Lallemantia species. Increasing the use of nitrogen fertilizer in the autumn sowing increased the nitrogen use efficiency in both Lallemantia species, but in the spring sowing, the nitrogen use efficiency was higher under the non-fertilizer application conditions compared to the different levels of nitrogen fertilizer application. L.iberica showed a more positive reaction to the nitrogen fertilizer application compared to L.royleana.
Biotechnology
H. Abbasi Holasou; F. Rahmani; M. Hosseinzadeh; A. Hassanzadeh Ghorttapeh
Abstract
Since the economic value of a cultivar depends on its different characteristics, thus procedure of selection for several traits to achieve maximum economic value has always been considered by plant breeders. Therefore, accurate knowledge of the behavior and genetic relationship of these traits will help ...
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Since the economic value of a cultivar depends on its different characteristics, thus procedure of selection for several traits to achieve maximum economic value has always been considered by plant breeders. Therefore, accurate knowledge of the behavior and genetic relationship of these traits will help breeders to improve plant genotypes. In this study, 31 retrotransposon-based primers (12 IRAP and 19 REMAP primers) were used to identify molecular markers associated with 21 agronomic, morphological, and physiological traits in 45 different flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes based on a mixed linear model (MLM). Analysis of population structure by Bayesian method revealed two possible subgroups (K=2) in the population studied. Using MLM, a total of 29 loci associated with the 21 traits studied were identified (p < /em><0.01). The maximum number of associated loci was identified for 100-seed weight and seed yield traits. The existence of common markers among some traits studied, such as the significant relationship between LTR1-UBC808-2 marker with plant height and 100-seed weight, and LTR1-UBC807-4 with main stem weight and the number of capsules per the main stem can be due to pleiotropic effects or linkage between genomic regions involved in these traits. However, findings of the present study can be further strengthened with the inclusion of more markers putatively associated with economically important traits.
A. Javanmard; P. Karimi Karamjavan; M. Amani Machiani; A. Ostadi; S. Shahbazi Doorbash
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of combined and separate application of macro and micro nano fertilizers with chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits of medicinal plant dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica (MB) Fischer & Meyer), a field experiment was performed based on ...
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In order to investigate the effects of combined and separate application of macro and micro nano fertilizers with chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits of medicinal plant dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica (MB) Fischer & Meyer), a field experiment was performed based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with seven treatments and three replications on the research farm of Maragheh University in 2017. Experimental treatments included the use of 100% conventional chemical fertilizer (urea and triple superphosphate with values of 150 and 100 kg ha-1, respectively), 100% macro nano fertilizer, 100% micro nano fertilizer, 50% macro nanofertilizer+50% micro nano fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer+50% macro nano fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer+50% micro nano fertilizer, and 50% chemical fertilizer+25% macro nanofertilizer+25% micro nano fertilizer. The results showed that the highest (73.3) and lowest (59.1) chlorophyll indices were obtained by applying 50% chemical fertilizer+25% macro nano fertilizer+25% micro nano fertilizer, and separate application of 100% micro nano fertilizer, respectively. Also, the highest values of number of lateral branches, main stem length, number of flower cycles per plant, number of seeds per plant, biological yield, seed yield, 1000-seed weight and seed mucilage content were obtained in 50% chemical fertilizer+25% macro nanofertilizer+25% micro nanofertilizer treatment. Chemical analysis of the essential oils demonstrated that linalool, menthol, geraniol, geranial, menthyl acetate, β-bourbonene, geranyl acetate, (E)-caryophyllene, germacrene D, spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide were the main constituents of essential oils. The highest content of β-bourbonene, caryophyllene oxide, (E)-caryophyllene, menthol, and geraniol was obtained with the combined use of 50% chemical fertilizer+25% macro nanofertilizer+25% micro nano fertilizer. In general, based on the results of the present research, the combined use of chemical fertilizers and macro and micro nano fertilizers can be recommended due to the increased seed yield and dragon’s head qualitative traits under rainfed conditions.
F Kashkooli; A. Abdali Mshhadi; M.H. Gharineh; A. Lotfi Jalal Abadi; A. Zareei Siahbidi
Abstract
Medical pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L. var. Styriaca) contains valuable edible oils and compounds that are used to prevent and treat prostate cancer. To evaluate the effects of vermicompost (no application, 5, and 10 t ha-1) as the main factor, biological nitrogen (no application and application of Barvar ...
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Medical pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L. var. Styriaca) contains valuable edible oils and compounds that are used to prevent and treat prostate cancer. To evaluate the effects of vermicompost (no application, 5, and 10 t ha-1) as the main factor, biological nitrogen (no application and application of Barvar 1), and biological phosphorus (no application and application of Barvar 2) as sub-factors on the yield and yield components of medical pumpkin, an experiment was conducted as a split-factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Islam Abad-e-Gharb, Kermanshah province, in 2015. Studied traits included male to female flower ratio, number of fruits plant-1, number of seeds fruit-1, average dry fruit yield, stem length, number of days to flowering, seed yield, and seed oil yield and percentage. Vermicompost had a significant effect on the number of seeds fruit-1, dry fruit yield, and flowering date. The highest oil yield (30 kg ha-1) was obtained from the combination of bio-phosphorus application and non-application of vermicompost treatments, and the highest seed yield (195 kg ha-1) was obtained from the combination of bio-nitrogen, non-application of bio-phosphorus, and non-application of vermicompost treatments. A combination of non-application of bio-phosphorus and bio-nitrogen and application of 5 t ha-1 vermicompost treatments resulted in the least male to female flower ratio (39); however, the highest one (66) was obtained in the combination of non-application of bio-nitrogen, application of bio-phosphorus, and 10 t ha-1 vermicompost. In general, the highest seed and oil yield was obtained from a single application of bio-nitrogen and bio-phosphorus fertilizers, respectively.
M. Bromand Sivieri; M. Heidary; A. Gholami; H. Ghorbani
Abstract
In order to study the effects of nano iron oxide and different biofertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative yield of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in the research field of Shahrood Industrial ...
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In order to study the effects of nano iron oxide and different biofertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative yield of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in the research field of Shahrood Industrial University in 2017 growing season. Experimental treatments included the foliar spray of nano iron oxide at three levels of 0, 1.5 and 3 g L-1 as the first factor and five levels of biofertilizer including no biofertilizer (control), Glomus intraradices, G. mosseae, Azospirillum, and Azotobacter as the second factor. The results of this experiment showed that the application of fungal and bacterial treatments significantly increased the grain yield and yield components as well as the concentration of nitrogen and iron in seed, and also had a significant effect on increasing essential oil content, thymoquinone content of the essential oil, and seed oil. The most effective treatment was G. intraradices, which was able to significantly improve all traits measured. The foliar application of nano iron oxide had a significant and positive effect only on the essential oil content, biological yield, and iron and nitrogen content of the seed. The highest amount of iron and nitrogen content of the seed was obtained in nano iron oxide treatment at 3 g L-1 level. However, the essential oil content, essential oil thymoquinone percentage, seed oil content, and also biological yield did not differ significantly between the two concentrations of nano iron oxide. Therefore, it seems that the application of a lower concentration of nano iron oxide (1.5 g L-1) together with G. intraradices can improve the quantitative and qualitative yield in the medicinal plant black cumin by saving fertilizer consumption without a significant decrease in the qualitative traits measured.
S.J. Jazayeri; M. Mousavinick; A. Ghanbari; B. Bahreininejad
Abstract
In order to determine the effect of fertilizer and plant density on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonaloba L.), a medicinal-industrial plant, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2015 and 2016 crop ...
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In order to determine the effect of fertilizer and plant density on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonaloba L.), a medicinal-industrial plant, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2015 and 2016 crop years. Fertilizer was considered as the first factor at two levels of 60-70-70 and 90-100-100 kg ha-1 nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, respectively, and the second factor was planting density at three levels of 60, 75 and 90 plants per m2. The results showed that in the first year, the effect of fertilizer treatment levels was not significant on the traits studied except seed swelling trait. Planting density affected the number of pods significantly (1%), but had no significant effect on other traits. The interaction of fertilizer and plant density was significant on mucilage production. In the second year, the effect of fertilizer was significant only on biomass and mucilage production. Also, the effect of planting density was significant on biomass and the number of pods, and the interaction of fertilizer and planting density was significant only on the amount of mucilage. The mean comparison indicated the increase in biomass and seed yield in the second year in both factors. By reducing the plant density, the number of branches and pods per plant increased, which increased the yield. In the second year, the amount of crude protein and seed mucilage increased and decreased, respectively. In this study, the amount of seed swelling was not positively correlated with the mucilage amount. Regarding the results of the present study, as well as guar as a legume, and the possibility of supplying part of the plant nutritional needs by the plant itself, if the purpose is mucilage production, the 60-70-70 fertilizer treatment and 60 plants per m2 are recommended under similar conditions to this research.
F. Mirzaei; M.A. Behdani; M. Jamialahmadi
Abstract
In order to determine the appropriate planting date and evaluate the effect of sulfur on yield and yield components of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications and two factors in Khalilabad, Khorasan Razavi, ...
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In order to determine the appropriate planting date and evaluate the effect of sulfur on yield and yield components of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications and two factors in Khalilabad, Khorasan Razavi, in 2016 cropping year. The experimental factors were three planting dates (20 and 30 April and 10 May) and application of granular sulfur at four levels (0, 150, 300, and 450 kg ha-1). The results showed that planting date significantly affected the main stem length, branch number, total biomass, number of seeds per fruit, seed weight per fruit, 1000-seed weight, fruit and seed yield per hectare and oil percentage. Delayed planting from 20 to 30 April decreased the weight of 1000-seed by 14%. The highest seed yield was achieved by applying 300 kg sulfur per hectare. The fruit yield and seed oil percentage were higher in the first planting date and application of 300 kg sulfur ha-1. In general, this study showed that the first planting date (20 April), with the application of at least 300 kg ha-1 of sulfur fertilizer, would provide the best conditions for pumpkin yield.
Kh. Ahmadi; H. Omidi
Abstract
Drought stress affects the morphology, physiology, and biochemistry of plants and will have major effects on agricultural production. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of drought on some physiological and grain yield properties of Balangu populations (Lallemantia royleana Benth.), in the ...
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Drought stress affects the morphology, physiology, and biochemistry of plants and will have major effects on agricultural production. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of drought on some physiological and grain yield properties of Balangu populations (Lallemantia royleana Benth.), in the Research Station of Shahed University. This study was conducted in a split-plot design based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during 2014-2015. The experimental factors consisted of three different levels of drought stress at the flowering stage as main factors (applying soil water potential of -0.5, -6.5 and -9.5 atm), and Balangu populations including one population from Kurdistan and four populations from Esfahan province (Esfahan3, Esfahan5, Esfahan6, Esfahann) were considered as subplots. The traits studied included grain yield, one thousand seed weight, photosynthetic pigments content, proline content, total phenol content, membrane stability index (MDA), and peroxidase activity. According to the results, drought stress had significant effects on all traits except chlorophyll b content and chlorophyll a/b ratio. Population and its interactions showed a significant effect with all traits except anthocyanin content. Drought caused to the reduced content of photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability index, thousand grain weight and grain yield. With increasing drought stress, the lipid peroxidation enzymatic activity and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as phenolic content, carotenoids content, anthocyanins content, and proline content of tissue increased to induce drought tolerance. The highest grain yield with the mean of (312.77 kg/ha) and the highest phenolic content with an average of (14.02 mg/g FW) were recorded for the Esfahan3 population under relatively severe stress.
Z. Bitarafan; H.R. Asghari; T. Hasanloo; A. Gholami; F. Moradi
Abstract
High demand for herbal medicines and the limited plant sources necessitates more research on these plants to increase their yield and effective compounds. The present study assessed the effect of biochar on yield and seed trigonelline content of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.) ecotypes under ...
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High demand for herbal medicines and the limited plant sources necessitates more research on these plants to increase their yield and effective compounds. The present study assessed the effect of biochar on yield and seed trigonelline content of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.) ecotypes under different irrigation regimes. Six branched fenugreek ecotypes including Dezful, Shushtar, Ardestan, Rehnan, Yazd and Khomeyni Shahr were treated by biochar application (at a rate of 7-8% of soil v/v) and non-application under two irrigation intervals of 4 (normal irrigation) and 8 (deficit irrigation) days using a split plot factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The study was conducted in the research field of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran in 2015. According to the results, biochar application increased the seed yield and biological yield under both irrigation intervals. The decreasing effect of increasing water intervals on seed yield, biological yield and trigonelline yield was observed in all ecotypes. Changes in seed trigonelline content did not follow a similar trend in different ecotypes. In summary, although biochar prevented the growth and yield reduction by decreasing water deficiency effects, itdid not have any significant effect on seed trigonelline content.
F. Abbaspour; H.R. Asghri; P. Rezvani Moghaddam; H. Abbasdokht; J. Shabahang; A. Baig Babaei
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted focusing on the effects of biochar on quantity characteristics of Black Seed (Nigella sativa L.) under water deficit conditions. The experimental design was split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Three levels of irrigation ...
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A field experiment was conducted focusing on the effects of biochar on quantity characteristics of Black Seed (Nigella sativa L.) under water deficit conditions. The experimental design was split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Three levels of irrigation (I1: 100%, I2: 70% and I3: 40% of water irrigation requirement) were assigned as main plots and the combination of three levels of biochar (B1: 0, B2: 10 and B3:20 t.ha-1) and two levels of chemical fertilizers (F1: without and F2: with chemical fertilizer) were allocated as sub plots. Results were shown that seed number per plant and seed weight per plant significantly increased by 10 t.ha-1 biochar application compared with 20 t.ha-1. Chemical fertilizer significantly affected the yield components of black seed except 1000-seed weight. The interaction between biochar, chemical fertilizer and water requirements significantly affected the seed yield and biological yield. The result revealed that the application of 10 t.ha-1 biochar plus 70% water irrigation requirement and using chemical fertilizer (I2B2F2) produced the highest seed yield and biological yield (1365 and 5776 kg.ha-1, respectively). Application of biochar combined with chemical fertilizers could improve soil nutrient and water availability conditions and increased the yield of black seed.
M.E. Ghobadi; S. Fatahi
Abstract
To achieve the appropriate growth rate and yield in water stress condition, an optimal plant density is of great importance. In order to evaluate the effect of irrigation regimes and plant density on growth characteristics, yield, and oil content of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), an experiment was ...
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To achieve the appropriate growth rate and yield in water stress condition, an optimal plant density is of great importance. In order to evaluate the effect of irrigation regimes and plant density on growth characteristics, yield, and oil content of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), an experiment was conducted at the research farm of the Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, Kermanshah, Iran, during 2012-2013. The study was performed in a split plot arrangement based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main plots were irrigation regimes (1- no irrigation (rainfed), 2- one time irrigation at stem elongation stage, 3- two times irrigation at stem elongation + flowering stages and 4- three times irrigation at stem elongation + flowering + seed formation stages), and the sub-plots were plant density (10, 30, 50 and 70 plants.m-2). The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of irrigation regimes and plant density were significant for biomass, grain yield, number of grains per umbel, and 1000-grain weight. The highest biomass yield was obtained for two times irrigation at stem elongation + flowering stages with 50 plants.m-2. Three times irrigation at stem elongation + flowering + seed formation stages with 30 plants.m-2 led to the highest grain yield. The irrigation regimes had the highest effect on the number of seeds per umbel (45% increase compared to rainfed conditions); however, plant density had the highest effect on the number of umbels per plant (44.7% decreases at a density of 10 compared to 70 plants.m-2). In this experiment, the oil content was not affected by treatments. Generally, this study showed that coriander had appropriate performance at rainfed condition, and the grain yield increased to 16% with increasing of irrigation interval.
F. Salarpour; H. Farahbakhsh
Abstract
Recently, the application of SA has increased to improve plants’ resistance to stresses such as drought. Hence to investigate SA effects on morphophysiological characteristics of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under drought stress, a split plot experiment based on latin square design with three ...
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Recently, the application of SA has increased to improve plants’ resistance to stresses such as drought. Hence to investigate SA effects on morphophysiological characteristics of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under drought stress, a split plot experiment based on latin square design with three replications was carried out at the research farm of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in 2012. Three levels of drought stress (50, 75 and 100% of field capacity) and three concentrations of SA (0, 0.5 and 1mM) were considered as main and sub-plot treatments, respectively. Foliar application of SA was performed at 3-to 4-leaf growth stage and before application of drought stress. Results showed that the drought stress reduced the number of fertile umbel/plant, the number of fertile umbellate/umbel, the number of grains/umbellate, relative water content, chlorophyll, carotenoids and grain yield, while increased electrolyte leakage when compared with control. Salicylic acid reduced electrolyte leakage, while increased the number of fertile umbel/plant, the number of fertile umbellate/umbel, the number of grains/umbellate, RWC, chlorophyll, carotenoids and grain yield when compared to control (No SA application). Interaction of drought stress × SA on the number of fertile umbel/plant, the number of fertile umbellate/umbel, RWC, carotenoids and grain yield was significant. Increasing photosynthetic pigments, RWC and decreasing electrolyte leakage indicates a reduction in oxidative damage and implies SA role in tolerance of fennel to drought stress.
S. Morady; M. Pouryousef; B. Andalibi
Abstract
Foliar application of micronutrients is a useful technique for rapid absorption of minerals in the plants and avoids soil contamination. To evaluate the effect of foliar application of micronutrients (iron and zinc) on yield, yield components, and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), an ...
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Foliar application of micronutrients is a useful technique for rapid absorption of minerals in the plants and avoids soil contamination. To evaluate the effect of foliar application of micronutrients (iron and zinc) on yield, yield components, and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan during the growing season of 2012. In this experiment, the effect of foliar application of Fe (using ferrous sulphate) at four concentrations (0, 1, 2 and 3 gr.L-1) and foliar application of Zn (using zinc sulphate) at three concentrations (0, 2 and 4 gr.L-1) were investigated. Results showed that the majority of measured traits including number of umbels per plant, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, essential oil content and essential oil yield were significantly affected (p≤ 0.01) by combined application of iron and zinc. Therefore, the highest grain yield (2637.96 kg ha-1) was obtained in foliar application of Fe + Zn at a concentration of 0.2%. In addition, the highest essential oil content (2.88%) and essential oil yield (75.71 kg ha-1) were obtained in combined application of Fe 0.3% and Zn 0.2% and the lowest content of mentioned traits was obtained in control.
F. Mohtashami; M. Pouryousef; B. Andalibi; F. Shekari
Abstract
To study the effects of seed priming and foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on yield and essence of fennel (Foeniculum vulgar Mill.) under drought stress condition, a field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, University of Zanjan in the spring of 2012. The experiment was conducted ...
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To study the effects of seed priming and foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on yield and essence of fennel (Foeniculum vulgar Mill.) under drought stress condition, a field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, University of Zanjan in the spring of 2012. The experiment was conducted as a split plot based on complete randomized block design with three replications. In this study, drought stress at reproductive stage with control (full irrigation) was assigned to the main plots and different treatments of seed priming and foliar application with SA including dry seeds (without priming), seeds priming with SA at different concentrations (0, 800 and 1600μmol) and foliar application with SA at different concentrations (800 and 1600μmol) were assigned to the subplots. Results showed that the majority of measured traits including number of umbrella in plant, number of seeds in umbrella, seed thousand weight, harvest index, biomass, grain yield, and essential oil yield significantly decreased under drought stress condition and the essential oil content increased vice versa. Therefore, the highest seed (2925.6kg/ha) and essential oil yield (52.88kg/ha) were obtained in control, and the lowest amount of mentioned traits was obtained in drought stress condition. The results also showed that the effect of seed priming and foliar application of SA on the majority of measured traits was significant. There were no differences about seed yield and essential oil yield between foliar application and priming with SA at a concentration of 1600 μmol; however, the highest seed yield (2579.60kg/ha) and essential oil yield (63.15kg/ha) were obtained in foliar application with SA at a concentration of 1600μmol, and the lowest amounts of mentioned traits were obtained in dry seeds (without priming).
A. Movaghatian; E. Fateh; A. Aynehband; A. Siahpoosh
Abstract
In order to study the effects of chemical and biological fertilizers on soil physical properties, nutrient uptake, nutrient concentration in soil and plant and seed yield and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a field experiment was conducted in Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran ...
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In order to study the effects of chemical and biological fertilizers on soil physical properties, nutrient uptake, nutrient concentration in soil and plant and seed yield and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a field experiment was conducted in Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran University in 2011. Trial study was carried out as two-ways factorial in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Chemical fertilizer at three levels (C1=0-0-0 kg/ha NPK, C2=60-60-48 kg/ha NPK and C3=120-120-96 kg/ha NPK) was the first factor, and different biological fertilizers at six levels (B1=control, B2=Biosuperphosphate+Nitroxin, B3=Nitroxin, B4=Biosuperphosphate, B5=Biosulphur and B6=Sugar cane waste compost) were the second factor. Results showed that chemical fertilizer had significant effect on all traits except soil bulk density, soil porosity and essential oil yield. The interaction of chemical fertilizer and biological fertilizer was significant for seed phosphorus, soil bulk density and soil porosity percentage. The highest grain yield (237.66 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (6.46 kg/ha) was found at sugar cane waste compost in combination with 120-120-96 kg/ha NPK and the lowest grain yield (103.15 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (2.63 kg/ha) was obtained at bio sulfur without chemical fertilizer application, respectively. Also, sugar cane waste compost in combination with 120-120-96 kg/ha NPK had the highest grain nitrogen (2.61%) and phosphorus (0.33%), respectively. The lowest was obtained at control treatment. Totally, the results suggested that the sugar cane waste in combination with 60-60-48 kg/ha NPK was the best treatment for fennel cultivation.
F. Rahimi Malekshan; A. Tavakoli; M. Rastgoo; M.R. Azimi
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), adapted to arid and semi arid regions, is grown for seed and petal production. This research, conducted at Research Farm of Zanjan University, was aimed to select the best genotype for seed and petal production using a factorial experiment in a randomized complete ...
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Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), adapted to arid and semi arid regions, is grown for seed and petal production. This research, conducted at Research Farm of Zanjan University, was aimed to select the best genotype for seed and petal production using a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor included the harvesting time of petals at two levels including petal harvesting in the beginning of the flowering and petal harvesting after pollination and petals wilting. The second factor included different genotypes of safflower at five levels (Goldasht, Sina, Zendehrod, MEC88, and MEC59). The traits investigated in this study included number of petals per plant, number of seeds per petal, 1000-seed weight, seed and petal yield and petals color. According to the obtained results, the highest seed and petal yield were obtained for MEC88 genotype; however, its petals were pale yellow and not suitable for petal production. The harvesting time of petals had no significant effects on seed yield but delayed harvesting of petals caused to the reduction of petal yield. Number of capitol per plant showed a positive and significant correlation with seed and petals yield. Among the studied genotypes, Zendehrod cultivar is very suitable for dual-purpose cultivation and Goldasht cultivar is suitable for petal production due to the dark red petals.
M. Pouryousef
Abstract
To study the changes of yield and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under drought stress condition and different harvesting times, a field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, University of Zanjan in the spring of 2011. The experiment was conducted as a split plot based ...
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To study the changes of yield and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under drought stress condition and different harvesting times, a field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, University of Zanjan in the spring of 2011. The experiment was conducted as a split plot based on complete randomized block design with three replications. In this study, the effects of water stress in three levels including control, drought stress at flowering and grain filling stages were assigned to the main plots and three harvesting times including harvest at soft dough (58% moisture content of grain), hard dough (37% moisture content of grain) and maturity stages (16 % moisture content of grain) were assigned to the sub plots. Results showed that the effect of drought stress on grain and essential oil yield, grain essential oil content, 1000-grain weight, number of umbellet in umbrella, number of grain in umbellet, number of grain in umbrella was significant (p ≤ 0.05). Majority of mentioned traits decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) under drought stress condition. Therefore, the highest grain yield (1436.63 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (34.54 kg/ha) were obtained in control treatment (full irrigation) and the lowest amounts of mentioned traits were obtained in drought stress at grain filling stage. According to the obtained results, the effect of harvest time on grain and essential oil yield, grain essential oil content, 1000-grain weight, number of grain in umbellet and number of grain in umbrella, was significant (p≤0.01). Therefore, the highest and lowest grain yield (1425.75 and 784.81 kg/ha) was obtained in hard dough and maturity stages, respectively. In addition, the highest essential oil yield (33.97 kg/ha) was obtained in hard dough stage but there was no significant difference about essential oil yield between hard dough and maturity stages. It can be concluded that the fennel plant is sensitive to drought stress at reproductive growth stages and the quantity and quality of fennel yield can be affected by harvest time.
M. Khosravi; S.Gh. Moosavi; M.J. Seghatoleslami
Abstract
In order to study the effect of irrigation interval, Nitrogen (N) fertilization and plant density on yield and yield components of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), a split-split-plot experiment was conducted in Darmian, Iran in Spring 2010 based on a randomized complete block design with three ...
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In order to study the effect of irrigation interval, Nitrogen (N) fertilization and plant density on yield and yield components of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), a split-split-plot experiment was conducted in Darmian, Iran in Spring 2010 based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots were irrigation interval at two levels of 5 and 10 days. The sub-plots were N fertilization at three rates of 0, 75 and 150 kg N.ha-1 from urea source and the sub-sub-plots were plant density at three levels of 22, 33 and 66 plants.m-2. According to the results of analysis of variance, irrigation interval significantly affected traits of pod length and water use efficiency (WUE) for seed and biomass production. In addition, main branch number per plant, pod length, seed yield, chlorophyll index and WUE for seed and biomass production, were significantly affected by nitrogen rate and plant density had significant effect on main branch number per plant and ring diameter. Means comparison showed that as irrigation interval was increased from 5 to 10 days, pod length decreased 8.7%, but WUE for seed and biomass production increased 40.5 and 47.5%, respectively. Also, as N rate was increased from 0 to 150 kg N.ha-1, main branch number per plant, pod length, seed yield, chlorophyll index and WUE for seed and biomass production increased by 23.5, 26.4, 23.2, 67.1, 72.3 and 71.5%, respectively. Moreover, with increasing of density from 22 to 66 plant. m-2, branch number per plant and ring diameter decrased 7.9 and 11.2%, respectively. In total, given the results of the study and the importance of water saving, it is recommended to use irrigation interval of 10 days with the application of 150 kg N.ha-1 and density of 66 plants.m-2 for the cultivation of fenugreek in Darmian, Iran.
A. Tadayyon; S. Torabian; M.R. Tadayon
Abstract
In order to evaluate the morphological and agronomical traits of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes in different plant densities, a field experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment in RCBD design with three replications in the field. Plant densities of 300, 500, and 1000 plant/m2 as ...
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In order to evaluate the morphological and agronomical traits of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes in different plant densities, a field experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment in RCBD design with three replications in the field. Plant densities of 300, 500, and 1000 plant/m2 as first factor and four linseed genotypes (Iran, Australia, Canada, and France) as second factor were used. Plants were harvested at three stages of vegetative growth, 50% flowering, and maturity stage. Results showed that plant densities had significant effect on plant height and above-ground dry weight in vegetative stage; plant height, stem diameter and dry weight in 50% flowering; and plant height, stem diameter, stem branch number, and dry weight in maturity stage. In addition, the number of capsules per plant, 1000 seeds weight, grain yield and harvest index were significantly affected by plant densities. Different linseeds genotypes showed significant effect on the characteristics of plant height, stem diameter, and stem branch number, in all three harvest stages. Traits as number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, 1000 seeds weight, grain yield, harvest index, and 50% of flowering and maturity also were affected significantly by linseeds genotypes. The maximum grain yield was obtained in the density of 1000 plants/m2. Maximum values were recorded for Iranian linseed genotype with an average production of 6.40 seeds per capsule, an average production of 1375 kg of seeds per hectare, and a mean harvest index of 21.23. It was also identified as the latest genotype for both days to 50% flowering (65 days) and days to maturity (123 days).
M. Ghorbanzadeh Neghab; Gh. Rassam; A.R. Dadkhah
Abstract
This research was aimed to study the effects of autumn and spring sowing on seed yield, oil content and fatty acid compositions of five safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars in Shirvan region. The experimental design was a split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications, ...
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This research was aimed to study the effects of autumn and spring sowing on seed yield, oil content and fatty acid compositions of five safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars in Shirvan region. The experimental design was a split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications, conducted in research field of Shirvan College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mshhad during 2010-2011. Main plots were allocated to two sowing times (autumn and spring) and the sub-plots included five safflower cultivars. Cultivars were Cina, CW-4445, Sahuripa- 88, Ghocahan local and Isfahan local. The results of variance analysis showed that the seed yield, oil content and fatty acid compositions were affected by sowing date. Seed yield and oil content obtained in autumn sowing (2330kg/ha, and 29.5%) were greater as compared to the spring sowing (1550kg/h, and 27.5%). The highest seed yield was obtained from Cina in autumn sowing (2989kg/ha) and CW-4445 in spring sowing (1789kg/ha). Sahuripa-88 had the highest oil content in autumn and spring sowing. The fatty acid content of palmitic, stearic acid and oleic increased significantly in autumn sowing. The fatty acid content of linoleic and linolenic decreased significantly in autumn sowing with high oil stability. According to the obtained results, seed yield, oil content, fatty acid compositions and oil stability of cultivars showed significant diffrences. Our results demonstrated that the sowing time and variety may have an important effect on seed yield, oil content and quality of safflower seed. Cina, CW-4445, and Ghochan local cultivars showed desirable potential for cultivation of safflower as well as increasing the area under cultivation.
S.A. Kermani Poorbaghaiy; M. Pouryousef; Kh Jamshidi; M.R. Azimi
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of stem pruning and plant density on yield and yield components of pumpkin, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was carried out at the Research Field of University of Zanjan in spring 2011. In this study, plant density in three ...
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To evaluate the effect of stem pruning and plant density on yield and yield components of pumpkin, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was carried out at the Research Field of University of Zanjan in spring 2011. In this study, plant density in three levels including 8000, 12000, 16000 plant/ha and stem pruning in three levels including no stem pruning and stem pruning after 14 and 18 nodes formation were investigated. Results showed that stem pruning had significant (p ≤ 0.05) effects on all traits except number of seed per fruit. The highest fruit yield (142.2 ton/ha) and seed yield (3219 kg/ha) were obtained at pruning of stem after formation of 14 nods and the lowest fruit yield (112 ton/ha) and seed yield (2775 kg/ha) were obtained at no stem pruning treatment. Also, results showed that the plant density had significant effect (p ≤ 0.01) on fruit and seed yield. The highest fruit yield (157.4 ton/ha) and seed yield (3754 kg/ha) was obtained in 16000 plant/ha and the lowest fruit yield (93.5 ton/ha) and seed yield (2170.8 kg/ha) were obtained in 8000 plant/ha. Interaction effect of stem pruning and plant density on measured traits was not significant.
F. Sayadi; A. Rahimi; H. Dashti; A. Tajabadi pour
Abstract
In this study, the effects of drought and nitrogen were analyzed on morphological traits and dry matter allocation of Isabgul (Plantago ovata) at Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan in 2010. The research was conducted using factorial experiment based on RCD design with 3 replications. The factors included ...
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In this study, the effects of drought and nitrogen were analyzed on morphological traits and dry matter allocation of Isabgul (Plantago ovata) at Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan in 2010. The research was conducted using factorial experiment based on RCD design with 3 replications. The factors included nitrogen (0, 60, 120 and 180 mg N.Kg-1 soil) and soil moisture (100, 80, 60, 40 % FC). Results indicated that drought, nitrogen and their interaction significantly affected seed yield and total dry weight. The highest seed yield (1.72 g.plant-1) was obtained at 120 mg N.Kg-1 soil which was 77% higher than that in control. In 80% FC treatment, using 120 mg N.Kg-1 soil caused 93% increase in total dry weight, compared to control. In addition, with increasing drought stress, dry matter partitioning benefited the root and root mass ratio (RMR) increased significantly. However, no significant changes were recorded for shoot mass ratio (SMR) and grain mass ratio (GMR). Also, with increasing nitrogen fertilizer, more dry matter was transferred to the leaves and less dry matter was transferred to the seed.
S.A.R. Valadabadi; H. Aliabadi Farahani; P. Moaveni
Abstract
In order to evaluate the beneficial impacts of nitrogen application on cumin species (Cuminum cyminum L.) some yield characters were investigated. The aim of this study were to investigate the interactive effects of different cumin spices and nitrogen application on essential oil content at Qazvin zone ...
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In order to evaluate the beneficial impacts of nitrogen application on cumin species (Cuminum cyminum L.) some yield characters were investigated. The aim of this study were to investigate the interactive effects of different cumin spices and nitrogen application on essential oil content at Qazvin zone (Ishmael Abad station). The experimental design was split plot method based on randomized complete block with four replicates. Certain factors including cumin species (Sabzevar, Bojnourd and Esfarayen localities) and nitrogen application (30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha-1) were studied. Our final statistical analysis were indicated that cumin species had significant effect on plant values and highest essential oil yield, essential oil percentage, seed yield, thousand seed weight and harvest index were provided by species of Esfarayen locality and highest biological yield were provided by species of Bojnourd locality. Nitrogen treatment significantly increased plant values and although the highest biological yield, seed yield and thousand seed weight were obtained under 120 kg N ha-1 the highest essential oil yield, essential oil percentage and harvest index were achieved under 90, 60 and 30 kg N ha-1,respectively. The results of this study showed that the selection of species which performed well over a wide range of environment could increase quantity and quality yields of medicinal and aromatic plants and causes optimal usage in agricultural fertilizers.
